Kodi mafuta ena ndi ati?

Injini yoyaka mafuta yapakatikati yasinthiratu chitukuko cha magalimoto oyenda okha. Popita nthawi, magalimoto achoka pagulu labwino kupita pazofunikira.

Zomwe zachilengedwe zikuwonjezeka zakula kwambiri kotero kuti nkhokwe zilibe nthawi yoti zibwezere. Izi zimakakamiza anthu kuti apange mafuta ena. M'mbuyomuyi, tiona zomwe zakonzedwa kale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pagalimoto zambiri.

Mafuta ena

Kuphatikiza pakuchepa kwamafuta amafuta, kupangira mafuta ena kuli zifukwa zina.

Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe. Mafuta akawotchedwa, mafuta ndi dizilo amatulutsa zinthu zowononga zomwe zimawononga wosanjikiza wa ozoni ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa matenda opumira. Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi akugwirabe ntchito kuti apange mphamvu zoyera zomwe sizingakhudze chilengedwe, panthawi yopanga komanso nthawi yogwirira injini.

Chifukwa chachiwiri ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa mphamvu yaboma. Aliyense amadziwa kuti ndi mayiko ochepa okha omwe ali ndi malo osungira mafuta mobisa. Wina aliyense ayenera kupirira ndi mitengo yamitengo yokhazikitsidwa ndi okhawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osinthira kwina kudzatilola kuti tithe kuponderezedwa ndi mphamvu zotere.

Malinga ndi United States Energy Policy Act, mafuta amtundu wina amatanthauzidwa:

• Gasi wachilengedwe;
• Zachilengedwe;
• Mowa;
• Zovuta;
• Haidrojeni;
• Magetsi;
• Kuyika kophatikiza.

Inde, mtundu uliwonse wamafuta uli ndi zinthu zake zabwino komanso zoyipa. Kutengera ndi izi, zidzakhala zosavuta kwa wokonda magalimoto kuyenda momwe angavomerezere akagula galimoto yapadera.

Mpweya wachilengedwe

Kupezeka kwa mpweya ponseponse kwalimbikitsa akatswiri kuti aganizire ngati angagwiritse ntchito ngati mafuta ena. Kunapezeka kuti gwero lachilengedwe limaotcha kwathunthu ndipo silimatulutsa zinthu zoyipa zomwezo ngati mafuta kapena dizilo.

M'dera la danga la Soviet Union, magalimoto osandulika mafuta akhala ponseponse. Ena, ngakhale kugula galimoto yotsika mtengo, amadabwa ngati ndizomveka kusinthira gasi.

Posachedwa, opanga ena akhala akukonzekeretsa magalimoto ndi zida zamafuta kuchokera ku fakitaleyo. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi Skoda Kamiq G-Tec. Wopanga amaliza mtundu wa injini yoyaka yamkati yoyenda pa methane. Ubwino ndi zovuta za propane ndi methane zafotokozedwera nkhani ina... Komanso mu ndemanga imodzi imanena za zosintha zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi.

Biofuel

Gululi la mafuta osagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana limapezeka chifukwa chakukonza mbewu zaulimi. Mosiyana ndi mafuta, gasi ndi mafuta a dizilo, biofuels samatulutsa carbon dioxide nthawi yoyaka, yomwe idapezeka kale m'matumbo apadziko lapansi. Poterepa, kaboni yemwe wamira ndi mbewu amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chifukwa cha ichi, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha samapitilira kuchuluka komwe kumatulutsidwa m'moyo wa zamoyo zonse. Ubwino wa mafuta oterewa ndi monga kuthekera kokuwonjezerani mafuta m'malo opangira mafuta wamba.

Mafuta omwe akukambidwa ndi gulu osati mafuta osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza zinyalala zanyama ndi masamba kumatulutsa methane ndi ethanol. Ngakhale ndiokwera mtengo komanso kosavuta kupanga (sipafunikira zida zamafuta zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zovuta kukonza), mafutawa ali ndi zovuta zake.

Chimodzi mwamavuto akulu ndikuti kuti apange mafuta okwanira, minda yayikulu imafunikira pomwe mbewu zapadera zimatha kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri zoyenera. Mbewu zoterezi zimawononga nthaka, kupangitsa kuti izilephera kutulutsa mbewu zabwino zokolola zina.

Ethanol

Popanga makina oyaka amkati, opanga adayesa zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamalopo. Ndipo mowa suli womaliza pamndandanda wazinthu zoterezi.

Ubwino wa ethanol ndikuti imatha kupezeka popanda kuwononga zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, itha kupezeka ku mbeu zomwe zili ndi shuga wambiri komanso wowuma. Izi ndi monga:

• Nzimbe;
• Tirigu;
• Chimanga;
• Mbatata (yogwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa kuposa kale).

