Ukadaulo wapa digito uli pafupi pang'ono ndi biology, DNA ndi ubongo

Elon Musk akutsimikizira kuti posachedwapa anthu adzatha kupanga mawonekedwe a ubongo-kompyuta. Pakalipano, timamva nthawi ndi nthawi za kuyesa kwake pa zinyama, poyamba pa nkhumba, ndipo posachedwapa pa anyani. Lingaliro lakuti Musk apeza njira yake ndikuyika njira yolumikizirana m'mutu mwa munthu amasangalatsa ena, amawopseza ena.

Sakungogwira ntchito yatsopano Musk. Asayansi ochokera ku UK, Switzerland, Germany ndi Italy posachedwapa adalengeza zotsatira za polojekiti yomwe yaphatikizana ma neuroni ochita kupanga okhala ndi chilengedwe (mmodzi). Zonsezi zimachitika kudzera pa intaneti, zomwe zimalola kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi "silicon" tizilankhulana. Kuyeseraku kudakhudza kukula kwa ma neuron mu makoswe, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikiritsa. Mtsogoleri wa gulu Stefano Vassanelli inanena kuti asayansi kwa nthawi yoyamba adakwanitsa kuwonetsa kuti ma neuron opangira omwe amaikidwa pa chip amatha kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi achilengedwe.

Ofufuza akufuna kupezerapo mwayi ma neural network opangira kubwezeretsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa madera owonongeka a ubongo. Pambuyo poyikidwa mu implant yapadera, ma neuron adzachita ngati mtundu wa prosthesis womwe ungagwirizane ndi chilengedwe cha ubongo. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za polojekitiyi m'nkhani ya Scientific Reports.

Facebook ikufuna kulowa mu ubongo wanu

Amene amaopa teknoloji yatsopano yoteroyo angakhale olondola, makamaka tikamva kuti, mwachitsanzo, tikufuna kusankha "zokhutira" za ubongo wathu. Pamwambo womwe unachitika mu Okutobala 2019 ndi malo ofufuza mothandizidwa ndi Facebook Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, adalankhula za chiyembekezo cha zida zoyendetsedwa ndi ubongo zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa mbewa ndi kiyibodi. "Cholinga chake ndikutha kulamulira zinthu zenizeni kapena zowonjezereka ndi malingaliro anu," adatero Zuckerberg, wotchulidwa ndi CNBC. Facebook idagula CTRL-labs, poyambira yomwe imapanga mawonekedwe a ubongo ndi makompyuta, pafupifupi madola biliyoni.

Kugwira ntchito pamakompyuta apakompyuta kudalengezedwa koyamba pamsonkhano wa Facebook F8 mu 2017. Malingana ndi ndondomeko ya nthawi yayitali ya kampaniyo, tsiku lina zipangizo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zowonongeka zidzalola ogwiritsa ntchito lembani mawu pongowaganizira. Koma umisiri woterewu ukadali woyambirira kwambiri, makamaka popeza tikukamba za kukhudza, zolumikizira zosasokoneza. “Kukhoza kwawo kumasulira zimene zikuchitika muubongo kukhala zochita zamagalimoto n’zochepa. Kwa mwayi waukulu, china chake chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa, "atero a Zuckerberg pamsonkhano womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa.

Kodi anthu adzilola okha "kuika china chake" kuti agwirizane ndi anthu omwe amadziwika ndi chilakolako chawo chosalamulirika zachinsinsi kuchokera ku facebook? (2) Mwina anthu oterowo adzapezeka, makamaka akamawapatsa midutswa ya nkhani zimene sakufuna kuziŵerenga. Mu Disembala 2020, Facebook idauza antchito kuti ikugwira ntchito yofotokozera mwachidule zambiri kuti ogwiritsa ntchito asamawerenge. Pamsonkhano womwewo, adaperekanso mapulani ena a sensa ya neural kuti azindikire malingaliro amunthu ndikuwamasulira kuchitapo kanthu pawebusayiti.

