Grumman F-14 Bombcat Gawo 1
Poyamba, ntchito yaikulu ya F-14 Tomcat inali chitetezo cha ndege cha onyamula ndege aku America ndi operekeza awo.
zombo ndi kupeza mpweya wapamwamba m'dera ntchito ndege.
Mbiri ya airborne homing womenya Grumman F-14 Tomcat akhoza kugawidwa mu nthawi ziwiri. Kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira, F-14A idakhala ngati "woteteza zombo" - cholumikizira chomwe ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri inali yolimbana ndi bomba lakutali la Soviet - onyamula mivi yolimbana ndi zombo ndi ndege zina zomwe zitha kuwopseza gulu la America. chonyamulira ndege. F-14A inatsimikizira kufunika kwake powombera mabomba awiri aku Libyan Su-22 ndi asilikali awiri a MiG-23 muzochitika ziwiri mu 1981 ndi 1989 pa Sirte Sirte.
M'zaka za m'ma 80, chifaniziro cha "chikondi" cha F-14A Tomcat sichidafa m'mafilimu awiri - The Last Countdown kuyambira 1980s ndipo koposa zonse mu Top Gun, filimu yotchuka ya Tony Scott ya 1986. -14A mautumiki amaphatikizanso kugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe osadalirika komanso ofooka kwambiri, omwe ayambitsa masoka ambiri. Kulowa muutumiki wa mitundu yokwezeka ya F-14B ndi F-14D yokhala ndi injini zatsopano ndi yomwe idathetsa mavutowa.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, pamene F-14 Tomcat pamapeto pake idakhala yokhwima, Pentagon idaganiza zothetsa kupanga kwake. Ndegeyo inkaoneka ngati yawonongeka. Kenako anayamba gawo lachiwiri m'mbiri ya womenyayo. Kupyolera mu zosintha zingapo komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yamtundu wa LANTIRN yoyendera ndi kuwongolera, F-14 Tomcat yasintha kuchokera papulatifomu ya "mishoni imodzi" kukhala wowombera wankhondo wamagulu angapo. Pazaka khumi zotsatira, gulu la F-14 Tomcat lidachita chiwembu cholondola motsutsana ndi zida zapansi ndi mabomba otsogozedwa ndi laser ndi ma sign a GPS, adachita ntchito zothandizira asitikali awo, komanso kuwombera pansi ndi mfuti zapansi. Ngati kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 oyendetsa ndege a Navy adamva kuti F-14 inamaliza ntchito yawo, palibe amene akanakhulupirira.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50, US Navy (US Navy) adapanga lingaliro la kumanga ndege yamtunda wautali - wotchedwa. oteteza zombo. Amayenera kukhala wankhondo wolemera wokhala ndi zida zoponya ndege, wokhoza kuthana ndi mabomba a Soviet ndikuwawononga patali - kutali ndi zonyamulira ndege ndi zombo zawo.
Mu Julayi 1960, Douglas Aircraft adalandira ntchito yomanga gulu lankhondo lalikulu la F-6D Missileer. Zinayenera kukhala ndi gulu la anthu atatu ndikunyamula mivi yakutali ya AAM-N-3 Eagle yokhala ndi zida zankhondo wamba kapena zanyukiliya. Posakhalitsa zinaonekeratu kuti womenya nkhondoyo adzafunika chivundikiro chake chakusaka, ndipo lingaliro lonselo silinali zotheka kugwira ntchito. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, lingaliro lankhondo lolemera linatsitsimutsidwa pamene Mlembi wa Chitetezo Robert McNamara anayesa kukankhira kupyolera mu ntchito yopangira ndege ya General Dynamics F-10A bomba pansi pa pulogalamu ya TFX (Tactical Fighter Experimental). Mtundu wa ndege, womwe umatchedwa F-111B, uyenera kumangidwa pamodzi ndi General Dynamics ndi Grumman. Komabe, F-111B idakhala yayikulu kwambiri komanso yovuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito kuchokera kwa onyamulira ndege. Pambuyo pa F-111A, "adalandira" cholowa cha mipando iwiri yokhala ndi mipando ya mbali ndi mbali ndi mapiko a geometry osinthika okhala ndi kutalika kwa 111 m (opindika) mpaka 10,3 m (osatsegulidwa).
