Maonekedwe a mafuta a injini
Zamkatimu
Maonekedwe a mafuta a injini sonyezani momwe mafuta amachitira mu kutentha ndi katundu osiyanasiyana, ndipo potero amathandiza mwini galimotoyo kusankha bwino mafuta odzola a injini yoyaka moto. Choncho, posankha, ndi bwino kulabadira osati chizindikiritso (ndiko, mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kulolerana kwa opanga galimoto), komanso makhalidwe luso mafuta galimoto, monga kinematic ndi mphamvu mamasukidwe akayendedwe, nambala m'munsi, sulfate phulusa zili. , kusakhazikika ndi zina. Kwa eni magalimoto ambiri, zizindikirozi sizinena kalikonse. A M'malo mwake, amabisa mtundu wamafuta, machitidwe ake pansi pa katundu ndi zina zogwirira ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, muphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za magawo awa:
- Kinematic mamasukidwe akayendedwe;
- Kukhuthala kwamphamvu;
- Viscosity index;
- kusakhazikika;
- mphamvu kuphika;
- phulusa la sulphate;
- nambala ya alkaline;
- Kachulukidwe;
- Pophulikira;
- kuthira mfundo;
- Zowonjezera;
- Moyo wonse.
Waukulu makhalidwe a galimoto mafuta
Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire pazigawo zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zomwe zimadziwika ndi mafuta onse agalimoto.
Viscosity ndiye chinthu chachikulu, chifukwa cha kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya injini zoyaka moto. Itha kufotokozedwa m'mayunitsi a kinematic, dynamic, viscosity yokhazikika komanso yeniyeni. Mlingo wa ductility wa zinthu zamagalimoto zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zizindikiro ziwiri - ma viscosities a kinematic ndi osinthika. magawo awa, pamodzi ndi sulphate phulusa zili, m'munsi nambala ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe index, ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za khalidwe la mafuta galimoto.
Kutulutsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe
Chithunzi cha kudalira kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe pa kutentha kwa injini yamafuta
Kinematic mamasukidwe akayendedwe (kutentha kwakukulu) ndiye maziko opangira mafuta amitundu yonse. Ndi chiŵerengero champhamvu mamasukidwe akayendedwe kwa kachulukidwe madzi pa kutentha yomweyo. Kinematic mamasukidwe akayendedwe samakhudza chikhalidwe cha mafuta, amatsimikizira makhalidwe a deta kutentha. chizindikiro ichi amaonetsa kukangana mkati mwa zikuchokera kapena kukana ake otaya. Amafotokoza fluidity wa mafuta pa ntchito kutentha + 100 ° C ndi +40 ° C. Mayunitsi a muyeso - mm² / s (centiStokes, cSt).
M'mawu osavuta, chizindikirochi chimasonyeza kukhuthala kwa mafuta kuchokera kutentha ndikukulolani kuti muyese momwe zidzakhalira mofulumira pamene kutentha kumatsika. Izi zili choncho mafuta pang'ono amasintha mamasukidwe ake ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, ndipamwamba kwambiri khalidwe la mafuta.
Kukhuthala kwamphamvu
Kukhuthala kwamphamvu kwamafuta (mtheradi) kumawonetsa mphamvu yamadzimadzi yamafuta yomwe imachitika pakuyenda kwa magawo awiri amafuta, 1 cm motalikirana, kusuntha pa liwiro la 1 cm / s. Kukhuthala kwamphamvu kumapangidwa ndi kukhuthala kwa kinematic kwa mafuta ndi kachulukidwe kake. Mayunitsi a mtengo uwu ndi Pascal masekondi.
Mwachidule, zikuwonetsa zotsatira za kutentha kochepa pakuyamba kukana kwa injini yoyaka mkati. Ndipo kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu komanso kinematic viscosity pakutentha kotsika, kumakhala kosavuta kuti makina opaka mafuta azipopa mafuta m'nyengo yozizira, komanso kuti choyambira chitembenuze ICE flywheel poyambira kuzizira. Kukhuthala kwa mafuta a injini ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Viscosity index
Mlingo wa kuchepa kinematic mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha amakhala ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe index mafuta. Mlozera wa viscosity umayesa kuyenerera kwa mafuta pazomwe zimapangidwira. pofuna kudziwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe index, yerekezerani mamasukidwe akayendedwe mafuta pa kutentha osiyana. Ndipamwamba kwambiri, kuchepa kwa mamasukidwe kumadalira kutentha, choncho ndi bwino kuti khalidwe lake likhale labwino. Mwachidule, The mamasukidwe akayendedwe index amasonyeza "digiri ya kupatulira" mafuta.. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chopanda malire, i.e. sichiyezedwa mu mayunitsi aliwonse - ndi nambala chabe.
