Zomwe mukufunikira kudziwa za ma braking system?

Pazachitetezo pamsewu, galimoto iliyonse siyofunika kuyendetsa bwino kokha, komanso kuyimilira patali pang'ono. Ndipo chinthu chachiwiri ndichofunikira kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, galimoto iliyonse ili ndi braking system.

About chipangizo ndi zosintha chiwongolero tinanena kale pang'ono. Tsopano tiyeni tione kachitidwe braking: kapangidwe, malfunctions ndi mfundo ntchito.

Kodi braking system ndi chiyani?

Njira yamagalimoto yamagalimoto ndi magawo ndi njira, cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuchepetsa kuyendetsa kwa magudumu mwachangu. Makina amakono ali ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi njira zomwe zimakhazikitsira galimoto pakagwa mabulogu mwadzidzidzi kapena m'misewu yosakhazikika.

Machitidwe ndi machitidwewa akuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, ABS (za kapangidwe kake werengani apa) ndi kusiyanasiyana (ndi chiyani ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani chikufunika mgalimoto, amauzidwa kubwereza kwina).

Mbiri yayifupi

Gudumu litangopangidwa, funso lidabuka pomwepo: momwe mungachedwetse kuzungulira kwake ndikupangitsa kuti izi ziziyenda bwino. Mabuleki oyamba amawoneka achikale kwambiri - thabwa lamatabwa lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi levers. Mukakumana ndi pamwamba pa gudumu, kukangana kumapangidwa ndipo gudumu limayima. Mphamvu yolumikizira ma braking imadalira momwe thupi la dalaivala limayendera - pomwe cholembedwacho chimakanikizidwa, galimoto imayima mwachangu.

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, makinawo adakonzedwa: chipikacho chidakutidwa ndi chikopa, mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake pafupi ndi gudumu adasinthidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chitukuko choyamba cha mabuleki oyendetsa galimoto chinawoneka, ngakhale chinali chaphokoso kwambiri. Njira yowonjezerapo ya makinawo idakonzedwa ndi Louis Renault mzaka khumi zomwezo.

Ndikukula kwa motorsport, masinthidwe akulu adapangidwa pamakina amabrake, pomwe magalimoto amakulitsa mphamvu ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, kuthamanga. Kale m'ma 50 ntchentche za m'ma makumi awiri, chitukuko cha njira zothandiza kwenikweni anaonekera kuti kuonetsetsa mofulumira deceleration wa mawilo magalimoto masewera.

Panthawiyo, dziko lamagalimoto linali kale ndi njira zingapo pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana: ng'oma, disc, nsapato, lamba, ma hydraulic ndi mikangano. Panali ngakhale zida zamagetsi. Zachidziwikire, machitidwe onsewa mumapangidwe amakono ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo oyamba, ndipo ena sanagwiritsidwe ntchito konse chifukwa chosagwira ntchito komanso kudalirika kotsika.

Njira yodalirika masiku ano ndi disk imodzi. Magalimoto amakono amasewera amakhala ndi ma disc akulu omwe amagwira ntchito mozungulira ndi ma pads ambiri, ndipo ma calipers omwe ali nawo amakhala ndi ma pistoni awiri mpaka 12. Ponena za caliper: ili ndi zosintha zingapo ndi chida china, koma uwu ndi mutu kubwereza kwina.

Magalimoto bajeti ali ndi dongosolo braking ophatikizana - zimbale atathana kutsogolo kwa m'mbali, ndi ng'oma atathana mawilo kumbuyo. Magalimoto osankhika ndi masewera amakhala ndi mabuleki azida pama magudumu onse.

Momwe mabuleki amagwirira ntchito

Mabuleki adatsegulidwa ndikukanikiza ngo yomwe ili pakati pa zowalamulira ndi gasi. Mabuleki amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi.

Dalaivala akamakanikiza chovalacho, kupanikizika kumakulirakulira pamzere wodzazidwa ndi madzi osweka. Timadzimadzi timagwira pisitoni ya makina omwe ali pafupi ndi mabuleki amtundu uliwonse.

Pamene dalaivala akulimbikira kupondaponda, ndikofunika kuti mabuleki agwiritsidwe ntchito. Mphamvu zomwe zimachokera pakhomopo zimafalikira kwa oyendetsa ndipo, kutengera mtundu wa makinawo, pama mawilo mwina ma pads amatseka chimbale cha brake, kapena amasunthira kwina ndikupumula motsutsana ndi zingwe za drum.

Kuti musinthe zoyeserera za driver kuti zikhale zovuta, pali zotsalira m'mizere. Izi zimawonjezera kutuluka kwa madzimadzi pamzere. Makina amakono adapangidwa kotero kuti ngati ma brake a ma brake ali ofooka, mabuleki adzagwirabe ntchito (ngati chubu limodzi likhalabe lolimba).

Mabuleki akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane muvidiyo yotsatirayi:

Momwe brake system ndi vacuum booster imagwirira ntchito.

