Injini yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta - chidziwitso. Kuyitanitsa Chiwanda Kuchokera Zaka 150 Zapitazo
Kodi chidziwitso chingakhale gwero lamphamvu? Ofufuza ku yunivesite ya Simon Fraser ku Canada apanga injini yothamanga kwambiri yomwe amati "imachita pazambiri." M'malingaliro awo, izi ndizopambana pakufufuza mitundu yatsopano yamafuta.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku pamutuwu zasindikizidwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). M’nkhani ino, tiona mmene tingacitile zimenezi asayansi asintha kayendedwe ka mamolekyu kukhala mphamvu zosungidwakenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera chipangizocho.
Lingaliro la dongosolo loterolo, lomwe poyamba likuwoneka kuti likuphwanya malamulo a sayansi, linaperekedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Scotland mu 1867. Kuyesera kwamaganizidwe komwe kumadziwika kuti "chiwanda cha Maxwell" ndi makina ongoyerekeza omwe ena amaganiza kuti atha kupangitsa china chake ngati makina oyenda osatha, kapena mwanjira ina, kuwonetsa zomwe zitha kusweka. lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics kulankhula za kuwonjezeka entropy mu chilengedwe.
chomwe chidzalamulira kutsegula ndi kutseka kwa kakhomo kakang'ono pakati pa zipinda ziwiri za mpweya. Cholinga cha chiwandacho chidzakhala kutumiza mamolekyu a gasi omwe akuyenda mofulumira m'chipinda chimodzi ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono kupita kwina. Choncho, chipinda chimodzi chidzakhala chofunda (chokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono) ndipo china chimakhala chozizira. Chiwandacho chidzapanga dongosolo lokhala ndi dongosolo lochulukirapo komanso mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zidayamba popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zilizonse, mwachitsanzo, zitha kukhala ndi kuchepa kwa entropy.
1. Chiwembu cha injini yazidziwitso
Komabe, ntchito ya katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Hungary Leo Sillard kuyambira 1929 mpaka chiwanda Maxwell adawonetsa kuti kuyesa kwamalingaliro sikunaphwanya lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics. Chiwandacho, Szilard adatsutsa, chiyenera kuyitanitsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuti adziwe ngati mamolekyu ndi otentha kapena ozizira.
Tsopano asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Canada apanga dongosolo lomwe limagwira ntchito pa lingaliro la kuyesa kwa malingaliro a Maxwell, kutembenuza chidziwitso kukhala "ntchito". Mapangidwe awo amaphatikizapo chitsanzo cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timamizidwa m'madzi ndikumangirizidwa ku kasupe, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi siteji, yomwe imatha kusunthira mmwamba.
Asayansi amatengapo mbali chiwanda Maxwell, penyani tinthu tating'onoting'ono tikuyenda m'mwamba kapena pansi chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka kutentha, ndiyeno sunthani malowo mmwamba ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono takwera mwachisawawa. Ngati igwera pansi, akudikirira. Monga mmodzi wa ochita kafukufuku, Tushar Saha, akufotokoza m'bukuli, "izi zimatha kukweza dongosolo lonse (ie, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokoka - ed. note) pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chokha chokhudza malo a tinthu" (1).
2. Makina azidziwitso mu labotale
Mwachiwonekere, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kuti tisamamatire ku kasupe, kotero dongosolo lenileni (2) limagwiritsa ntchito chida chotchedwa optical trap - ndi laser kuti igwiritse ntchito mphamvu pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafanana ndi mphamvu yomwe ikugwira masika.
Mwa kubwereza ndondomekoyi popanda kukoka mwachindunji tinthu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tinanyamuka mpaka "kutalika kwakukulu", kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri yokoka. Osachepera, ndizo zomwe olemba kuyesera amanena. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi dongosololi "ndizofanana ndi makina a maselo amoyo" komanso "zofanana ndi mabakiteriya othamanga mofulumira," membala wina wa gululo akufotokoza. Yannick Erich.
