Njira yogawa gasi ya injini, kapangidwe kake ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito

Makina ogawa gasi (GRM) ndi gulu la magawo ndi magulu omwe amatsegula ndi kutseka ma valve olowetsa ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa injini panthawi yomwe wapatsidwa. Ntchito yaikulu ya makina ogawa gasi ndi kupereka kwa nthawi yake kwa mpweya-mafuta kapena mafuta (malingana ndi mtundu wa injini) ku chipinda choyaka moto ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Kuti athetse vutoli, zovuta zonse zamakina zimagwira ntchito bwino, zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa pakompyuta.

Nthawi ili bwanji

Mu injini zamakono, njira yogawa gasi ili pamutu wa silinda ya injini. Lili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Camshaft. Izi ndizopangidwa ndi mapangidwe ovuta, opangidwa ndi chitsulo chokhazikika kapena chitsulo chosungunula ndi kulondola kwambiri. Kutengera kapangidwe ka nthawi, camshaft imatha kukhazikitsidwa pamutu wa silinda kapena mu crankcase (pakali pano makonzedwe awa sagwiritsidwa ntchito). Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu lomwe limayang'anira kutsegulira kotsatizana ndi kutseka kwa ma valve.

Mtsinjewo uli ndi magazini ndi makamera omwe amakankhira tsinde la valve kapena rocker. Maonekedwe a kamera ali ndi geometry yodziwika bwino, popeza nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa kutsegula kwa valve kumadalira izi. Kuphatikiza apo, makamerawa amapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti awonetsetse kuti ma silinda akugwira ntchito.

• Actuator. Torque kuchokera ku crankshaft imafalikira kudzera pagalimoto kupita ku camshaft. Kuyendetsa kumasiyana malinga ndi njira yopangira. Zida za crankshaft ndi theka la kukula kwa zida za camshaft. Choncho, crankshaft imazungulira kawiri mofulumira. Kutengera mtundu wa drive, imaphatikizapo:

1. unyolo kapena lamba;
2. zida za shaft;
3. tensioner (zovuta wodzigudubuza);
4. damper ndi nsapato.

• Mavavu olowetsa ndi kutulutsa. Zili pamutu wa silinda ndipo ndi ndodo zokhala ndi mutu wathyathyathya mbali imodzi, yotchedwa poppet. Ma valve olowera ndi otuluka amasiyana pamapangidwe. Cholowacho chimapangidwa mu chidutswa chimodzi. Ilinso ndi mbale yokulirapo yodzaza bwino mu silinda ndi charger yatsopano. Chotulukapo nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosagwira kutentha ndipo chimakhala ndi tsinde lopanda kanthu kuti chiziziziritsa bwino, chifukwa chimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri pakugwira ntchito. Mkati mwake muli sodium filler yomwe imasungunuka mosavuta ndikuchotsa kutentha kwina ku mbale kupita ku ndodo.

Mitu ya valavu imakumbidwa kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri pamabowo amutu wa silinda. Malo amenewa amatchedwa chishalo. Kuphatikiza pa ma valve okha, zinthu zowonjezera zimaperekedwa mu makina kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito moyenera:

1. Akasupe. Bweretsani ma valve pamalo awo oyambirira mutatha kukanikiza.
2. Zisindikizo za ma valve. Izi ndi zisindikizo zapadera zomwe zimalepheretsa mafuta kuti asalowe m'chipinda choyaka moto pafupi ndi tsinde la valve.
3. Kuwongolera bushing. Amayikidwa mu nyumba yamutu ya silinda ndipo amapereka kayendedwe ka valve molondola.
4. Rusks. Ndi chithandizo chawo, kasupe amamangiriridwa ku tsinde la valve.

• okankha. Kupyolera mu zokankhira, mphamvu imafalikira kuchokera ku camshaft cam kupita ku ndodo. Wopangidwa kuchokera kuchitsulo champhamvu kwambiri. Iwo ndi amitundu yosiyanasiyana:

1. makina - magalasi;
2. wodzigudubuza;
3. hydraulic compensators.

Kusiyana kwamafuta pakati pa makina othamangitsira makina ndi ma camshaft lobes amasinthidwa pamanja. Ma compensators a Hydraulic kapena ma hydraulic tappets amangosunga chilolezo chofunikira ndipo safuna kusintha.

