chosindikizira nyali
Zamkatimu
chosindikizira nyali galimotoyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera pambuyo pokonza magetsi akutsogolo. Zimagwira ntchito ngati zomatira ndi zosindikizira, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo ku chinyezi, fumbi ndi dzimbiri zazitsulo zake.
Zosindikizira zamagalasi akumutu zimagawidwa m'mitundu inayi - silikoni, polyurethane, anaerobic ndi yosagwira kutentha. aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe ake, komanso zenizeni za ntchito.
Pakati pa oyendetsa magalimoto apanyumba, zinthu zingapo zodziwika bwino zokonzera ndi / kapena kusindikiza magalasi akutsogolo zawonekera, zomwe zitha kugulidwa m'malo ambiri ogulitsa magalimoto. Chiyerekezo cha zosindikizira zabwino kwambiri za nyali zamakina zimaperekedwa kuti zikuthandizeni kusankha chisankho chabwino, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, chigwiritseni ntchito moyenera.
| Chosindikizira cholumikizira nyali zakutsogolo | Kufotokozera mwachidule | Kuchuluka kwa phukusi, ml/mg | Mtengo kuyambira 2020, ma ruble aku Russia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ndikutsegula WS-904R | The sealant tepi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, polymerizes bwino, alibe fungo ndipo samadetsa manja. Amaundana mwachangu. Ndi butyl sealant ya nyali zakutsogolo. | Mphindi wa 4,5 | 700 |
| Orgavyl | Bituminous sealant tepi yakuda. Ali ndi linga lalikulu komanso polymerization yabwino. | Mphindi wa 4,5 | 900 |
| Dow Corning 7091 | General cholinga silikoni sealant. Amapezeka mu zoyera, zotuwa ndi zakuda. Kuyika bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa nyali zosindikizira. Amatambasula bwino. | 310 | 1000 |
| Zachita Deal DD6870 | Universal mandala silikoni mtundu zomatira sealant kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Glues ndi kusindikiza nyali yakutsogolo bwino. | 82 | 450 |
| Permatex Flowable Silicone | Silicone sealant ya nyali zakutsogolo ndi kutentha kwa ntchito kuchokera -62ºС mpaka +232ºС. Zimasiyana ndi luso labwino komanso kuphweka kwa kujambula. Kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zovulaza zakunja. | 42 | 280 |
| 3M PU 590 | Polyurethane sealant yolumikizira magalasi. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Kugonjetsedwa ndi malo aukali. | 310; 600 | 750; 1000 |
| Emphimastic RV | Chigawo chimodzi cha polyurethane chomatira chosindikizira chokhala ndi elasticity yayikulu. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gluing ma windshields ndi nyali zamagalasi. Otsika kutentha osiyanasiyana. | 310 | 380 |
| KOITO Hot Melt katswiri (imvi) | Katswiri wodzitchinjiriza wosamva kutentha wolumikizira nyali zakumutu ndi kukonza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga magalimoto monga Toyota, Lexus, Mitsubishi. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mukatenthetsa. | mkaka - 500 g | 1100 |
Chosindikizira kuti musankhe?
Zosindikizira za nyali zamakina zimasankhidwa kutengera zofunikira izi:
- Kumanga kodalirika galasi ndi pulasitiki zinthu kunja kwa nyali. Kuwonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zolimba kumadalira kudalirika kwa gluing. Ngakhale njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ndi "manja olunjika" ndizofunikiranso pano.
- Anti-vibration. Nyali zamoto nthawi zonse zimagwedezeka pamene ikuyenda. Choncho, chosindikiziracho sichiyenera kuphulika pansi pa kupanikizika koyenera kwa makina.
- Kukana kutentha kwambiri. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa nyali zakutsogolo komwe nyali za halogen zimayikidwa. Zosindikizira za nyali zamakina ziyeneranso kukhala zotentha kwambiri.
- Voliyumu yonyamula. Phukusi lokhazikika la sealant ndilokwanira kukonza nyali imodzi kapena ziwiri kapena zitatu.
- Kumasuka kuchotsa pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri, pogwira ntchito kuchokera pansi pa msoko kapena pamwamba (kapena pamanja), tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhalabe. Ndi yabwino ngati angathe kuchotsedwa popanda vuto lililonse, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi khalidwe zokwanira.
- Kuwonekera pambuyo ntchito. Chofunikira ichi ndi chofunikira ngati palibe chozungulira cha nyali / galasi losindikizidwa, koma mng'alu mugalasi kapena cholakwika china chikukonzedwa. Kupanda kutero, chosindikizira chochiritsidwa chidzasiya pang'ono koma malo pagalasi, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kuwala kwapamutu.
