Volkswagen Sharan - minivan kwa mafumu
Zamkatimu
Volkswagen Sharan ndi alendo osowa m'misewu yaku Russia. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi mbali yakuti chitsanzocho sichinaperekedwe mwalamulo kumsika wa Russia. Chifukwa china ndi chakuti mankhwalawa ndi kagawo kakang'ono. Sharan ndi kalasi ya minivans, kutanthauza kuti ogula chachikulu cha galimoto ndi mabanja aakulu. Komabe, kufunikira kwa magalimoto amtunduwu kukukulirakulira chaka chilichonse.
Ndemanga ya Volkswagen Sharan
Kuwonekera kwa minivans ngati gulu la magalimoto kunachitika chapakati pa 1980s. Makolo a mtundu uwu wa galimoto ndi French galimoto Renault Espace. Kupambana pamsika wamtunduwu kwapangitsa opanga ma automaker enanso kuyang'ana gawo ili. Volkswagen nayenso anatembenukira ku msika wa minivan.
Momwe Volkswagen Sharan idapangidwira
Kukula kwa minivan "Volkswagen" anayamba pamodzi ndi American Ford. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, opanga onsewa anali ndi chidziwitso chopanga magalimoto apamwamba kwambiri. Koma magalimoto amenewa anali a kalasi ya minibasi. Tsopano, okonza a ku America ndi a ku Germany adayang'anizana ndi ntchito yopangira galimoto ya banja yokhala ndi mipando isanu ndi iwiri yomwe idzakhala pafupi ndi galimoto yonyamula anthu ponena za chitonthozo ndi kusamalira. Chotsatira cha ntchito olowa opanga anali galimoto amatikumbutsa masanjidwe a minivan French Renault Espace.
Kupanga chitsanzo anayamba mu 1995 pa Autoeuropa galimoto fakitale ku Portugal. Galimotoyo idapangidwa pansi pamitundu iwiri. Minivan yaku Germany idatchedwa Sharan, kutanthauza "kunyamula mafumu" ku Persian, yaku America idadziwika kuti Galaxy - Galaxy.
Ford Galaxy inali ndi kusiyana pang'ono ndi mnzake potengera maonekedwe ndi mkati, komanso injini yosiyana pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambira 1996, kupanga mapasa achitatu pansi pa mtundu waku Spain Seat Alhambra kudayamba pafakitale yomweyi yamagalimoto. Kufanana kwake ndi chitsanzo choyambira kunasweka kokha ndi chizindikiro china pa thupi.
Kupanga kwa m'badwo woyamba Sharan kunapitilira mpaka 2010. Panthawiyi, chitsanzocho chakhala ndi maulendo awiri, pakhala kusintha pang'ono mu geometry ya thupi, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya injini yomwe inayikidwa yakula. Mu 2006, Ford anasamutsa kupanga Way kwa galimoto latsopano galimoto ku Belgium, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo chitukuko cha minivan American wapita popanda kutenga nawo mbali Volkswagen.
Mpaka 2010 opangidwa makope 250 zikwi sharan "Volkswagen". Chitsanzocho chinalandira kuvomerezedwa kwakukulu kwa anthu a ku Ulaya, zomwe zinatsimikiziridwa ndi mphoto zapamwamba zamagalimoto mu "Best Minivan" yosankhidwa.
Pofika 2010, Volkswagen idapanga m'badwo wotsatira wa Sharan. Chitsanzo chatsopanocho chinapangidwa pa nsanja ya Passat ndipo ili ndi thupi latsopano. Chitsanzo chatsopanocho chakhala champhamvu kwambiri, komanso chachikulu, ndipo, moona, chokongola kwambiri. Pakhala pali zosintha zambiri zaukadaulo. Mu 2016, minivan idasinthidwanso ndipo mwina izi zikuwonetsa kutulutsidwa kwa m'badwo wachitatu wa Sharan. Komanso, kuyambira 2015, mpikisano wake wapamtima mu kalasi ya minivan, Galaxy, wapangidwa m'badwo wachitatu.