2. Ubongo ndi mawonekedwe a Facebook

Kodi makompyuta omwe amagwira ntchito bwino muubongo amapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Ntchitozi sizinthu zokhazo zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa. Kungolumikizana chabe kwa maiko awa sicholinga chokhacho chomwe chimatsatiridwa. Pali, mwachitsanzo. neuromorphic engineering, njira yomwe cholinga chake ndi kukonzanso luso la makina ubongo wa munthu, mwachitsanzo, ponena za mphamvu zake zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu.

Zimanenedweratu kuti pofika chaka cha 2040, mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi sizidzatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zathu zamakompyuta ngati titagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a silicon. Choncho, pali kufunikira kofulumira kupanga machitidwe atsopano omwe amatha kukonza deta mofulumira komanso, chofunika kwambiri, mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu. Asayansi adziwa kale kuti njira zotsanzira zikhoza kukhala njira imodzi yokwaniritsira cholinga ichi. ubongo wa munthu.

W makompyuta a silicon ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimachitidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi, zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yokonza ndikuyambitsa kutentha kwakukulu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma neuron muubongo amatha kutumiza ndi kulandira chidziŵitso pa netiweki yaikulu kuŵirikiza kakhumi mphamvu ya makompyuta athu apamwamba kwambiri.

Ubwino waukulu wa ubongo kuposa anzawo a silicon ndi kuthekera kwake kukonza deta mofananira. Neuroni iliyonse imalumikizidwa ndi masauzande ena, ndipo onse amatha kukhala ngati zolowetsa ndi zotuluka pa data. Kuti tithe kusunga ndi kukonza zidziwitso, monga momwe timachitira, ndikofunikira kupanga zida zakuthupi zomwe zimatha kusintha mwachangu komanso mosasunthika kuchoka kumayendedwe kupita kumalo osadziwika bwino, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma neuron. 

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, nkhani ina inasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Matter ponena za kuphunzira za zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu zoterezi. Asayansi a ku Texas A&M University apanga ma nanowires kuchokera ku chizindikiro cha β'-CuXV2O5 chomwe chikuwonetsa kuthekera koyenda pakati pa mayiko oyendetsa potengera kusintha kwa kutentha, magetsi, komanso masiku ano.

Poyang'anitsitsa, zidapezeka kuti kuthekera kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa ayoni amkuwa mu β'-CuxV2O5, yomwe imayambitsa. mayendedwe a elekitironi ndikusintha ma conductive katundu wa zinthu. Kuwongolera chodabwitsa ichi, mphamvu yamagetsi imapangidwa mu β'-CuxV2O5, yofanana kwambiri ndi yomwe imachitika pamene ma neurons achilengedwe amatumizirana zizindikiro. Ubongo wathu umagwira ntchito powombera ma neuron ena panthawi yofunika kwambiri motsatizana. Kutsatizana kwa zochitika za m'mitsempha kumabweretsa kusinthidwa kwa chidziwitso, kaya kukumbukira kukumbukira kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Chiwembu chokhala ndi β'-CuxV2O5 chidzagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi.

Hard drive mu DNA

Gawo lina la kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku wozikidwa pa biology. njira zosungira deta. Limodzi mwa malingaliro, omwe tafotokozanso nthawi zambiri ku MT, ndi awa. kusungidwa kwa data mu DNA, imatengedwa ngati malo osungiramo odalirika, owoneka bwino komanso okhazikika (3). Mwa zina, pali njira zomwe zimalola kusunga deta mu ma genomes a maselo amoyo.

Pofika chaka cha 2025, akuti pafupifupi ma exabytes mazana asanu amapangidwa tsiku lililonse padziko lonse lapansi. Kuzisunga kungakhale kosatheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito. teknoloji yachikhalidwe ya silicon. Kuchulukana kwa chidziwitso mu DNA ndikokwera nthawi mamiliyoni ambiri kuposa ma hard drive wamba. Akuti gilamu imodzi ya DNA imatha kukhala ndi magigabytes 215 miliyoni. Imakhalanso yokhazikika kwambiri ikasungidwa bwino. Mu 2017, asayansi adatulutsa genome yonse yamtundu wa mahatchi omwe adasowa omwe adakhala zaka 700 zapitazo, ndipo chaka chatha, DNA idawerengedwa kuchokera ku mammoth yomwe idakhala zaka miliyoni zapitazo.