- Mtengo wa ndalama. Ndikwabwino kusankha chinthu chapakati kapena chamtengo wapatali, chifukwa mawonekedwe otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri samalimbana ndi ntchito yomwe wapatsidwa.
Mitundu ya zosindikizira za nyali zamakina ndi ntchito zawo
Zosindikizira za nyali zamoto zimagawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu 4 - silicone, polyurethane, anaerobic ndi kutentha. Tiyeni tiziwalingalira mwadongosolo.
Silicone sealants
Zosindikizira zambiri za silicon mu mawonekedwe awo osachiritsika zimakhala zamadzimadzi okhala ndi mphamvu zoyenda bwino. Amapangidwa pamaziko a mphira zachilengedwe kapena zopangira. Pambuyo polima (kuuma), amasandulika kukhala mtundu wa mphira, womwe umamatira pamalopo, umawateteza ku chinyezi ndi cheza cha ultraviolet.
Komabe, kuipa kwawo ndiko ambiri a iwo anawonongedwa mchikakamizo cha madzimadzi ndondomekomonga mafuta, mafuta, mowa. Mfundo yotsiriza ndiyofunika makamaka pamene galimotoyo ili ndi magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi. Nthawi zambiri zamadzimadzizi amapangidwa ndi mowa. Komabe Palinso zosindikizira zosamva mafuta., kotero mutha kuwafufuza.
Zosindikizira za silicone za nyali zamagalimoto ndi amodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wawo wotsika komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Mankhwala a silicone samayenda, choncho nthawi zambiri amakhala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza magalasi kapena nyali zozungulira kuzungulira. Onsewa amatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu - nyimbo zachizolowezi mpaka + 100 ° C, ndi zosagwira kutentha - mpaka + 300 ° C ndi kupitirira apo.
Polyurethane sealants
Mtundu woterewu umafunika kukonza nyalimwachitsanzo pamene kuli kofunikira kumata zidutswa za galasi kapena kung'amba galasi pamwamba. Izi ndichifukwa choti zosindikizira za polyurethane zimakhala ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri (kutha kumamatira pamwamba), komanso zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomangira. Kuphatikiza apo, zouma zouma sizilola kuti chinyezi chidutse. Komanso zabwino zingapo za polyurethane mankhwala:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito guluu n'kotheka mu kutentha osiyanasiyana. Momwemonso, nyimbozo zimakhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana, kuyambira -60ºС mpaka +80ºС, kutengera kapangidwe kake.
- Kutalika kwa zochita za zikuchokera, masamu mu zaka.
- Kugonjetsedwa ndi njira zopanda mphamvu zamadzimadzi monga mafuta, mafuta, madzi ochapira a mowa, mankhwala apamsewu.
- High fluidity mu unpolymerized boma, amene amalola gluing mbali zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale zovuta, akalumikidzidwa.
- Kukana kwabwino kwa kugwedezeka pamene mukuyendetsa.
Komabe, zosindikizira za polyurethane zili ndi zovuta zake... Mwa iwo:
- Mu boma lopanda polymerized (zamadzimadzi), zolemba zawo zimakhala zovulaza thupi la munthu. Choncho, muyenera kugwira nawo ntchito, kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo. Iwo amasonyezedwa mwachindunji mu malangizo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatengera kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi ndi magolovesi. Nthawi zambiri - chopumira.
- Osagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyenera zokhala ndi nyali zakutsogolo zomwe zimatentha kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mpaka + 120 ° C ndi kupitilira apo). Chofunika ndi chiyani ngati nyali za halogen zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Anaerobic sealants
Ndi anaerobic sealants gwirizanitsani mbali zomwe palibe kusiyana kwa mpweya. ndicho, ngati wosanjikiza cushioning, sealant kwa seams, osindikizidwa olowa, ndi zina zotero. Kwathunthu anachiritsa wosanjikiza mphamvu kwambiri komanso kukana kutentha. ndicho, imatha kupirira kutentha mpaka +150°C…+200°C.
Nthawi zambiri, mumkhalidwe wopanda polymerized, mankhwalawa amakhala amadzimadzi, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pokonza nyali zowoneka bwino kungakhale kovutirapo. Pogwira ntchito, palibe zida zowonjezera kapena zida zodzitetezera zomwe zimafunikira. Zomwe zili mu mawonekedwe a polymerized ndizotetezeka kwa thupi la munthu, chinthu chachikulu ndikuletsa zomwe zili m'maso ndi mkamwa.