Chingwe
Ma Sharans a mibadwo yonseyi ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a voliyumu imodzi yama minivan. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'thupi limodzi, chipinda chokwera anthu komanso zipinda za injini ndi katundu zimaphatikizidwa. Salon imatengera kuchita kwa anthu 7 ndi 5. Chidziwitso chodziwika bwino pamakonzedwewo chinali zitseko zotsetsereka za mzere wachiwiri.
M'makope oyamba, galimotoyo idaperekedwa mumilingo 5 yochepetsera injini:
- 2-lita mphamvu ya 114 malita. Ndi. - petulo;
- 1,8-lita mphamvu ya 150 malita. Ndi. - petulo;
- 2,8-lita mphamvu ya 174 malita. Ndi. - petulo;
- 1,9-lita ndi mphamvu ya malita 89. Ndi. - dizilo;
- 1,9-lita ndi mphamvu ya malita 109. ndi dizilo.
Zosintha zonse za galimotoyo zinali zoyendetsa kutsogolo, ndipo kusinthidwa kokha ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri kunali ndi magudumu oyendetsa magudumu pa pempho la kasitomala.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya injini yakula ndi injini zitatu za dizilo ndi injini imodzi yomwe imayendera mafuta onse ndi gasi wa liquefied. Mphamvu ya injini yokhala ndi malita 2,8 idakwera mpaka malita 204. Ndi.
Woyamba Volkswagen Sharan ali zotsatirazi kulemera ndi makhalidwe kukula:
- kulemera kwake - kuchokera 1640 mpaka 1720 makilogalamu;
- pafupifupi katundu mphamvu - pafupifupi 750 makilogalamu;
- kutalika - 4620 mm, pambuyo facelift - 4732;
- m'lifupi - 1810 mm;
- kutalika - 1762, pambuyo facelift - 1759.
Pa m'badwo wachiwiri Sharan, pafupifupi injini mphamvu chinawonjezeka. Palibenso injini ya 89-horsepower pamlingo wocheperako. Injini yofooka kwambiri imayamba ndi mphamvu ya 140 hp. Ndi. Ndipo injini yamphamvu kwambiri yamafuta amtundu watsopano wa TSI idakhalabe pafupifupi pamlingo womwewo wa 200 hp. ndi., koma chifukwa cha kuwongolera bwino amaloledwa kufikira liwiro la 220 km / h. Sharan wa m'badwo woyamba sangathe kudzitamandira ndi makhalidwe othamanga. Kuthamanga kwake kwakukulu ndi injini ya 2,8 lita ndi 204 hp. Ndi. pafupifupi kufika 200 Km pa ola.
Ngakhale mphamvu zowonjezera, injini za m'badwo wachiwiri zakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zachilengedwe. Avereji mafuta kwa injini dizilo anali pafupifupi malita 5,5 pa 100 Km, ndi injini mafuta - 7,8. Kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon monoxide mumlengalenga kwachepetsedwanso.
Volkswagen Sharan wa m'badwo wachiwiri ali ndi kulemera ndi kukula makhalidwe zotsatirazi:
- kulemera kwake - kuchokera 1723 mpaka 1794 makilogalamu;
- pafupifupi katundu mphamvu - pafupifupi 565 makilogalamu;
- kutalika - 4854 mm;
- m'lifupi - 1905 mm;
- kutalika - 1720.
Ma Sharans a mibadwo yonseyi ali ndi ma transmissions apamanja komanso odziwikiratu. Zodzichitira pa m'badwo woyamba zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Tiptronic, wovomerezeka mu 90s ndi Porsche. Sharan ya m'badwo wachiwiri ili ndi bokosi la gear la DSG - bokosi la robotic lapawiri-clutch.