M'munsimu index injini mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe mafuta amawonda kwambiri,ndi. makulidwe a filimu yamafuta amakhala ochepa kwambiri (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuvala). Mlozera wapamwamba kwambiri kukhuthala kwa mafuta a injini, mafuta ochepa kwambiri,ndi. makulidwe a filimu yamafuta ofunikira kuteteza malo opaka amaperekedwa.
Mafuta okhala ndi index yayikulu amawonetsetsa kuti injini yoyatsira mkati imagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana (malo). Chifukwa chake, kuyambitsa kosavuta kwa injini yoyaka mkati mwa kutentha kochepa komanso makulidwe okwanira a filimu yamafuta (ndicho chifukwa chake kutetezedwa kwa injini yoyaka mkati kuti isavale) pa kutentha kwakukulu kumaperekedwa.
Mafuta apamwamba amchere amchere nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi index ya viscosity ya 120-140, semisynthetic 130-150, synthetic 140-170. Mtengowu umadalira kagwiritsidwe kake ka ma hydrocarbons ndi kuya kwa chithandizo cha tizigawo ting'onoting'ono.
Pakufunika apa, ndipo posankha, ndi bwino kuganizira zofunikira za wopanga magalimoto ndi momwe magetsi akuyendera. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa viscosity index kumapangitsanso kutentha komwe mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Evaporation
Evaporation (yomwe imatchedwanso kusakhazikika kapena zinyalala) imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi opaka mafuta omwe amatuluka mkati mwa ola limodzi pa kutentha kwake kwa +245,2 ° C ndi kuthamanga kwa 20 mm. rt. Art. (± 0,2). Imagwirizana ndi muyezo wa ACEA. Kuyesedwa ngati peresenti ya unyinji wonse, [%]. Imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera za Noack malinga ndi ASTM D5800; Mtengo wa 51581.
Ayi mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe apamwamba, kotero ili ndi kusinthasintha kochepa malinga ndi Nowa. Kusakhazikika kwapadera kumadalira mtundu wamafuta oyambira, mwachitsanzo opangidwa ndi wopanga. Amakhulupirira kuti kusakhazikika kwabwino kuli pamtunda mpaka 14%, ngakhale mafuta amapezekanso pogulitsidwa, kusinthasintha kwake kumafikira 20%. Kwa mafuta opangira, mtengowu nthawi zambiri sudutsa 8%.
Nthawi zambiri, tinganene kuti kutsika kwa mtengo wa Noack, kumachepetsa kutenthedwa kwamafuta. Ngakhale kusiyana kochepa - 2,5 ... 3,5 mayunitsi - kungakhudze kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Chinthu chowoneka bwino chimawotcha pang'ono. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa mafuta amchere.
Carbonization
M'mawu osavuta, lingaliro la kuphika ndi kuthekera kwa mafuta kupanga resins ndi madipoziti mu voliyumu yake, zomwe, monga mukudziwa, ndi zonyansa zowononga mumadzi opaka mafuta. Coking mphamvu mwachindunji zimadalira mlingo wa kuyeretsedwa kwake. Izi zimakhudzidwanso ndi momwe mafuta oyambira adagwiritsidwira ntchito popanga zinthu zomalizidwa, komanso ukadaulo wopanga.
Chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri chamafuta okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu ndi mtengo 0,7%. Ngati mafuta ali ndi mamasukidwe otsika, ndiye kuti mtengo wofananira ukhoza kukhala wa 0,1 ... 0,15%.
Sulphated phulusa okhutira
Phulusa la sulphate mu mafuta a injini (sulphate phulusa) ndi chizindikiro cha kukhalapo kwa zowonjezera mu mafuta, zomwe zimaphatikizapo organic zitsulo. Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta, zowonjezera zonse ndi zowonjezera zimapangidwa - zimawotcha, kupanga phulusa (slag ndi soot) lomwe limakhazikika pa pistoni, ma valve, mphete.
Phulusa la sulphate lomwe lili ndi mafuta limachepetsa kuthekera kwa mafuta kudziunjikira phulusa. Mtengo uwu umasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mchere (phulusa) wotsalira pambuyo pa kuyaka (kuphulika) kwa mafuta. Zingakhale osati sulfates (iwo "amawopsyeza" eni galimoto, magalimoto okhala ndi injini za aluminiyamu "amawopa" sulfuric acid). Phulusa la phulusa limayezedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo, [% mass].