Zosindikizira zosagwira kutentha
Zolembazi zimatha kusunga katundu wawo pa kutentha kwakukulu, mpaka +300 ° С ... + 400 ° С. Ndiko kuti, chosindikizira chotentha kwambiri chotere ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali zowunikira pomwe nyali za halogen zimayikidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo ali ndithu amphamvu ndi cholimba, kugonjetsedwa ndi mawotchi kupsyinjika ndi kugwedera. Kawirikawiri iwo anazindikira mu olimba ndi pasty boma, ndiko kuti, mu zigawo ziwiri boma. Choyipa chokha cha ma sealant osamva kutentha ndikuti amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti achire. Nthawi ino ikhoza kukhala 8…12 maola.
Ndi chisindikizo chiti chamutu chabwino kwambiri
kuti asankhe chosindikizira chabwino ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito moyenera, zidapangidwa kuti zisindikize zosindikizira zabwino kwambiri zowunikira magetsi, zomwe zidapangidwa pazowunikira ndi mayeso a oyendetsa omwe amapezeka pa intaneti. Aliyense wa iwo akulimbikitsidwa kugula, koma izi zisanachitike, werengani mosamala malangizowo, mwachitsanzo, momwe chida china chingagwiritsidwe ntchito - kutentha, kukhudzana ndi madzi opangira madzi, komanso ngati kuli koyenera kwa inu ntchito inayake (gluing). galasi kapena kubzala nyali).
APRIL
Abro WS904R Butyl Sealant ndi imodzi mwazisankho zabwino kwambiri zomangira pulasitiki kapena nyali zamagalasi ndikusindikiza nyumba zawo kugalimoto yamagalimoto. Ndi tepi yopindika yaitali mamita 4,5.
Zosindikizira zowunikira makina "Abro" zili ndi ubwino wambiri, kuphatikizapo kusowa kwathunthu kwa fungo, kulimbitsa mofulumira (pafupifupi mphindi 15), mankhwalawa samamatira m'manja, kumasuka komanso kuthamanga kwa ntchito. Abro 904 headlight sealant ili ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri, siziwononga manja ndi malo oyandikana nawo.
kuti mumamatire galasilo, muyenera kudula chidutswa cha kutalika kofunikira kuchokera pa tepi mu phukusi ndikuchiyika mumpata pakati pa zipangizo zomwe zimamatira, ndiyeno musindikize ndi zala zanu. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito, kutentha kwa mpweya sikuyenera kuchepera +20 ° C. Ngati ndi kotheka, tepiyo imatha kutenthedwa ndi chowumitsira tsitsi kapena chipangizo china chotenthetsera.
Chotsalira chokha cha sealant ndi mtengo wapamwamba. Chifukwa chake, m'chilimwe cha 2020, phukusi limodzi limawononga pafupifupi ma ruble 700 aku Russia.
Orgavyl
Tepi ya Orgavyl butyl sealant ndi analogue yathunthu ya Abro sealant. Ili ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri (zomamatira kuzinthu), zimasindikiza bwino ku chinyezi ndi mpweya wakunja, zilibe zigawo zosasunthika, sizimavulaza thupi la munthu, zotanuka, zolimba, zosagwirizana ndi UV.
Kutentha kogwira ntchito kwa Orgavyl butyl sealant kumachokera -55 ° С mpaka +100 ° С. Ndikosavuta komanso mwachangu kugwira naye ntchito. Pazofooka, zikhoza kudziwika kuti zimapezeka kokha mwakuda, choncho nthawi zina sizingakhale zoyenera kugwira ntchito ndi nyali.
Sealant "Orgavil" ali ndi mbiri yabwino pakati oyendetsa galimoto ndi omanga nawo, ndicho unsembe wa mawindo pulasitiki. Izo ziyenera kuikidwa pa zabwino yozungulira kutentha. Amagulitsidwa m'matumba okhala ndi kutalika kosiyana kwa tepi. Chachikulu ndi 4,5 metres, ndipo chimawononga pafupifupi 900 rubles.
Dow Corning
Dow Corning 7091 imayikidwa ndi wopanga ngati chosindikizira chosalowerera ndale. Ili ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ndikusindikiza magalasi ndi mapulasitiki. Monga zomatira, zimatha kugwira ntchito ndi msoko wa 5 mm mulifupi, ndipo ngati chosindikizira - mpaka 25 mm. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zida zamagetsi.