Ma prototypes asanu ndi awiri adapangidwa, oyamba omwe adayesedwa mu Meyi 1965. Atatu mwa iwo adagwa, zomwe zidapha anthu anayi ogwira nawo ntchito. Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo lidatsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa F-111B, ndipo lingaliro ili lidathandizidwa ndi congressmen. Ntchitoyi pamapeto pake idathetsedwa ndipo mu Julayi 1968 gulu lankhondo la Navy linapempha malingaliro a pulogalamu yatsopano ya Heavy Airborne VFX (Experimental Naval Fighter). Makampani asanu adatenga nawo gawo pachiwonetserochi: Grumman, McDonnel Douglas, North American Rockwell, General Dynamics ndi Ling-Temco-Vought. Grumman adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zomwe adakumana nazo mu pulogalamu ya F-111B, kuphatikiza lingaliro la mapiko a geometry. Mipangidwe isanu ndi iwiri yosiyana ya aerodynamic idaphunziridwa mosamala, ambiri mwa iwo opanda mapiko osinthika a geometry. Pamapeto pake, kumapeto kwa 1968, Grumman adapereka 303E, yomenyera mipando iwiri, yamapiko amitundu iwiri, kuti ikhale yachifundo.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi F-111B, imagwiritsa ntchito mipando iwiri yoyimirira, yoyendetsa ndege komanso mipando ya radar (RIO) yokonzedwa motsatirana, ndi injini zomwe zili m'magulu awiri osiyana. Chotsatira chake, pansi pa fuselage panali malo a matabwa anayi a kuyimitsidwa kwa mikono. Kuonjezera apo, zidazo zinkayenera kunyamulidwa pazitsulo ziwiri zomwe zimayikidwa pansi pa zomwe zimatchedwa. magolovesi, ndiko kuti, mapiko a mapiko momwe mapiko "osunthika" "adagwira ntchito". Mosiyana ndi F-111B, sizinakonzedwe kuti zikhazikitse matabwa pansi pa mbali zosuntha za mapiko. Womenyerayo amayenera kukhala ndi zida zopangidwira F-111B, kuphatikiza: Hughes AN / AWG-9 radar, AIM-54A Phoenix zoponya zazitali zamlengalenga ndi ndege (zopangidwa ndi Hughes makamaka kuti zigwiritse ntchito radar) ndi Pratt & Whitney TF30-P-12. Pa Januware 14, 1969, pulojekiti ya 303E idapambana mu pulogalamu ya VFX, ndipo Asitikali apamadzi adasankha msilikali watsopanoyo kukhala F-14A Tomcat.
Zida zazikulu za omenyera a F-14 Tomcat polimbana ndi zolinga zamlengalenga zinali zida zisanu ndi chimodzi zakutali za AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air.
F-14A - mavuto injini ndi kusasitsa structural
Mu 1969, gulu lankhondo la US Navy linapatsa Grumman pangano loyambirira lomanga ma prototypes 12 ndi magawo 26 opangira. Pamapeto pake, zitsanzo 20 zoyeserera za FSD (Full Scale Development) zidaperekedwa pagawo loyesa. F-14A yoyamba (BuNo 157980) idasiya chomera cha Grumman ku Calverton, Long Island kumapeto kwa 1970. Ulendo wake pa 21 December 1970 unayenda bwino. Komabe, ndege yachiwiri, yomwe inapangidwa pa December 30, inatha pangozi chifukwa cha kulephera kwa machitidwe onse a hydraulic panthawi yofika. Ogwira ntchitoyo adatha kutulutsa, koma ndegeyo idatayika.
FSD yachiwiri (BuNo 157981) idawuluka pa Meyi 21, 1971. FSD No. 10 (BuNo 157989) inaperekedwa ku NATC Naval Test Center ku Patuxent River kuti ayesedwe mwamapangidwe ndi sitimayo. Pa June 30, 1972, inagwa pamene ikukonzekera chiwonetsero cha ndege pamtsinje wa Patuxent. Woyendetsa ndege woyeserera William "Bill" Miller, yemwe adapulumuka pangozi ya chitsanzo choyamba, adamwalira pangoziyo.