Ambiri, madipoziti phulusa kutsekereza dizilo particulate Zosefera ndi chothandizira petulo. Komabe, izi ndi zoona ngati pakhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mafuta a ICE. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kukhalapo kwa sulfuric acid mumafuta ndikovuta kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa phulusa la sulphate.
Pakuphatikiza mafuta aphulusa, kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera zoyenera kumatha kupitilira pang'ono 1% (mpaka 1,1%), mumafuta apakati-phulusa - 0,6 ... 0,9%, mumafuta aphulusa otsika - osapitilira 0,5% . Motsatira, kutsika mtengo uku, kumakhala bwinoko.
Mafuta otsika phulusa, omwe amatchedwa Low SAPS (amalembedwa molingana ndi ACEA C1, C2, C3 ndi C4). Ndiwo njira yabwino kwambiri yamagalimoto amakono. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto okhala ndi makina othamangitsira gasi ndi magalimoto omwe amayendera gasi (okhala ndi LPG). Phulusa lofunika kwambiri la injini za petulo ndi 1,5%, kwa injini za dizilo ndi 1,8%, ndi injini za dizilo zamphamvu ndi 2%. Koma ndizoyenera kudziwa kuti mafuta otsika phulusa sakhala otsika sulfure nthawi zonse, chifukwa phulusa lotsika limatheka ndi nambala yotsika.
Zowonjezera phulusa zonse, zilinso ndi Full SAPA (yokhala ndi chizindikiro ACEA A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5). Imakhudza zosefera za DPF, komanso zothandizira zamagawo atatu. Mafuta oterowo savomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu injini zokhala ndi Euro 4, Euro 5 ndi Euro 6 zachilengedwe.
Kuchuluka kwa phulusa la sulphate kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zowonjezera zotsukira zomwe zili ndi zitsulo zomwe zili mumafuta a injini. Zigawo zotere ndizofunikira kuti tipewe ma depositi a kaboni ndi mapangidwe a varnish pa pistoni komanso kuti mafuta azitha kuletsa ma acid, omwe amadziwika mochulukira ndi nambala yoyambira.
Nambala ya alkaline
Mtengo uwu umadziwika kuti mafuta amatha kuletsa ma acid omwe amawononga nthawi yayitali bwanji, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwopsezo za injini zoyatsira zamkati zitheke ndikupangitsa kuti ma depositi angapo a carbon. Potaziyamu hydroxide (KOH) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse. Motsatira nambala yoyambira imayesedwa mu mg KOH pa gramu ya mafuta, [mg KOH/g]. Mwathupi, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa hydroxide kumakhala kofanana ndi phukusi lowonjezera. Chifukwa chake, ngati zolembedwazo zikuwonetsa kuti nambala yoyambira (TBN - Total Base Number) mwachitsanzo, 7,5, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa KOH ndi 7,5 mg pa gramu yamafuta.
Nambala yoyambira ikakwera, mafutawo amatha kulepheretsa zochita za ma asidi.amapangidwa pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta ndi kuyaka kwa mafuta. Ndiye kuti, zidzatheka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali (ngakhale magawo ena amakhudzanso chizindikiro ichi). Zotsukira zotsika ndizoyipa kwa mafuta, chifukwa pakadali pano gawo losatha lipanga magawo.
Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta mu injini yoyaka mkati, chiwerengero cha alkaline chimachepetsa, ndipo zowonjezera zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuchepetsa kotereku kuli ndi malire ovomerezeka, kupitirira zomwe mafuta sangathe kuteteza ku dzimbiri ndi mankhwala a acidic. Ponena za mtengo wokwanira wa nambala yoyambira, poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti mafuta a ICE angakhale pafupifupi 8 ... 9, ndi injini za dizilo - 11 ... 14. Komabe, mafuta amakono opangira mafuta amakhala ndi manambala otsika, mpaka 7 ndipo ngakhale 6,1 mg KOH/g. Chonde dziwani kuti mu ma ICE amakono musagwiritse ntchito mafuta okhala ndi nambala yoyambira 14 kapena kupitilira apo.