Ili ndi kutentha kwakukulu kogwira ntchito - kuchokera -55 ° С mpaka +180 ° С. Msikawu umagulitsidwa mumitundu itatu - yoyera, imvi ndi yakuda.
Ndemanga za Dow Corning sealant zikuwonetsa kuti ndizosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo mphamvu zake ndizokwanira kumata ming'alu ndikusindikiza nyali zamakina. Kupaka kofala komanso kosavuta ndi katiriji 310 ml. Mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 1000.
Kuchita Kuchita
Zosindikizira zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa pansi pa mtundu wa Done Deal, womwe osachepera awiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusindikiza ndi kukonza magalasi ndi nyali zapulasitiki.
Makina osindikizira a autoglue Wachita Deal DD 6870. Ndi chosindikizira chosunthika, chowoneka bwino, chowoneka bwino chomwe chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakina. Mwachitsanzo, kwa galasi, pulasitiki, mphira, zikopa, nsalu.
Kutentha kwa ntchito kumachokera ku -45 ° С mpaka +105 ° С. Kukhazikitsa nthawi - pafupifupi mphindi 15, nthawi yowumitsa - 1 ola, nthawi yonse ya polymerization - maola 24.
Amagulitsidwa mu chubu muyezo wa magalamu 82 pa mtengo avareji 450 rubles.
Zachita Deal DD6703 ndi zomatira zowoneka bwino za silikoni zopanda madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Chosindikizira ichi chimagulitsidwa m'matumba obiriwira. Imakana kusakaniza zamadzimadzi, zowulutsa mwaukali komanso yosamva kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kapena kugwedezeka.
Imakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kogwira ntchito - kuchokera -70 ° С mpaka +260 ° С. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira zinthu zotsatirazi: galasi, pulasitiki, zitsulo, mphira, matabwa, zoumba mu ubale uliwonse.
Kugulitsidwa mu chubu cha magalamu 43,5, mtengo umene 200 rubles, amene ndi yabwino kwambiri ntchito kamodzi.
Permatex Flowable Silicone
Permatex Flowable Silicone 81730 ndi chosindikizira chowunikira chowunikira komanso chowoneka bwino. Ndi chisindikizo chozizira chomwe chilibe zosungunulira. Pachiyambi chake, ndi madzimadzi, choncho amatuluka mosavuta ngakhale m'ming'alu yaying'ono. Pambuyo kuumitsa, imasandulika kukhala wosanjikiza wosanjikiza madzi, womwe umalimbananso ndi zinthu zakunja, cheza cha ultraviolet, mankhwala am'misewu ndi zinthu zina zovulaza.
Kutentha kogwira ntchito kwa Permatex headlight sealant kumachokera -62ºС mpaka +232ºС. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kukonzanso ntchito ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: nyali zakutsogolo, zotchingira mphepo, padenga la dzuwa, mazenera, zowunikira mkati mwagalimoto, ma portholes, zophimba zomata ndi mazenera.
Malinga ndi ndemanga, sealant ndi yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso kulimba komanso kuchita bwino. Mankhwalawa amagulitsidwa mu chubu chokhazikika cha 42 mg. Mtengo wake wanthawi yayitali ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 280.
3M PU 590
Polyurethane sealant 3M PU 590 imayikidwa ngati zomatira zomangira magalasi. Kutentha kovomerezeka kovomerezeka ndi +100 ° C. Komabe, zomatira-zosindikizira ndizo zonse, kotero zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana - pulasitiki, mphira, zitsulo. Kugonjetsedwa ndi madzi osakanikirana ndi UV. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga. Mtundu wa sealant ndi wakuda.
Amagulitsidwa m'masilinda a mabuku awiri - 310 ml ndi 600 ml. Mitengo yawo ndi ma ruble 750 ndi ma ruble 1000. Choncho, mfuti yapadera imafunika kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito.
Emfimastic PB
"Emphimatics RV" 124150 ndi gawo limodzi la polyurethane zomatira-zosindikizira za elasticity kwambiri. Vulcanizes pamene chinyontho. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito gluing ndi kukonza ma windshields ndi nyali zoyendera zamagalimoto ndi madzi.
Zimasiyana ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo oyeretsedwa kale ndi mfuti yamanja kapena pneumatic. Kutentha kwa ntchito - kuchokera -40 ° С mpaka +80 ° С. Kutentha kwa ntchito - kuchokera +5 ° С mpaka +40 ° С.
Kupaka kofala kwambiri ndi cartridge ya 310 ml. Mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 380.