Sharan 2017
Mu 2015, pa Geneva Njinga Show, Volkswagen anayambitsa buku lotsatira la Sharan, amene adzagulitsidwa mu 2016-2017. Poyamba, galimoto sinasinthe kwambiri. Wodziwa za mtunduwo adzawonadi mizere ya LED ya nyali zoyendetsa pa nyali zakutsogolo ndi zowunikiranso zosinthidwa. Kudzazidwa kwa galimoto ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya injini zasintha kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa Mafotokozedwe
Chimodzi mwazosintha zazikulu zomwe zidalengezedwa muchitsanzo chatsopano chinali kuchita bwino komanso kusamala zachilengedwe. Makhalidwe a injini asinthidwa kukhala zofunikira za Euro-6. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, malinga ndi opanga, kwatsika ndi 10 peresenti. Nthawi yomweyo, injini zingapo zasintha mphamvu:
- 2-lita TSI injini yamafuta ndi 200 hp Ndi. mpaka 220;
- 2-lita TDI injini ya dizilo - kuchokera 140 mpaka 150;
- 2-lita TDI injini ya dizilo - kuchokera 170 mpaka 184.
Komanso, injini ya dizilo ndi mphamvu ya malita 115 anaonekera pakati mayunitsi mphamvu. Ndi.
Kusinthako kudakhudzanso mawilo. Tsopano Sharan yatsopanoyo imatha kukhala ndi mawilo atatu: R16, R17, R18. Kupanda kutero, ma chassis ndi zida zotumizira injini sizinasinthe, zomwe sizinganene zamkati ndi zida zowonjezera zagalimoto.
Kusintha kwa magawo a trim
A galimoto yamakono amakonda kusintha kwambiri mkati kuposa kunja, ndi Volkswagen Sharan ndi chimodzimodzi. Okonza mkati ndi akatswiri a zamagetsi agwira ntchito mwakhama kuti minivan ikhale yosavuta komanso yabwino kwa oyendetsa ndi okwera.
Mwina zambiri zosowa luso mkati mwa galimoto ndi kutikita minofu ntchito mipando yakutsogolo. Njirayi idzakhala yothandiza kwa iwo omwe amakakamizika kukhala kumbuyo kwa gudumu kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwa njira, chiwongolerocho chimapangidwa mwanjira yamagalimoto amasewera - kumunsi kwa mkombero kumapangidwa mowongoka.
Zina mwa kusintha kwa othandizira madalaivala apakompyuta, ndizoyenera kudziwa:
- kusintha kwa maulendo apanyanja;
- kutsogolo kutsogolo kuyandikira dongosolo;
- adaptive light system;
- wothandizira magalimoto;
- chizindikiro chowongolera mzere.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mitundu ya petulo ndi dizilo
Mafuta kapena dizilo? - Funso lalikulu lofunsidwa ndi eni ake a Sharan amtsogolo posankha galimoto. Ngati tiganizira za chilengedwe, ndiye kuti yankho liri lodziwikiratu. Injini ya dizilo siwononga kwambiri chilengedwe.
Koma mkangano uwu si nthawi zonse mtsutso wokhutiritsa kwa mwini galimoto. Chifukwa chachikulu chosankha mtundu wa dizilo wagalimoto ndi kutsika kwamafuta ochepa poyerekeza ndi mafuta. Komabe, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:
- injini ya dizilo ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri kukonza - pali zovuta kupeza akatswiri oyenerera;
- nyengo yozizira ya ku Russia nthawi zina imayambitsa mavuto poyambitsa injini mu chisanu choopsa;
- mafuta a dizilo m'malo odzaza mafuta siabwino kwambiri nthawi zonse.
Poganizira zinthu izi, eni dizilo Sharans ayenera kulabadira kwambiri kukonza injini. Pokhapokha ndi njira iyi, kugwiritsa ntchito injini ya dizilo kudzabweretsa phindu lenileni.
Mitengo, ndemanga za eni ake
Volkswagen Sharan wa mibadwo yonse amasangalala ndi chikondi chachikhalidwe cha eni ake. Izi ndichifukwa choti magalimoto otere amagulidwa ndi anthu omwe amamvetsetsa bwino zomwe akufuna kuchokera mgalimoto iyi. Monga lamulo, eni ake ali ndi magalimoto kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 m'manja mwawo. Pali ma Sharans ochepa amitundu yaposachedwa kwambiri ku Russia. Chifukwa cha izi ndikusowa kwa njira yoyendetsera ntchito komanso mtengo wokwera kwambiri - mtengo wagalimoto pamasinthidwe oyambira kumayambira 30 euros.