Mu June 1972, FSD No. 13 (BuNo 158613) adatenga nawo mbali mu mayesero oyambirira oyendetsa ndege - pa ndege yonyamula USS Forrestal. Prototype No. 6 (BuNo 157984) idapangidwira kuyesa zida pamalo a Point Mugu ku California. Pa 20 June 1972, F-14A No. 6 inadziwombera pamene mfuti ya AIM-7E-2 Sparrow yapakati pa air-to-air inagunda womenyayo popatukana. Ogwira ntchitoyo adatha kutulutsa. Kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa mzinga wautali wa AIM-54A kuchokera ku F-14A kunachitika pa 28 April 1972. Navy idakondwera kwambiri ndi machitidwe a AN / AWG-9-AIM-54A. Mitundu ya radar, yomwe imagwira ntchito mu X-band komanso pafupipafupi 8-12 GHz, inali mkati mwa 200 km. Itha kutsata zolinga za 24 nthawi imodzi, kuwona 18 pa TID (tactical information display) yomwe ili pa RIO station, ndikuyang'ana zida zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Radar inali ndi ntchito yosanthula nthawi imodzi ndikuyang'ana zomwe zadziwika ndipo zimatha kuzindikira zomwe zikuwuluka kutsogolo kwa nthaka (pamwamba). Pakadutsa masekondi 38, F-14A imatha kuwombera mizinga isanu ndi umodzi ya AIM-54A, iliyonse yomwe imatha kuwononga zolinga zowuluka mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana. Mizinga yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 185 km idapanga liwiro la Ma = 5. Mayesero asonyeza kuti amatha kuwononganso mizinga yapamadzi yotsika komanso yoyenda mwachangu. Pa Januware 28, 1975, zida zoponya za AIM-54A Phoenix zidalandiridwa mwalamulo ndi US Navy.
Tsoka ilo, mkhalidwe ndi galimotoyo unali wosiyana.
Ma injini a Pratt & Whitney TF14-P-30 adasankhidwa kuti ayendetse F-412A, yokhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 48,04 kN iliyonse ndi 92,97 kN mumoto wamoto. Inali mtundu wosinthidwa wa injini za TF30-P-3 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu F-111A womenya mabomba. Iwo amayenera kukhala ochepa mwadzidzidzi kuposa -P-3 injini, ndi katayanitsidwe wamkulu wa nacelles injini anali kuteteza mavuto obwera pa ntchito F-111A. Komanso, msonkhano wa injini R-412 amayenera kukhala njira zosakhalitsa. Asitikali ankhondo aku US adaganiza kuti ma 67 F-14A oyamba okha ndi omwe angakhale nawo. Mtundu wotsatira wa womenyayo - F-14B - amayenera kulandira injini zatsopano - Pratt & Whitney F401-PW-400. Adapangidwa mogwirizana ndi US Air Force monga gawo la pulogalamu ya ATE (Advanced Turbofan Engine). Komabe, izi sizinachitike ndipo Navy anakakamizika kupitiriza kugula F-14As ndi injini TF30-P-412. Nthawi zambiri, anali olemetsa komanso ofooka kwambiri kwa F-14A. Analinso ndi zolakwika zapangidwe, zomwe posakhalitsa zinayamba kuonekera.
Mu June 1972, F-14A yoyamba inaperekedwa ku US-based Miramar VF-124 "Gunfighters" Naval Training Squadron. Gulu loyamba lankhondo lolandira omenyanawo linali VF-1 Wolf Pack. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, kutembenuka kwa F-14A kunachitika ndi gulu la VF-2 "Headhunters". Mu Okutobala 1972, mayunitsi onse awiri adalengeza kukonzekera kwawo kwa F-14 Tomcat. Kumayambiriro kwa 1974, VF-1 ndi VF-2 adatenga nawo gawo paulendo wawo woyamba wankhondo m'chonyamulira cha USS Enterprise. Panthawiyo, Grumman anali atapereka kale zitsanzo za 100 ku zombozo, ndipo nthawi yonse yothawa F-14 Tomcat inali 30. penyani.