KOITO
KOITO Hot Melt katswiri (imvi) ndi katswiri wosindikiza nyali zakutsogolo. Ali ndi imvi. Makina osindikizira otenthetsera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kapena kuyikanso nyali zakutsogolo, kukhazikitsa magalasi, mazenera a makina osindikizira.
Koito headlight sealant ndi chinthu chofanana ndi chisakanizo cha rabala ndi pulasitiki. Pa kutentha kwapakati, imatha kudulidwa mosavuta ndi mpeni. Pakuwotcha ndi chowumitsira tsitsi kapena chinthu china chotenthetsera, chimasanduka madzi ndipo chimalowa mosavuta m'ming'alu yomwe mukufuna, pomwe imamera. Akatenthedwanso, amasandulikanso madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusokoneza nyali kapena chinthu china.
Sealant "Koito" angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi galasi, zitsulo, pulasitiki. Chida ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga odziwika bwino monga Toyota, Lexus, Mitsubishi.
Amagulitsidwa m'mabriketi olemera magalamu 500. Mtengo wa briquette imodzi ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 1100.
Momwe mungachotsere chosindikizira chamagetsi chamoto
Oyendetsa galimoto ambiri omwe akonza magetsi okha ali ndi chidwi ndi funso la momwe ndingathere kuchotsa zotsalira za sealant zouma. Ndikoyenera kutchula nthawi yomweyo kuti mumadzi kapena pasty (ndiko kuti, koyambirira), chosindikizira chimatha kuchotsedwa popanda mavuto ndi chiguduli, chopukutira, microfiber. Chifukwa chake, mutangowona kuti kutsika kosafunika kwawonekera pamwamba pa utoto, bumper, kapena kwina kulikonse, ndiye kuti muyenera kuchotsa mothandizidwa ndi zida izi posachedwa!
Ngati sikunali kotheka kuchotsa nthawi yomweyo kapena kungosokoneza nyali pambuyo pa gluing yapitayi, ndiye kuti sealant ikhoza kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina. kutanthauza:
- Zotsitsa thupi. Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo, kuphatikizapo pakati pawo pali otchedwa anti-silicones, opangidwa mwapadera zolinga zawo.
- Mzimu woyera, nefras, zosungunulira. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri zamadzimadzi zamadzimadzi, kotero ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, osasiya ndalama zopaka utoto kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa zitha kuwononga. Zomwezo zimapitanso ku zigawo zapulasitiki. Ndizotheka, komabe osafunika, kugwiritsa ntchito "Solvent 646" kapena acetone koyera. Mankhwalawa amakhalanso ankhanza kwambiri, choncho ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomaliza.
- Mowa. Itha kukhala methyl, ethyl, formic alcohol. Mankhwalawa okha ndi ochotsera mafuta, kotero amatha kuchotsa sealant yomwe sinadye m'thupi. Ngakhale ndizoyenera kwambiri zosindikizira za silicone.
Muzovuta kwambiri, mutha kuyesa kuchotsa banga la sealant mwamakina ndi mpeni waubusa. Ndikoyenera kutentha sealant yochiritsidwa ndi chowumitsira tsitsi izi zisanachitike. Kotero izo zidzafewetsa, ndipo zidzakhala zosavuta kugwira ntchito nazo. Chachikulu ndichakuti musapitirire mopitilira muyeso komanso kuti musawotche utoto wopaka thupi, koma pokhapokha mutachotsa chosindikizira chakale pamutu.
Pomaliza
Kusankhidwa kwa sealant kwa nyali zamakina kumatengera ntchito zomwe mwini galimoto amakumana nazo. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi silicone ndi polyurethane. Komabe, ngati nyali ya halogen imayikidwa pamutu, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zosindikizira zosagwira kutentha. Ponena za mitundu yeniyeni, zitsanzo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa zimayimiridwa kwambiri m'magalimoto ogulitsa magalimoto, ndipo mungapeze ndemanga zabwino zambiri za iwo pa intaneti.
M'chilimwe cha 2020 (poyerekeza ndi 2019), Orgavyl, Dow Corning ndi 3M PU 590 sealants adakwera mtengo koposa zonse - pafupifupi ma ruble 200. Abro, Done Deal, Permatex ndi Emfimastic zasintha pamtengo pafupifupi ma ruble 50-100, koma KOITO yatsika mtengo ndi ma ruble 400.
Odziwika kwambiri komanso abwino kwambiri mu 2020, malinga ndi ogula, amakhalabe Abro. Malinga ndi ndemanga, n'zosavuta kumata, sag padzuwa, ndipo ndithu cholimba.