Mitengo yamagalimoto ogwiritsidwa ntchito imayambira pa ma ruble 250 ndipo zimadalira chaka chopangidwa ndiukadaulo. Posankha Sharan ndi mtunda, muyenera kumvetsera kwambiri ndemanga za eni ake. Ichi ndi chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mutsirize mbali za galimotoyo.
Galimoto si ya ku Russia August 27, 2014, 22:42 Galimotoyi ndiyabwino kwambiri, koma osati misewu yathu ndi mafuta athu. Anali Sharan wachiwiri komanso womaliza, sindidzapondanso. Makina oyamba anali ochokera ku Germany mu 2001, adagwiranso ntchito mosiyana. Pambuyo pa mwezi wa ntchito m'chigawo chapakati, phokoso la injini ya thirakitala linawoneka, fungo lodziwika la solarium, ndipo timapita: kuyimitsidwa kunamwalira m'miyezi iwiri, kukonzanso ndalama pafupifupi 30000 rubles; dongosolo mafuta anayamba kupenga pambuyo chisanu choyamba. Chuma chodziŵika bwino cha magalimoto a dizilo chafika pa smithereens. Mafuta a injini amasintha makilomita 8000 aliwonse, mafuta ndi fyuluta ya mpweya imasintha pa 16000 km iliyonse, i.e. kupyolera mu nthawi. Pambuyo pakukonza koteroko, ndalama zongokonza zokhazo zidatsekereza ndalama zonse pamafuta a dizilo. Mwa njira, kumwa mumsewu waukulu ndi malita 7,5 pa 100-nu. Mu mzinda, m'nyengo yozizira ndi Kutentha ndi basi chotenthetsera 15-16l. Popanda chotenthetsera mu kanyumba kutentha pang'ono kuposa kunja. Koma iye, galuyo, amakopeka ndi chitonthozo chake chakuyenda komanso kumasuka kwa kanyumbako. Galimoto yokhayo yomwe pambuyo pa 2000 Km, popanda kuyima, msana wanga sunapweteke. Inde, ndipo thupi likuwoneka lolimba, ndimayang'anabe mmbuyo pa mipira. Sharan Wachiwiri 2005 Ndinaphedwa ambiri, ndikugunda matabwa 200000. Mwiniwake wakale, mwachiwonekere, adawonjezera zowonjezera zapamwamba panthawi yogulitsa ndipo galimotoyo inayendetsa mowona mtima makilomita 10000 popanda mavuto, ndipo ndizo: ma nozzles (aliyense 6000 rubles), psinjika (m'malo mphete - 25000), vacuum yonyezimira (chotupa, chatsopano. 35000, yogwiritsidwa ntchito 15000), conder (chitoliro chakutsogolo chimatuluka nthawi zonse, ngakhale chatsopano chiyenera kugulitsidwa - matenda, kukonzanso ndi disassembly ya mbali yonse ya kutsogolo - 10000 rubles), chowotcha (kukonza 30000, chatsopano - 80000), kutentha kwa mafuta. nozzles, turbine m'malo (zatsopano 40000 rubles, kukonza - 15000) ndi zinthu zazing'ono! Mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi pafupifupi, kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera ma ruble 1000, sindikukumbukira ngakhale khobiri, koma ndinayenera kutenga ngongole! Chifukwa chake, ganizirani nthawi zana ngati mukufunika kuyika ndalama zambiri kuti mutonthozedwe. Mwinamwake palibe mavuto oterowo ndi mafuta, sindikudziwa, sindinayese, koma palibenso chikhumbo chilichonse. Pansi: Galimoto yokongola, yabwino, yabwino komanso yokwera mtengo komanso yosamalira nthawi zonse. Palibe chifukwa choti sanaperekedwe ku Russia!
Sharan minivan? Sitima yapamtunda!