• Dzanja la rocker kapena levers. Rocker yosavuta ndi lever ya manja awiri yomwe imagwira ntchito zogwedeza. M'mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, manja a rocker amatha kugwira ntchito mosiyana.
• Makina osinthira nthawi ya valve. Machitidwewa sanayike pa injini zonse. Zambiri za chipangizochi komanso mfundo yoyendetsera CVVT zitha kupezeka m'nkhani ina patsamba lathu.

Kufotokozera za nthawi

Kugwira ntchito kwa makina ogawa gasi kumakhala kovuta kulingalira mosiyana ndi kayendedwe ka injini. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikutsegula ndi kutseka ma valve mu nthawi kwa nthawi inayake. Chifukwa chake, pachiwopsezo chotenga, kulowetsedwa kumatseguka, ndipo pakutha kwa mpweya, kutulutsa kumatseguka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, makinawo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yowerengera ma valve.

Mwaukadaulo zimapita motere:

1. Crankshaft imatumiza torque kudzera pagalimoto kupita ku camshaft.
2. Kamera ya camshaft imakanikiza pa pusher kapena rocker.
3. Valavu imayenda mkati mwa chipinda choyaka moto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya watsopano kapena mpweya wotulutsa mpweya.
4. Kamera ikadutsa gawo logwira ntchito, valavu imabwerera kumalo ake pansi pa zochitika za masika.

Tikumbukenso kuti mkombero wathunthu ntchito camshaft kupanga 2 zosintha, mosinthana kutsegula mavavu pa yamphamvu iliyonse, malingana ndi dongosolo ntchito. Izi ndizo, mwachitsanzo, ndi ndondomeko ya opaleshoni ya 1-3-4-2, ma valve olowetsa pa silinda yoyamba ndi ma valve otsekemera pachinayi adzatsegulidwa nthawi imodzi. Mu valavu yachiwiri ndi yachitatu idzatsekedwa.

Mitundu ya makina ogawa gasi

Injini ikhoza kukhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowerengera nthawi. Lingalirani zamagulu otsatirawa.

Pamalo a camshaft

Pali mitundu iwiri ya malo a camshaft:

• pansi;
• pamwamba.

Pamalo otsika, camshaft ili pa cylinder block pafupi ndi crankshaft. Zotsatira zochokera ku makamera kudzera pa zokankhira zimaperekedwa ku manja a rocker, pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo zapadera. Izi ndi ndodo zazitali zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ma pushrods pansi ndi manja a rocker pamwamba. Malo otsika samaonedwa kuti ndi opambana kwambiri, koma ali ndi ubwino wake. Makamaka, kulumikizana kodalirika pakati pa camshaft ndi crankshaft. Chipangizo chamtunduwu sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamakono.

Pamalo apamwamba, camshaft ili pamutu wa silinda, pamwamba pa ma valve. Pamalo awa, njira zingapo zosinthira ma valve zitha kukhazikitsidwa: kugwiritsa ntchito ma rocker pusher kapena levers. Mapangidwe awa ndi osavuta, odalirika komanso ophatikizana. Malo apamwamba a camshaft akhala ambiri.

Pa chiwerengero cha camshafts

Ma injini am'munsi amatha kukhala ndi camshaft imodzi kapena ziwiri. Ma injini okhala ndi camshaft imodzi amasankhidwa ndi chidule Mtengo wa SOHC(Single Overhead Camshaft), ndipo ndi awiri - DoHC(Kawiri Pamwamba Camshaft). Shaft imodzi imayang'anira kutsegula ma valve olowetsa, ndipo ina ndiyo kutulutsa mpweya. V-injini amagwiritsa ntchito ma camshaft anayi, awiri pa banki iliyonse ya masilinda.

Potengera kuchuluka kwa mavavu

Maonekedwe a camshaft ndi kuchuluka kwa makamera kudzadalira kuchuluka kwa ma valve pa silinda. Pakhoza kukhala ma valve awiri, atatu, anayi kapena asanu.