Nambala yotsika m'mafuta amakono amapangidwa mwachinyengo kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira za chilengedwe (EURO-4 ndi EURO-5). Choncho, pamene mafutawa amawotchedwa mu injini yoyaka mkati, sulfure imapangidwa pang'ono, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa khalidwe la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Komabe, mafuta okhala ndi nambala yotsika nthawi zambiri sateteza mbali za injini kuti zisavale bwino.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa SC sikuyenera nthawi zonse kukhala kuchuluka kapena kuchepera.
Kusakanikirana
Kachulukidwe amatanthauza kachulukidwe ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a injini mafuta. Zimatsimikiziridwa pa kutentha kozungulira +20 ° C. Amayezedwa mu kg/m³ (kawirikawiri mu g/cm³). Zimasonyeza chiŵerengero cha misa yonse ya mankhwala ndi voliyumu yake ndipo mwachindunji zimadalira mamasukidwe akayendedwe a mafuta ndi compressibility factor. Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mafuta oyambira ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, komanso zimakhudza kwambiri kukhuthala kwamphamvu.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi kumakhala kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa shuga kumawonjezeka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mafuta ali ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ndipamwamba kwambiri (ndiko kuti, mtengo wotsika kwambiri), ndiye kuti mafutawo amapangidwa ndi mafuta apamwamba kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe, kumapangitsa kuti mafuta azitha kudutsa mumayendedwe onse ndi mipata ya injini yoyaka mkati, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, kuzungulira kwa crankshaft kumakhala kovuta. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuvala, madipoziti, ma depositi a kaboni komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta. Koma kuchepa kwamafuta otsika kumakhalanso koyipa - chifukwa chake, filimu yoteteza yopyapyala komanso yosakhazikika imapangidwa, kupsa kwake mwachangu. Ngati injini yoyaka mkati nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito mopanda pake kapena poyambira kuyimitsa, ndiye kuti ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi opaka mafuta ochepa. Ndipo ndi kuyenda kwa nthawi yayitali pa liwiro lalikulu - wandiweyani kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, opanga mafuta onse amatsatira kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe amapangidwa ndi iwo mumtundu wa 0,830 .... 0,88 kg / m³, pomwe magawo ochulukirapo amaonedwa kuti ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Koma kachulukidwe kuchokera 0,83 mpaka 0,845 kg / m³ ndi chizindikiro cha esters ndi PAOs mu mafuta. Ndipo ngati kachulukidwe ndi 0,855 ... 0,88 kg / m³, izi zikutanthauza kuti zowonjezera zowonjezera zawonjezeredwa.
Flash point
Uwu ndiye kutentha kotsika kwambiri komwe nthunzi zamafuta otenthetsera a injini, pansi pazifukwa zina, zimapanga chisakanizo ndi mpweya, zomwe zimaphulika pamene lawi lamoto limatuluka (kung'anima koyamba). Pa flash point, mafuta nawonso samayaka. Kuwala kwamoto kumatsimikiziridwa ndikutenthetsa mafuta a injini mu kapu yotseguka kapena yotsekedwa.
Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha kukhalapo kwa tizigawo ting'onoting'ono totentha mu mafuta, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuthekera kwa kapangidwe kake kupanga ma depositi a kaboni ndikuwotcha pokhudzana ndi magawo a injini yotentha. Mafuta abwino komanso abwino ayenera kukhala ndi chowunikira kwambiri momwe angathere. Mafuta a injini amakono amakhala ndi kuwala kopitilira +200 ° C, nthawi zambiri +210…230 ° C ndi kupitilira apo.
Pour point
Kutentha kwa mtengo mu Celsius, pamene mafuta amataya katundu wake wakuthupi, khalidwe lamadzimadzi, ndiko kuti, amaundana, amakhala osasunthika. Gawo lofunikira kwa oyendetsa okhala kumadera akumpoto, komanso kwa eni magalimoto ena omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba "ozizira" injini yoyaka.
Ngakhale Zowona, pazolinga zenizeni, mtengo wamtengo wothira sugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuzindikiritsa ntchito yamafuta mu chisanu, pali lingaliro lina - kutentha pang'ono kupopera, ndiko kuti, kutentha kochepa komwe pampu ya mafuta imatha kupopera mafuta mu dongosolo. Ndipo idzakhala yokwera pang'ono kuposa malo otsanulira. Choncho, m'zolembazo ndi bwino kumvetsera kutentha kocheperako.
Ponena za kutsanulira, kuyenera kukhala 5 ... madigiri 10 kutsika kuposa kutentha kotsika kwambiri komwe injini yoyaka mkati imagwira ntchito. Zitha kukhala -50 ° C ... -40 ° C ndi zina zotero, malingana ndi kukhuthala kwapadera kwa mafuta.