Mu April 1974, ngozi yoyamba ya F-14A inali chifukwa cha kulephera kwa injini. Pofika mu October 1975, injini zisanu zinali zitawonongeka ndi moto zomwe zinachititsa kuti asilikali anayi awonongeke. Zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri kotero kuti Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo lidalamula kuti macheke a injini (kuphatikiza disassembly) achitidwe maola 100 aliwonse othawa. Zombo zonsezo zinaima katatu. Zokwana 1971 F-1976A zinatayika pakati pa 18 ndi 14 chifukwa cha ngozi zobwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa injini, moto, kapena kuwonongeka. Mavuto awiri akuluakulu adapezeka ndi injini za TF30. Choyamba chinali kulekanitsa masamba a fan, omwe amapangidwa ndi ma aloyi a titaniyamu osakwanira.
Panalibenso chitetezo chokwanira m'malo opangira injini kuti ma fan asamatuluke akamalumikizidwa. Izi zinapangitsa kuti injiniyo iwonongeke kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zonse zinkayambitsa moto. Vuto lachiwiri linakhala "losatha" la injini za TF30 ndipo silinathetsedwe konse. Zinali kuchitika mwadzidzidzi kwa ntchito yosagwirizana ya kompresa (pampu), zomwe zingayambitse kulephera kwathunthu kwa injini. Kupopa kumachitika pafupifupi kutalika kulikonse ndi liwiro. Nthawi zambiri, zinkawoneka powuluka pa liwiro lotsika pamalo okwera, poyatsa kapena kuzimitsa chowotchera moto, komanso ngakhale poponya mizinga yapamlengalenga.
Nthawi zina injiniyo nthawi yomweyo inabwerera mwakale yokha, koma nthawi zambiri kupopera kunachedwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti injini iwonongeke mofulumira komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha pazitsulo za compressor. Kenako ndegeyo inayamba kugubuduza motsatira njira yotalikirapo komanso yoyasamula, yomwe nthawi zambiri inkatha mozungulira mopanda malire. Ngati chinali chozungulira chathyathyathya, ogwira ntchito, monga lamulo, amangotulutsa. Kuzungulirako kukanapewedwa ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo akanachitapo kanthu msanga pochepetsa liwiro la injini mpaka pang'ono ndikukhazikitsa bata kuti pasakhale mphamvu za g zomwe zidachitika. Kenako, ndikutsika pang'ono, munthu angayesere kuyambitsanso kompresa. Oyendetsa ndege adazindikira mwachangu kuti F-14A iyenera kuwulutsidwa "mosamala" ndikukonzekera kupopera panthawi yoyendetsa mwadzidzidzi. Malinga ndi ambiri, zinali ngati "kuyang'anira" ntchito ya injini kuposa kulamulira womenya.
Poyankha mavutowa, Pratt & Whitney adasintha injiniyo ndi mafani amphamvu. Injini zosinthidwa, zomwe zimatchedwa TF30-P-412A, zinayamba kusonkhana m'mabuku a 65th serial block. Monga gawo la kusinthidwa kwina, chipinda chozungulira magawo atatu oyambirira a compressor chinalimbikitsidwa mokwanira, chomwe chimayenera kuyimitsa masambawo pambuyo pa kupatukana kotheka. Injini zosinthidwa, zotchedwa TF30-P-414, zinayamba kusonkhanitsidwa mu Januwale 1977 ngati gawo la 95th batch yopanga. Pofika 1979, F-14A zonse zoperekedwa ku Navy zinali ndi injini zosinthidwa za P-414.
Mu 1981, Pratt & Whitney anapanga injini yosiyana, yotchedwa TF30-P-414A, yomwe imayenera kuthetsa vuto la magazi. Msonkhano wawo unayamba mchaka cha bajeti cha 1983 mu chipika cha 130 chopanga. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1986, injini zatsopano zinayikidwa mu "Tomcat" ya F-14A yomwe ikugwira ntchito kale, panthawi yowunikira luso. M'malo mwake -P-414A idawonetsa kutsika kwambiri popopera. Pa avareji, mlandu umodzi udalembedwa pa maora chikwi cha ndege. Komabe, chizoloŵezi ichi sichikanathetsedwa kotheratu, ndipo pamene kuwuluka ndi ngodya zazikulu zowukira, khola la compressor likhoza kuchitika.