Mowa atha kutenga amodzi mwa malo oyamba kusankhira mafuta ena otsika mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, Brazil ili ndi luso pakupanga mowa wamtunduwu. Chifukwa cha izi, dzikolo limatha kukhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kumphamvu zomwe gasi kapena mafuta am'madera awo amapangidwa.

Kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mowa, injini iyenera kupangidwa ndi zitsulo zosagwirizana ndi izi. Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu. Makina opanga makina angapo akupanga injini zomwe zitha kuyendetsa mafuta ndi ethanol.

Zosinthazi zimatchedwa FlexFuel. Mbali yapadera ya mayunitsi amtunduwu ndikuti mafuta omwe ali mu mafuta amatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 5 mpaka 95%. Pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto oterewa, kalata E komanso kuchuluka kwake kovomerezeka pamowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mafutawa akukhala otchuka chifukwa cha kumangika kwa ma esters mu mafuta. Chimodzi mwazovuta za chinthuchi ndikupanga madzi amadzimadzi. Komanso, akawotcha, amatulutsa mphamvu zochepa zotenthetsera, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zama injini ngati zikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta.

Zamgululi

Masiku ano mafuta amtundu winawu ndiodalirika kwambiri. Biodiesel amapangidwa ndi zomera. Mafutawa nthawi zina amatchedwa methyl ether. Zinthu zazikulu zopangira mafuta zimagwiriridwa. Komabe, iyi si mbewu yokhayo yomwe ili gwero la biodiesel. Zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta azinthu zotsatirazi:

• Soy;
• Mpendadzuwa;
• Mitengo yamitengo.

Mafuta a mafuta, monga mowa, amawononga zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndimagetsi wamba. Pachifukwa ichi, sikuti wopanga aliyense amafuna kusintha zinthu zawo kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito mafutawa (chidwi chochepa m'magalimoto otere, omwe amachepetsa chifukwa chopangira gulu lalikulu, ndipo palibe phindu pakupanga mitundu yochepa yamafuta ena).

Posachedwa, opanga ena alola kuphatikiza kwa mafuta ndi mafuta. Amakhulupirira kuti 5% esters yamafuta sangapweteke mota wanu.

Zomwe zakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha zinyalala zaulimi zimakhala ndi zovuta zina. Pofuna kupeza phindu lachuma, alimi ambiri amatha kubzala minda yawo kuti azilimapo zokha mbewu zomwe amapangira mafuta. Izi zitha kuthandizira kukwera kwakukulu kwamitengo yazakudya.

Hydrogen

Kuyesanso kumapangidwanso kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen ngati mafuta otsika mtengo. Ngakhale zochitika zotere ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa wogwiritsa ntchito wamba, zikuwoneka kuti zoterezi zili ndi tsogolo.

Zinthu zotere ndizosangalatsa chifukwa ndizofikirika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zinyalala zokhazokha zoyaka ndimadzi, omwe amatha kumwa ngakhale pambuyo poyeretsa. Mwachidziwitso, kuyaka kwa mafuta otere sikumapanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zinthu zomwe zimawononga mpweya wa ozoni.

Komabe, izi zidakalipobe. Kuyeserera kukuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen ndikowopsa kwambiri kuposa mafuta m'galimoto yopanda chothandizira. Vuto ndiloti chisakanizo cha mpweya wosakhala wangwiro ndi haidrojeni umayaka m'zigawo. Chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito champhamvu chimakhala ndi chisakanizo cha mpweya ndi nayitrogeni. Ndipo chinthu ichi, chophatikizidwa, chimakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri - NOx (nitrogen oxide).

BMW X-5 pa injini ya hydrogen

Vuto lina pogwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni ndi kusunga. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito gasi m'galimoto, thankiyo iyenera kupangidwa ngati chipinda chama cryogenic (-253 madigiri, kuti mpweya usadziyese wokha), kapena silinda wopanga ma 350 atm.

Chinthu china ndi kupanga hydrogen. Ngakhale pali mpweya wochuluka mwachilengedwe, koma kwakukulu kumakhala mumtundu wina. Pokonza hydrogen, mpweya wochuluka wokwanira wa carbon dioxide umatulutsidwa mumlengalenga (pophatikiza madzi ndi methane, njira yosavuta yopezera hydrogen ndi).

Poganizira zomwe zatchulidwazi, injini za hydrogen ndizomwe zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa mafuta ena onse.