Zowonjezera
Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zofunika izi zamafuta agalimoto, mutha kupezanso zotsatira zowonjezera za mayeso a labotale a kuchuluka kwa nthaka, phosphorous, boron, calcium, magnesium, molybdenum ndi zinthu zina zamankhwala. Zowonjezera zonsezi zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito amafuta. Amateteza kugoletsa ndi kuvala kwa injini yoyaka mkati, komanso kumatalikitsa ntchito yamafuta omwewo, kuwateteza ku oxidizing kapena kukhala ndi ma intermolecular bond.
Sulfure - ali ndi mphamvu zokakamiza kwambiri. Phosphorous, chlorine, nthaka ndi sulfure - anti-kuvala katundu (kulimbitsa filimu yamafuta). Boron, molybdenum - kuchepetsa mikangano (zosintha zowonjezera kuti zichepetse kuchepa, kugoletsa ndi kukangana).
Koma kuwonjezera pa kukonzanso, amakhalanso ndi zosiyana. ndicho, iwo amakhala ngati mwaye mu injini kuyaka mkati kapena kulowa chothandizira, kumene kudziunjikira. Mwachitsanzo, kwa injini za dizilo ndi DPF, SCR ndi otembenuza yosungirako, sulfure ndi mdani, ndi otembenuza makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mdani ndi phosphorous. Koma zotsukira (zotsukira) Ca ndi Mg zimapanga phulusa pakuyaka.
Zomwe zimateteza zowonjezera zimadalira njira zopangira ndi ubwino wa zipangizo, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwake sikumakhala chizindikiro cha chitetezo chabwino ndi khalidwe. Choncho, automaker aliyense ali ndi malire ake ntchito galimoto inayake.
Moyo wautumiki
M'magalimoto ambiri, mafuta amasintha kutengera mtunda wagalimoto. Komabe, pamitundu ina yamadzi opaka mafuta pazitini, tsiku lawo lotha ntchito limasonyezedwa mwachindunji. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwamankhwala komwe kumachitika mumafuta pakugwira ntchito kwake. Nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa miyezi yogwira ntchito mosalekeza (12, 24 ndi Long Life) kapena kuchuluka kwa makilomita.
Matebulo a parameter mafuta a injini
Kuti mudziwe zambiri, timapereka matebulo angapo omwe amapereka chidziwitso pa kudalira kwa magawo ena amafuta a injini pa ena kapena pazinthu zakunja. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi gulu la mafuta oyambira molingana ndi muyezo wa API (API - American Petroleum Institute). Choncho, mafuta amagawidwa malinga ndi zizindikiro zitatu - index mamasukidwe akayendedwe, okhutira sulfure ndi gawo lalikulu la naphthenoparaffin hydrocarbons.
| Gulu la API | I | II | III | IV | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zomwe zili ndi ma saturated hydrocarbons,% | > 90 | > 90 | PAO | Ethers | |
| Sulfure,% | > 0,03 | ||||
| Viscosity index | 80 ... 120 | 80 ... 120 | > 120 |
Pakalipano, pali zinthu zambiri zowonjezera mafuta pamsika, zomwe mwanjira ina zimasintha mawonekedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, zowonjezera zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndikuwonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe, zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi mikangano zomwe zimayeretsa kapena kuwonjezera moyo wautumiki. Kuti mumvetse kusiyana kwawo, ndi bwino kusonkhanitsa zambiri za iwo patebulo.
| Gulu la katundu | Mitundu yowonjezera | Kusankhidwa |
|---|---|---|
| Chitetezo cha gawo pamwamba | Zotsukira (zotsukira) | Amateteza pamwamba mbali za mapangidwe madipoziti pa iwo |
| Obalalitsa | Pewani kuyika kwa zinthu zovala za injini yoyaka mkati ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafuta (kuchepetsa mapangidwe a matope) | |
| Anti-kuvala ndi kuthamanga kwambiri | Chepetsani kukangana ndi kuvala, kupewa kugwidwa ndi scuffing | |
| Anti- dzimbiri | Kupewa dzimbiri mbali injini | |
| Kusintha mafuta katundu | Depressor | Chepetsani kuzizira. |
| Viscosity modifiers | Wonjezerani kutentha kwa ntchito, onjezerani index of viscosity index | |
| Chitetezo cha mafuta | Anti-foam | Pewani kupanga chithovu |
| Antioxidants | Kuteteza mafuta oxidation |
Kusintha magawo ena amafuta a injini omwe atchulidwa m'gawo lapitalo kumakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi mawonekedwe a injini yoyaka mkati mwagalimoto. Izi zitha kuwonetsedwa mu tebulo.
