Kugwira ntchito ku Gulf of Salerno: September 1943, gawo 1

Ma Paratroopers a US 220th Corps atera ku Gulf of Salerno pafupi ndi Paestum kuchokera ku ngalawa yotsika LCI(L)-XNUMX.

Kuukira kwa Italy kunayamba mu July 1943 ndi Allied landings ku Sicily (Operation Husky). Gawo lotsatira linali ntchito yotera ku Gulf of Salerno, yomwe inapereka malo olimba ku continental Italy. Funso loti chifukwa chiyani iwo, kwenikweni, amafunikira bridgehead iyi inali yokayikitsa.

Ngakhale pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha Allies kumpoto kwa Africa, mayendedwe okhumudwitsa kuchokera ku Tunisia kudzera ku Sicily kupita ku Peninsula ya Apennine kumawoneka ngati kupitiriza koyenera, kwenikweni izi sizinali choncho. Anthu a ku America ankakhulupirira kuti njira yaifupi kwambiri yopulumutsira ulamuliro wa Third Reich inali kudutsa kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Pozindikira kuchuluka kwa magulu ankhondo awo mu Pacific, iwo anafuna kuthetsa kuwukira kwawo kudutsa English Channel posachedwapa. A British ndi osiyana. Kufika kwa France kusanachitike, Churchill adayembekeza kuti Germany idzakhetsa magazi ku Eastern Front, kuukira kwanzeru kudzawononga mphamvu zake zamafakitale, ndipo adzalandiranso mphamvu ku Balkan ndi Greece asanalowe Russia. Komabe, koposa zonse ankawopa kuti kuukira kwachindunji pa Khoma la Atlantic kungayambitse zotayika zomwe a British sakanakwanitsa. Chotero anachedwetsa mphindiyo, akumayembekezera kuti sizichitika nkomwe. Njira yabwino yochitira izi inali kuphatikizira wothandizana nawo pantchito zakumwera kwa Europe.

Spitfires kuchokera ku No. 111 Squadron RAF ku Comiso; Kutsogolo kuli Mk IX, chakumbuyo kuli Mk V yakale (yokhala ndi ma propeller atatu).

Pamapeto pake, ngakhale Achimereka adayenera kuvomereza kuti - makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe kake - kutsegulidwa kwa otchedwa kutsogolo kwachiwiri ku Western Europe kumapeto kwa 1943 kunalibe mwayi wopambana komanso kuti mtundu wina wa "m'malo mutu" zinali zofunika. Chifukwa chenicheni chakuukira kwa Sicily m'chilimwe chinali chikhumbo chofuna kuchita nawo magulu ankhondo a Anglo-America ku Europe mu opareshoni yayikulu kotero kuti aku Russia sanamve ngati akumenyana ndi Hitler yekha. Komabe, chigamulo chofikira ku Sicily sichinathetse kukayikira kwa mayiko a Western Allies kuti achite chiyani. Pamsonkhano wa Trident ku Washington mu Meyi 1, aku America adanenanso momveka bwino kuti Operation Overlord iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pasanathe Meyi chaka chamawa. Funso linali choti achite pamaso pa asilikali apansi, kuti asayime opanda zida pamapazi awo, ndipo kumbali ina, asawononge mphamvu zomwe posachedwapa zidzafunikire kutsegula kutsogolo kwachiwiri. Anthu a ku America anaumirira kuti kumapeto kwa 1943, pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa Sicily, Sardinia ndi Corsica kulandidwa, kuwawona ngati mabwalo a tsogolo la Southern France. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ntchito yoteroyo inkafunika ndalama zochepa ndipo inkatha msanga. Komabe, mwayi umenewu unakhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri m'maso mwa ambiri - ntchito yaing'ono yotereyi sinakwaniritse zolinga zapadziko lonse: sizinakoke asilikali a Germany ku Eastern Front, sizinakhutiritse anthu. kukhala ndi ludzu la nkhani za kupambana kwakukulu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Churchill ndi strategists ake anali kukankhira mu ndondomeko mogwirizana ndi British boma maganizo. Anamanga mgwirizano kuti agonjetse nsonga yakum'mwera kwa chilumba cha Italy - osati kuchoka kumeneko kupita ku Roma ndi kupitirira kumpoto, koma kuti apeze misasa yomenyana ndi Balkan. Iwo ankanena kuti ntchito yoteroyo idzalepheretsa mdani kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili kumeneko (kuphatikizapo mafuta, chromium ndi mkuwa), kusokoneza mizere yoperekera kutsogolo kwakum'mawa ndikulimbikitsa ogwirizana a Hitler (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia ndi Hungary) kusiya mgwirizano ndi iye adzalimbitsa zigawenga mu Greece ndipo mwina kukoka Turkey pa mbali ya Grand Coalition.