Njira yosavuta ndiyo yokhala ndi ma valve awiri: imodzi yolowera, ina yotulutsa mpweya. Injini yokhala ndi ma valve atatu ili ndi ma valve awiri olowera ndi amodzi otulutsa. Mu Baibulo ndi mavavu anayi: awiri kudya ndi awiri utsi. Mavavu asanu: atatu olowera ndi awiri otulutsa mpweya. Ma valve owonjezera kwambiri, mafuta osakanikirana a mpweya amalowa m'chipinda choyaka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ndi mphamvu za injini zikuwonjezeka. Kupanga zoposa zisanu sikudzalola kukula kwa chipinda choyaka moto ndi mawonekedwe a camshaft. Mavavu anayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa silinda.

Mtundu wagalimoto

Pali mitundu itatu ya ma drive a camshaft:

1. zida. Njira yoyendetserayi ndi kotheka ngati camshaft ili m'munsi mwa chipika cha silinda. Crankshaft ndi camshaft zimayendetsedwa ndi magiya. Ubwino waukulu wa unit wotere ndi kudalirika. Pamene camshaft ili pamwamba pa mutu wa silinda, onse unyolo ndi lamba galimoto ntchito.
2. Unyolo. Kuyendetsa uku kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kodalirika. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito unyolo kumafuna zinthu zapadera. Kuti achepetse kugwedezeka, ma dampers amaikidwa, ndipo kugwedezeka kwa unyolo kumayendetsedwa ndi ma tensioners. Maunyolo angapo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma shafts.
   

   The gwero unyolo zokwanira pafupifupi 150-200 makilomita zikwi.

   Vuto lalikulu la unyolo pagalimoto amaonedwa kuti ndi vuto la tensioners, dampers kapena yopuma unyolo palokha. Ndi kukanidwa kosakwanira, unyolo pakugwira ntchito umatha kuzembera pakati pa mano, zomwe zimabweretsa kuphwanya nthawi ya valve.

   Imathandiza kuti basi kusintha unyolo kukanika hydraulic tensioners. Awa ndi ma pistoni omwe amakanikizira pa zomwe zimatchedwa nsapato. Nsapato imamangiriridwa mwachindunji ku unyolo. Ichi ndi chidutswa chokhala ndi chophimba chapadera, chopindika mu arc. Mkati mwa hydraulic tensioner muli plunger, kasupe ndi malo ogwirira ntchito amafuta. Mafuta amalowa mu tensioner ndikukankhira silinda mpaka mulingo woyenera. Vavu imatseka njira yamafuta ndipo pisitoni imasunga kukhazikika koyenera kwa unyolo nthawi zonse. Damper ya unyolo imatenga kugwedezeka kotsalira komwe sikunatsitsidwe ndi nsapato. Izi zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwangwiro komanso kolondola kwa chain drive.

   Vuto lalikulu likhoza kubwera kuchokera ku dera lotseguka.

   Kamshaft imasiya kuzungulira, koma crankshaft imapitilirabe kusuntha ndikusuntha ma pistoni. Pansi pa ma pistoni amafika ma discs a valve, kuwapangitsa kuti apunduke. Pazovuta kwambiri, chipika cha silinda chikhoza kuwonongeka. Kuti izi zisachitike, maunyolo amizere iwiri nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati wina athyoka, winayo akupitiriza kugwira ntchito. Woyendetsa adzatha kukonza zinthu popanda zotsatira zake.

3. lamba.Kuyendetsa lamba sikufuna mafuta, mosiyana ndi ma chain drive.
   

   Chithandizo cha lamba ndi chochepa ndipo pafupifupi 60-80 zikwi makilomita.

   Malamba okhala ndi mano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire bwino komanso odalirika. Ichi ndi chophweka. Lamba wosweka wokhala ndi injini yothamanga adzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi unyolo wosweka. Ubwino waukulu wa galimoto yoyendetsa lamba ndiyosavuta kugwira ntchito ndikusintha, mtengo wotsika komanso kugwira ntchito chete.

Kugwira ntchito kwa injini, mphamvu zake ndi mphamvu zake zimadalira kugwira ntchito moyenera kwa njira yonse yogawa gasi. Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa masilinda, m'pamenenso chipangizo cholumikizira chidzakhala chovuta kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kuti dalaivala aliyense amvetsetse kapangidwe ka makinawo kuti azindikire kusagwira bwino ntchito munthawi yake.