| Chizindikiro | Chikhalidwe | Chifukwa | Zofunika kwambiri | Zomwe zimakhudza |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kusasamala | Kuwonjezeka | Zinthu za okosijeni | 1,5 nthawi kuwonjezeka | Kuyambira Properties |
| Pour point | Kuwonjezeka | Madzi ndi oxidation mankhwala | No | Kuyambira Properties |
| Nambala ya alkaline | Amachepetsa | Zotsukira zochita | Chepetsani ka 2 | Kuwonongeka ndi kuchepa kwa moyo wa ziwalo |
| Phulusa lazinthu | Kuwonjezeka | Zowonjezera zamchere | No | Mawonekedwe a madipoziti, kuvala kwa magawo |
| Zonyansa zamakina | Kuwonjezeka | Zida zopangira zida | No | Mawonekedwe a madipoziti, kuvala kwa magawo |
Malamulo osankha mafuta
Monga tanena kale, kusankha mafuta injini imodzi kapena ina sayenera zochokera mamasukidwe akayendedwe kuwerenga ndi kulolerana kwa opanga galimoto. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso magawo atatu ofunikira omwe ayenera kuganiziridwa:
- mafuta katundu;
- mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito (machitidwe a ICE);
- mawonekedwe a injini yoyaka mkati.
Mfundo yoyamba imadalira kwambiri mtundu wamafuta omwe ali opangidwa, opangidwa ndi theka kapena amchere kwathunthu. Ndikofunikira kuti mafuta opangira mafuta azikhala ndi izi:
- High detergent dispersing-stabilizing ndi solubilizing katundu poyerekezera ndi zinthu zosasungunuka mu mafuta. Makhalidwe otchulidwawa amakulolani kuyeretsa mofulumira komanso mosavuta pamwamba pazigawo zogwirira ntchito za injini yoyaka mkati kuchokera ku zowonongeka zosiyanasiyana. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha iwo, ndi kosavuta kuyeretsa ziwalozo kuchokera ku dothi pamene akusweka.
- Kutha kusokoneza zotsatira za ma acid, potero kupewa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa magawo a injini zoyatsira mkati ndikuwonjezera gwero lake lonse.
- High matenthedwe ndi matenthedwe-oxidative katundu. Amafunika kuti aziziziritsa mphete za pistoni ndi ma pistoni.
- Kusasunthika kochepa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pang'ono kuti ziwonongeke.
- Kupanda mphamvu kupanga thovu lililonse boma, ngakhale ozizira, ngakhale otentha.
- Kugwirizana kwathunthu ndi zida zomwe zisindikizo zimapangidwira (kawirikawiri labala lopanda mafuta) lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mumayendedwe agasi a neutralization, komanso machitidwe ena oyaka mkati mwa injini.
- Mafuta apamwamba kwambiri a injini zoyatsira mkati mwazinthu zilizonse, ngakhale zovuta, (nthawi yachisanu kapena kutenthedwa).
- Kutha kupopera zinthu za dongosolo mafuta popanda mavuto. Izi sizimangopereka chitetezo chodalirika cha injini zoyatsira mkati, komanso zimathandizira kuyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati munyengo yozizira.
- Osalowa muzochitika zamakina ndi zitsulo ndi mphira wa injini yoyaka mkati mwa nthawi yayitali yopuma popanda ntchito.
Zizindikiro zotchulidwa za ubwino wa mafuta a injini nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo ngati zikhalidwe zawo zili pansi pa chikhalidwe, ndiye kuti zimakhala zodzaza ndi mafuta osakwanira a mbali imodzi ya injini yoyaka moto, kuvala kwambiri, kutenthedwa, ndi izi. nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa gwero la magawo onse awiri ndi injini yoyaka mkati yonse .
woyendetsa aliyense ayenera kuyang'ana nthawi ndi nthawi mlingo wa mafuta a injini mu crankcase, komanso chikhalidwe chake, chifukwa ntchito yachibadwa ya injini kuyaka mkati mwachindunji zimadalira izi. Ponena za kusankha, kuyenera kuchitidwa, kudalira, choyamba, pamalingaliro a wopanga injini. Chabwino, zomwe zili pamwambapa zokhudzana ndi thupi ndi magawo amafuta zidzakuthandizani kusankha bwino.