Galimoto yopanda mphamvu, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake. Galimoto yamoto, chifukwa cha mphamvu zake (injini ya dizilo imakoka akavalo 130). Bokosi la makaniko ndiloyenera, ngakhale kuti si aliyense. Salon ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ngakhale yachilendo. Pamene VAZ 2110 wayima pafupi, m'lifupi ndi chimodzimodzi. Shumka Pts zabwino, ngakhale zaka (zaka 15). Pansi pake amakonzedwa bwino, thupi silimaphuka paliponse. A Germany adapanga chassis pansi pamisewu yaku Russia, zomwe adakumana nazo zakudutsa Russia kupita ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse zidakhudzidwa, mwachita bwino, amakumbukira. Ma struts akutsogolo okha ndi ofooka (angakhale kuwirikiza kamodzi ndi theka m'mimba mwake). Za wamagetsi "nain" kunena kuti "zoyipa" wamagetsi zikumveka. Ndikugwira ntchito yokonza ndi kukonzanso magalimoto akunja, kotero pali chinachake chofanizira. Mwachitsanzo, pali chisokonezo chonse mu behahs, mawaya samayikidwa, koma amaponyedwa ndi "oblique" yosatsegulidwa. Makondakitala samamangidwa, osalongedza muzotengera zapulasitiki. Anthu a ku Bavaria anayenera kupanga mowa ndi soseji, ali bwino, ndipo magalimoto (BMW) ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino. Panali 5 ndi 3 ,, nineties ,,. Kenako bwerani MB, pankhani yaubwino ndi kudalirika, apa anyamata a Stuttgart ali ndi injini zabwino za dizilo chifukwa cha mapampu amafuta othamanga kwambiri komanso unyolo wanthawi ziwiri. Ndipo alibe zisindikizo za crankshaft, zam'mbuyo, zada.a.a ...., monga pa GAZ 24, amangokhala ndi pigtail yoluka m'malo mwa gland ndipo imayenda nthawi zonse. Ndiye bwerani Audi ndi Volkswagen, ine ndikukamba za khalidwe, ndithudi msonkhano German, osati Turkish kapena ngakhale Russian. Panali MB ndi Audi. Ndinaona kuti khalidwe likuipiraipira chaka chilichonse, makamaka pambuyo reystaling. Monga ngati akuchita izi makamaka kuti zida zosinthira zimagulidwa pafupipafupi (kapena mwina?). Pa "sharan" yanga pali pampu ya jekeseni yamagetsi, injini ndi phokoso, anthu amatcha magalimoto oterowo "TRACTOR". Koma ndizodalirika kuposa pampu ya jekeseni ndipo ... yotsika mtengo. Ponena za chitonthozo mu minivan: ozizira komanso omasuka komanso owoneka, kupatulapo zipilala zawindo lakutsogolo, koma muyenera kusamala kwambiri ndipo mutha kuzolowera. Sindikufuna masensa oyimitsa magalimoto, mutha kubwereka popanda izo. Mpweya wozizira umazizira, ng'anjo imawotcha, koma Eberspeicher atayatsidwa (chotentha chowonjezera cha antifreeze chili pansi pamunsi pafupi ndi khomo lakumanzere lakumbuyo. Ndani adzakhala ndi mafunso, skype yanga ndi mabus66661 Zabwino zonse kwa tonsefe.