Komabe, kwa Achimereka, dongosolo loti liwononge dziko lakuya ku Balkan lidamveka ngati ulendo wopita kulikonse, womwe umamanga mphamvu zawo kwa omwe akudziwa kutalika kwake. Komabe, chiyembekezo chofika pa Peninsula ya Apennine chinalinso chokopa pazifukwa zina - zingayambitse kugwidwa kwa Italy. Thandizo la chipani cha Nazi kumeneko linali kufooka mofulumira, kotero panali mwayi weniweni woti dzikolo lichoke pankhondo nthawi yoyamba. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Germany linali litasiya kugwirizana nawo pankhondo, magulu 31 a ku Italy anali ku Balkan ndi atatu ku France. Ngakhale kuti ankangogwira ntchito kapena kuteteza gombe, kufunika kowalowetsa m'malo mwa asilikali awo kukanakakamiza Ajeremani kuchita zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe amafunikira kwina. Ayenera kugawa ndalama zochulukirapo kuti agwire ntchito ku Italy komweko. Okonza mapulani ogwirizana anali otsimikiza kuti mumkhalidwe woterowo Germany idzabwerera, kupereka dziko lonse, kapena gawo lake lakumwera, popanda kumenyana. Ngakhale izi zikadakhala zopambana kwambiri - pachigwa chozungulira mzinda wa Foggia panali ma eyapoti ambiri pomwe oponya mabomba olemera amatha kuwononga malo opangira mafuta ku Romania kapena mafakitale ku Austria, Bavaria ndi Czechoslovakia.

"Anthu aku Italiya azisunga mawu awo"

Patsiku lomaliza la June, General Eisenhower adadziwitsa a Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) kuti dongosolo la kugwa kwa 1943 linapangitsa kuti likhale lodalira mphamvu ndi machitidwe a Ajeremani ndi maganizo a anthu a ku Italy ku nthawi ya masiku khumi. Kuukira kwa Sicily pambuyo pake.

Udindo wodzisunga mopitirira muyesowu unafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kusatsimikizika kwa Eisenhower mwiniwakeyo, yemwe panthawiyo anali asanakhale mtsogoleri wamkulu, komanso chifukwa cha kuzindikira kwake zovuta zomwe adakumana nazo. CCS inafuna kuti nkhondo ya ku Sicily itatha, itumize magulu asanu ndi awiri odziwa zambiri (anayi a ku America ndi atatu a British) kubwerera ku England, kumene anayenera kukonzekera kuwukira kwawo kudutsa English Channel. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akuluakulu a antchito ankayembekezera kuti Eisenhower, atagonjetsa Sicily, adzachita ntchito ina ku Mediterranean, yaikulu yokwanira kukakamiza anthu a ku Italy kuti adzipereke ndi Ajeremani kuti atenge asilikali owonjezera ku Eastern Front. Monga ngati izo sizinali zokwanira, CCS inakumbutsa kuti malo a opaleshoniyi ayenera kukhala mkati mwa "ambulera yotetezera" ya omenyera ake omwe. Ambiri mwa asilikali a Allied fighter m'dera lino la ntchito anali Spitfires, omwe nkhondo yawo inali pafupi makilomita 300 okha. Kuphatikiza apo, kuti kutera kotereku kukhale ndi mwayi uliwonse wopambana, doko lalikulu ndi eyapoti iyenera kukhala pafupi, kugwidwa komwe kungalole kupereka ndi kukulitsa malo otsekerako.

Panthawiyi, nkhani zochokera ku Sicily sizinalimbikitse chiyembekezo. Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Italiya anapereka gawo la gawo lawoli popanda kutsutsa kwambiri, Ajeremani anachitapo kanthu ndi chidwi chochititsa chidwi, akuthawa mokwiya. Zotsatira zake, Eisenhower sanadziwebe choti achite. Pokhapokha pa July 18 adapempha chilolezo choyambirira kuchokera ku CCS kuti athe kutera ku Calabria - ngati atapanga chisankho (analandira chilolezo patatha masiku awiri). Patangopita masiku angapo, madzulo a July 25, Radio Rome, mosayembekezereka kwa ogwirizana, inanena kuti mfumu inachotsa Mussolini paulamuliro, m'malo mwake ndi Marshal Badoglio, motero kuthetsa ulamuliro wa fascist ku Italy. Ngakhale nduna yatsopano yalengeza kuti nkhondoyo ikupitirira; Anthu aku Italiya amasunga mawu awo, boma lake nthawi yomweyo lidayamba kukambirana mwachinsinsi ndi ogwirizana nawo. Nkhaniyi inachititsa kuti Eisenhower akhale ndi chiyembekezo chotere moti anakhulupirira kuti dongosololi likuyenda bwino, lomwe poyamba linkaganiziridwa kuti ndi longopeka chabe - kutera kumpoto kwa Calabria, ku Naples. Opaleshoniyo idatchedwa Avalanche (Avalanche).