Injini. Kusiyana pakati pa Otto ndi Atkinson cycle
Kwa nthawi ndithu, mawu akuti "Atkinson economic cycle engine" afala kwambiri. Kodi kuzunguliraku ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta?
Injini zodziwika bwino zamafuta anayi masiku ano zimagwira ntchito pamayendedwe otchedwa Otto, opangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi woyambitsa waku Germany Nikolaus Otto, wopanga imodzi mwa injini zoyatsira zoyaka zoyamba zopambana mkati. Chofunikira cha kuzunguliraku chimakhala ndi zikwapu zinayi zomwe zimachitika m'mikondo iwiri ya crankshaft: sitiroko yodya, sitiroko yoponderezedwa, sitiroko yogwira ntchito ndi exhaust stroke.
Kumayambiriro kwa chiwopsezo cholowa, valavu yolowetsa imatsegulidwa, momwe mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya amakokedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri zomwe amalowetsa pochotsa pisitoni. Asanayambe kuponderezana sitiroko, valavu yolowetsa imatseka ndipo pisitoni yobwerera kumutu imakanikiza kusakaniza. Pistoni ikafika pachimake, chisakanizocho chimayatsidwa ndi spark yamagetsi. Mipweya yotentha yotulutsa mpweya imakula ndikukankhira pisitoni, kusamutsira mphamvu zake, ndipo pisitoni ikafika patali kwambiri ndi mutu, valavu yotulutsa imatsegulidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumayamba ndi pisitoni yobwerera kukankhira mpweya wotulutsa mu silinda ndi kulowa muzowonjezera zotulutsa.
Tsoka ilo, si mphamvu zonse mu mpweya wotulutsa mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yamagetsi kukankhira pisitoni (ndipo, kupyolera mu ndodo yolumikizira, kutembenuza crankshaft). Iwo akadali pansi pa kupsyinjika kwakukulu pamene valavu yotulutsa mpweya imatsegulidwa kumayambiriro kwa kupweteka kwa mpweya. Tikhoza kuphunzira za izi pamene timva phokoso lopangidwa ndi galimoto yokhala ndi phokoso losweka - limayamba chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mphamvu mumlengalenga. Ichi ndichifukwa chake injini zamagalimoto zamagalimoto zimangokhala 35 peresenti yogwira ntchito bwino. Ngati zinali zotheka kuwonjezera kugunda kwa pisitoni pakugwira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuyi ...
Lingaliro limeneli linadza kwa woyambitsa Chingelezi James Atkinson. Mu 1882, adapanga injini yomwe, chifukwa cha dongosolo lovuta la zopondereza zomwe zimagwirizanitsa pisitoni ku crankshaft, mphamvu ya sitiroko inali yaitali kuposa kuponderezedwa. Chotsatira chake, kumayambiriro kwa chiwombankhanga chotulutsa mpweya, kuthamanga kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kunali kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga, ndipo mphamvu zawo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira.
Akonzi amalimbikitsa:
Mbale. Madalaivala akuyembekezera kusintha?
Zopanga tokha njira yozizira galimoto
Mwana wodalirika ndalama zochepa
Nanga ndi chifukwa chiyani lingaliro la Atkinson silinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chiyani injini zoyatsira mkati zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito njira yochepera ya Otto kwazaka zopitilira zana? Pali zifukwa ziwiri: chimodzi ndi zovuta za injini ya Atkinson, ndipo china - ndipo chofunika kwambiri - ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimalandira kuchokera ku gawo losamutsidwa.
Komabe, monga tcheru kwambiri analipira mafuta mafuta ndi zotsatira za motorization pa chilengedwe, dzuwa mkulu wa injini Atkinson anakumbukiridwa, makamaka pa liwiro sing'anga. Lingaliro lake linakhala yankho labwino kwambiri, makamaka m'magalimoto osakanizidwa, momwe galimoto yamagetsi imabwezera kusowa kwa mphamvu, makamaka yofunikira poyambira ndi kuthamanga.
N'chifukwa chake kusinthidwa Atkinson mkombero injini anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galimoto yoyamba yopangidwa misa wosakanizidwa, Toyota Prius, ndiyeno ena onse Toyota ndi Lexus hybrids.
Kodi kuzungulira kwa Atkinson kosinthidwa ndi chiyani? Yankho lanzeru ili linapangitsa injini ya Toyota kukhalabe yachikale, kapangidwe kosavuta ka injini zowongoka zinayi, ndipo pisitoni imayenda mtunda wofanana pa sitiroko iliyonse, sitiroko yogwira mtima imakhala yayitali kuposa sitiroko yoponderezedwa.
M'malo mwake, ziyenera kunenedwa mosiyana: njira yopondereza yogwira ntchito ndi yayifupi kuposa yomwe imagwira ntchito. Izi zimatheka mwa kuchedwetsa kutseka kwa valavu yolowera, yomwe imatseka patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuyambika kwa stroke. Chifukwa chake, gawo lina la kusakaniza kwamafuta a mpweya limabwereranso ku manifold ambiri. Izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira ziwiri: kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya womwe umapangidwa ukawotchedwa ndi wocheperako ndipo umatha kukulitsa bwino isanayambe kutulutsa mpweya, kutengera mphamvu zonse ku pisitoni, ndipo mphamvu zochepa zimafunikira kupsinjika pang'ono osakaniza, omwe amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa injini mkati. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi ndi zina, injini ya Toyota Prius powertrain ya m'badwo wachinayi inatha kukwaniritsa kutentha kwapakati pa 41 peresenti, yomwe poyamba inalipo kuchokera ku injini za dizilo.
Kukongola kwa yankho ndikuti kuchedwa kutseka ma valve olowetsa sikufuna kusintha kwakukulu kwapangidwe - ndikokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito makina oyendetsedwa ndi magetsi kuti asinthe nthawi ya valve.
Ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ndi zotheka komanso mosemphanitsa? Chabwino, ndithudi; mwachibadwa! Makina ozungulira osinthika apangidwa kwakanthawi. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikachepa, monga poyendetsa m'misewu yopumula, injini imagwira ntchito mozungulira Atkinson kuti igwiritse ntchito mafuta ochepa. Ndipo pamene ntchito yabwino ikufunika - kuchokera ku nyali zakutsogolo kapena kupitirira - imasinthira kumayendedwe a Otto, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zomwe zilipo. Izi 1,2-lita turbocharged mwachindunji jakisoni injini ntchito Mwachitsanzo, Toyota Auris ndi latsopano Toyota C-HR mzinda SUV. Yemweyo awiri lita injini ntchito pa Lexus IS 200t, GS 200t, NX 200t, RX 200t ndi RC 200t.