Magetsi

Magalimoto amagetsi ndiotchuka kwambiri. Samawononga chilengedwe popeza mota yamagetsi ilibe utsi konse. Magalimoto amenewa amakhala chete, omasuka kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, Nio EP9 imathamanga mpaka zana m'masekondi 2,7, ndipo liwiro lalikulu ndi 313 km / h).

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amagetsi, galimoto yamagetsi siyifunikira bokosi lamagetsi, lomwe limachepetsa nthawi yolimbikitsira ndikupangitsa kuyendetsa kukhala kosavuta. Zikuwoneka kuti magalimoto amenewa ali ndi maubwino okha. Koma, magalimoto oterewa alibe zinthu zoyipa, chifukwa chake ndi malo amodzi pansipa magalimoto apamwamba.

Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu ndi batire. Kulipiritsa kamodzi pamachitidwe apamwamba kwambiri ndikokwanira kwa 300 km. Zimatenga maola angapo kuti "muzitsitsimutsa", ngakhale mutagulitsa mwachangu.

Kukula kwa batri ndikokulemera kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mtundu wamba, analogue yamagetsi imatha kulemera ma kilogalamu 400 kupitilira apo.

Kuti muwonjezere mtunda woyendetsa popanda kubwezereranso, opanga akupanga zida zapamwamba zopezera ndalama zomwe zimapeza mphamvu zochepa (mwachitsanzo, zikamatsika kapena zikusweka). Komabe, makina oterewa ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo magwiridwe antchito sakuwoneka kwambiri.

Njira yokhayo yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wobwezeretsanso batire poyendetsa ndikukhazikitsa jenereta yoyendetsedwa ndi injini yamafuta yomweyo. Inde, izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzisunga kwambiri mafuta, koma kuti dongosololi ligwire ntchito, mukufunikirabe kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta akale. Chitsanzo cha galimoto yotere ndi Chevrolet Volt. Imawonedwa ngati galimoto yamagetsi yodzaza, koma yokhala ndi mafuta opangira mafuta.

Makina osakanizidwa

Monga kunyengerera komwe kumachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta, opanga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndizosakanizidwa. Ikhoza kukhala dongosolo losakanikirana kapena lodzaza.

Chipangizo chachikulu chamtunduwu ndi injini ya mafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, galimoto yamagetsi otsika (kapena angapo) ndi batiri lina limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njirayi imatha kuthandizira injini yayikulu poyambira kuchepetsa katunduyo, chifukwa, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyipa mu utsi.

Zosintha zina zamagalimoto osakanizidwa zimatha kuyenda mtunda wokha pamagetsi amagetsi. Izi zitha kukhala zothandiza ngati dalaivala sanawerengere mtunda wopita kokwerera mafuta.

Zoyipa za hybridi zimaphatikizaponso kulephera kupezanso mphamvu pomwe galimoto ili pamsewu. Kuti mupulumutse magetsi, mutha kuzimitsa makinawa (amayamba mwachangu kwambiri), koma izi zimakhudza olipitsa magalimoto.

Ngakhale zolakwikazo, mitundu yosakanikirana yamagalimoto odziwika ikudziwika. Mwachitsanzo, Toyota Corolla. Mtundu wamafuta mumayendedwe amaphatikiza malita 6,6 pa 100 km. Analogi wosakanizidwa ndi owirikiza kawiri - 3,3 malita. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ndi pafupifupi madola zikwi 2,5 okwera mtengo. Ngati galimoto yotere imagulidwa chifukwa cha mafuta, ndiye kuti iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu. Ndiyeno kugula koteroko kumadzilungamitsa kokha patatha zaka zingapo.

Monga mukuwonera, kusaka kwa mitundu ina yamafuta ndikubweretsa zotsatira. Koma chifukwa chokwera mtengo kwa chitukuko kapena kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu, mitundu iyi yazopangira mphamvu akadali m'malo angapo kutsika kuposa mafuta wamba.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Ndi mafuta ati omwe amasankhidwa ngati mafuta ena? Mafuta ena amaganiziridwa: gasi, magetsi, biofuels, propane, hydrogen, ethanol, methanol. Zonse zimatengera injini yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'galimoto.

Kodi mafuta anawonekera chaka chiti? Kupanga mafuta kunayamba cha m'ma 1910. Poyamba, chinali chopangidwa kuchokera ku distillation ya mafuta, pamene palafini anapangidwira nyali za palafini.

Kodi mafuta angapangidwe? Mafuta opangidwa amatha kupezeka powonjezera zopangira za hydrogen ku malasha komanso pamphamvu ya pafupifupi 50 atmospheres. Njira zotsika mtengo zamigodi ya malasha zimapanga ukadaulo wopulumutsa mphamvu.