Chovuta chachikulu ndicho kupeza njira pawiri dziko la digito i deta ndi dziko la biochemical la majini. Pakali pano ndi za DNA kaphatikizidwe mu labu, ndipo ngakhale ndalama zikutsika kwambiri, ikadali ntchito yovuta komanso yokwera mtengo. Akapangidwa, zotsatizana ziyenera kusungidwa mosamala mu vitro mpaka zitakonzeka kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena zitha kulowetsedwa m'maselo amoyo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR wosintha ma gene.

Ofufuza a University of Columbia awonetsa njira yatsopano yomwe imalola kutembenuka kwachindunji digito zamagetsi zamagetsi mu ma genetic data yosungidwa mu ma genomes a maselo amoyo. "Tangoganizirani ma hard drive omwe amatha kuwerengera ndikukonzanso thupi munthawi yeniyeni," atero a Harris Wang, m'modzi mwa mamembala a gulu la Singularity Hub. "Timakhulupirira kuti sitepe yoyamba ndikutha kuyika mwachindunji deta ya binary m'maselo popanda kufunikira kwa in vitro DNA synthesis."

Ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi chojambulira cha cell chochokera ku CRISPR, chomwe Van opangidwa kale kwa mabakiteriya a E. coli, omwe amazindikira kukhalapo kwa DNA yamitundu ina mkati mwa selo ndikulemba chizindikiro ichi mu genome ya chamoyo. Dongosololi lili ndi "sensor module" yochokera ku DNA yomwe imayankha zizindikiro zina zamoyo. Wang ndi anzake adasintha gawo la sensa kuti ligwire ntchito ndi biosensor yopangidwa ndi gulu lina, lomwe limayankha zizindikiro zamagetsi. Pamapeto pake, izi zinalola ofufuzawo kulembera mwachindunji chidziwitso cha digito mu genome ya bakiteriya. Kuchuluka kwa data yomwe selo imodzi imatha kusunga ndi yaying'ono, ma bits atatu okha.

Chifukwa chake asayansi adapeza njira yosinthira mitundu 24 ya mabakiteriya okhala ndi ma data 3-bit nthawi imodzi, pamagulu 72 okwana. Adagwiritsa ntchito kulembera mauthenga a "Hello world!". mu bacteria. ndi kusonyeza kuti mwa kuyitanitsa chiŵerengero cha anthu ophatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kagulu kolinganizidwa mwapadera, iwo angaŵerenge uthengawo molondola 98 peresenti. 

Mwachiwonekere, ma bits 72 ali kutali ndi mphamvu. kusungirako anthu ambiri ma hard drive amakono. Komabe, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti njira yothetsera vutoli ingathe kuchepetsedwa mwamsanga. Kusunga deta m'maselo ndi, malinga ndi asayansi, mtengo kwambiri kuposa njira zina kulemba mu jinichifukwa mutha kungokulitsa maselo ochulukirapo m'malo molimbana ndi kaphatikizidwe ka DNA kopanga. Maselo alinso ndi mphamvu yachilengedwe yoteteza DNA kuti isawononge chilengedwe. Adawonetsa izi powonjezera ma cell a E. coli ku dothi losafewetsa ndikuchotsa uthenga wonse wa 52-bit kuchokera mwawo potsata gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Asayansi ayambanso kupanga DNA ya maselo kuti athe kugwira ntchito mwanzeru komanso kukumbukira zinthu.

4. Masomphenya a transhumanist singularity monga gawo lotsatira la chisinthiko

kuphatikiza katswiri wamakompyuta i matelefoni zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a transhumanist "umodzi" wonenedweratu ndi ena am'tsogolo (4). Kulumikizana kwa makina aubongo, ma neuron opangira, kusungirako deta ya genomic - zonsezi zimatha kukulirakulira. Pali vuto limodzi lokha - zonsezi ndi njira ndi zoyesera zomwe zimayambira kumayambiriro kwa kafukufuku. Choncho amene akuopa tsogolo limeneli ayenera kupuma mwamtendere, ndipo okonda kugwirizanitsa makina a anthu ayenera kuzirala.