Makina amoyo
Ndinagula galimoto zaka 3,5 zapitazo, ndithudi, si yatsopano, Mileage pansi pa ulamuliro wanga ndi 80t.km. Tsopano mtunda pa galimoto ndi 150, koma pa kompyuta, palibe amene akudziwa mu moyo. Kwa 000 nyengo yozizira ku Moscow, ayi. Sindinakhalepo ndi vuto lililonse kuyambitsa galimoto. Zoti anthu amalemba za kulephera kwa magalimoto a dizilo pamikhalidwe yathu ndi zopanda pake. Anthu, sinthani batire pogula, lembani mafuta a dizilo wamba, onjezerani anti-gel mu chisanu chakuthengo ndipo ndizomwezo. Makinawa adzakuthokozani ndi magwiridwe antchito amotor. Chabwino, ndi lyric. Tsopano zenizeni: pa opareshoni ndidasintha: -GRM ndi zodzigudubuza zonse ndi zodziwikiratu - midadada chete - 3-3 nthawi - zoyikapo zonse zili mozungulira (pafupifupi nditangogula) - Ndinasintha ma disc 4 ndi radius ya 17 ndi kuika matayala apamwamba. - Malumikizidwe a CV - mbali imodzi 16 nthawi, ina 2. - nsonga ziwiri. - Engine pilo - Battery - yozizira yoyamba ku Moscow (German anamwalira). CHABWINO zonse zatha Tsopano. Ndi ulendo wozizira kwambiri ku Moscow, galimotoyo imadya malita 1-10 mumzindawu. Ndi mpweya pa msewu waukulu - 11l pa liwiro la 8-130. Makina 140-matope amagwira ntchito kotero kuti poyambira anthu amadabwa ndi mphamvu ya makina awa. Salon - ndizopanda pake kunena - pita momwemo ndikukhalamo. Ndi kutalika kwa 6 cm, ndikumva bwino, ndipo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti wokwerayo wakhala kumbuyo kwanga, nayenso! Pezani galimoto ina imodzi pomwe izi zingatheke. Masensa akutsogolo ndi kumbuyo ndi odabwitsa! Pamphepo yamalonda, anthu amawopa kuyimitsa pabwalo, ndipo SHARAN adadzuka (chifukwa cha magalimoto oimika magalimoto) mosavuta! Ndili ndi kufooka kwa maulendo ataliatali ndipo sipanakhalepo chinthu choterocho kuti kupweteka pang'ono kumbuyo kwanga kapena pa mfundo yachisanu kwawonekera. Mwa minuses - inde, mkati mwake ndi yayikulu ndipo imatentha m'nyengo yozizira kwa mphindi 190, kuziziritsa m'chilimwe kumakhalanso mphindi 10-10. Ngakhale pali ma ducts a mpweya kuchokera ku windshield mpaka pakhomo lakumbuyo. - Hans adatha kupanga chitseko chakumbuyo pagalimoto yamagetsi, motero amadetsa manja awo. Chitamba - osachepera kunyamula njovu. Kulemera kwa katundu - 15k
Kusintha Sharan
Zingawoneke kuti wopangayo wapereka zinthu zonse zazing'ono m'galimoto, koma pali malo opangira galimotoyo. Otsatsa zida za Tuning amapereka zosintha zingapo kwa iwo omwe amakonda kukongoletsa minivan yawo:
- zipata za mphamvu;
- khola la kangaroo;
- njira zowunikira za salon;
- zophimba nyali;
- wowononga denga;
- zida zokongoletsa thupi;
- deflectors pa hood;
- mawindo deflectors;
- Zophimba Mpando.
Kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku minivan m'misewu yakumidzi, zidzakhala zothandiza kukhazikitsa chopondera pa hood. Mapangidwe a Sharan ndikuti hood imakhala ndi malo otsetsereka amphamvu, ndipo poyendetsa pa liwiro lalikulu, imayesetsa kusonkhanitsa dothi lambiri pamsewu. Deflector imalepheretsa kutuluka kwa zinyalala ndikuletsa hood kuti isagwe.
Chinthu chothandiza pakukonzekera kwa Sharan chidzakhala kuyika kowonjezera katundu padenga la galimoto. Monga momwe zimasonyezera, ma minivans nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulendo wautali, ndipo ngati mipando isanu ndi iwiri yonse imakhala ndi anthu okwera, ndiye kuti malita 300 a thunthu lokhazikika sikokwanira kutengera zinthu zonse. Kuyika bokosi lapadera padenga kumakupatsani mwayi woyikanso katundu wolemera mpaka 50 kg komanso mpaka malita 500.
Pali lingaliro wamba theka-nthabwala pakati odziwa galimoto eni galimoto yabwino ndi galimoto latsopano. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa Volkswagen Sharan ngati galimotoyo idaperekedwa ku msika waku Russia. Pakadali pano, wogula waku Russia ayenera kukhutira ndi ma Sharans, monga akunena, osati kutsitsimuka koyamba. Koma ngakhale kukhala ndi ma minivan awa kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 kumagwira ntchito bwino ku mbiri ya mtundu uwu ndipo pakapita nthawi kudzapanga makasitomala olimba a mafani a Sharan.