Chipangizo ananyema dongosolo

Mabuleki amakina amapangidwa ndi magulu awiri azinthu:

• Thamangitsani - kachitidwe kamene kamayendetsa gawo la mabuleki;
• Njira - zoyesayesa zimachokera pagalimoto. Zimapanga mphamvu yomwe imachedwetsa kasinthasintha kozungulira gudumu. Njira zambiri zamagetsi amakono zimagwira ntchito pamgwirizano. Ndiye kuti, mphamvu yotsutsana imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimitsa makina.

Mabuleki oyendetsa ndi awa:

• Mawotchi - m'magalimoto amakono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimitsa magalimoto. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi lever ndi chingwe cholumikizira ndi mabuleki amiyendo yakumbuyo. Mitundu ina yamagalimoto imakhala ndi mnzake wamagetsi. Poterepa, zoyesayesa sizidalira zomwe thupi la eni galimoto ali nalo;
• Hayidiroliki ndiyo mfundo yomwe machitidwe amakono amagwirira ntchito. Kapangidwe ka kuyendetsa kotereku kumaphatikizanso pakhola, chopukusira zingalowe, magwiridwe antchito ndi ma master cylinders, mzere (machubu);
• Pneumatic - imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ponyamula katundu. Njirayi imayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wopanikizika. Chipangizocho chimaphatikizapo: kompresa, wolandila, chopangira ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mpweya ukuyenda pafupipafupi;
• Electro-pneumatic kapena mtundu wina wamagalimoto ophatikizika sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, chifukwa ili ndi chida chovuta komanso kukonza mtengo.

Chipangizo cha braking chimaphatikizapo:

• Caliper - yamphamvu ntchito anaikamo, amene amachitira mphamvu ya madzimadzi ananyema ndi clamps chimbale. Makina oterewa akuphatikizidwa pakupanga mabuleki ama disc. Ponena za njira yosankhira bajeti, chimbudzi sichimakhala ndi cholembera, ndipo yamphamvu ya akapolo ili pakati pa mapiritsi awiri. Kumbali imodzi ndi mbali inayo, gawolo liri ndi pisitoni yomwe imakulitsa ma pads, kotero kuti imatsutsana ndi makoma a dramu;
• Chimbale - anaika pa malo gudumu (nthawi zambiri kutsogolo). Amapangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba komanso cholimba chomwe chitha kupirira kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu. Mitundu ina imapangidwapo kuti ipangitse magwiridwe antchito bwino. Wozizilitsa zimba pambuyo braking amaperekedwa yekha ndi otaya mpweya;
• Magalimoto akale anali ndi mabuleki oterewa, ndipo magalimoto amabizinesi omwe amapangidwa lero amakhala ndi mabuleki oterewa kumbuyo kwazitsulo. Kuyika mabuleki mu njira zotere sikothandiza ngati ma disk, koma potengera kudalirika, ali ndi gawo lokwera (chinthu chakunja, mwachitsanzo, nthambi, sichingathe kulowa mu makinawo ndikuletsa magwiridwe ake), chifukwa chake opanga sathamangira kuwachotsa mgalimoto zawo;
• Mapadi ndi chinthu china chomwe chimagwira nawo magudumu oyendetsa magudumu. Ichi ndi gawo lachitsulo lokhala ndi mikangano. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi utoto wamtundu ndi mawu osonyeza kuvala pamtunda. Wokonda magalimoto akaiwala kulabadira mabuleki, mapadi okalamba amadzipangitsa kukhala omvera - chizolowezi chosasunthika pakabuleki.

Mabuleki

Galimotoyo imatsika ndi mabuleki amitundu iwiri:

• Drum mabuleki - magalimoto ambiri (makamaka mitundu ya bajeti ndi oimira apakatikati) amakhala ndi zida zotere kumbuyo kwazitsulo. Ndi odalirika kwambiri komanso okhazikika. M'mabuleki ngati amenewa, chifukwa cha kuvala kwa ziyangoyango, chilolezo chowonjezeka chimapangidwa pakati pa mkangano ndi makoma a ngoma. Makinawa amaphatikizapo woyang'anira yemwe amalipira mtundawu posuntha ma pads pafupi ndi makoma a dramu momwe angathere. Njira yokhazikitsira makinawo imachitika makamaka pakama braking. Mabuleki atakhazikika ndi nthiti pa drum palokha ndi magawo ambiri azitsulo;
• Diski ya disc - yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zakutsogolo, ndi magalimoto amasewera ndi magalimoto apamwamba komanso pamwambapa, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kumbuyo kwazitsulo. Chotsatiracho chimamangiriza chimbale chobayira mbali zonse ziwiri. Kakonzedwe kameneka kamafunikira kuyesetsa kochepetsera gudumu, chifukwa chake njirayi imagwira bwino ntchito kuposa mnzake. Chifukwa cha izi, makinawa amakhala ndi matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Pa ma disc amakono, ma grooves apadera amapangidwa omwe amawongolera kutaya kwa kutentha. Zosinthazi zimatchedwa mpweya wokwanira.

Njira ziwirizi zimaphatikizidwira pazida zamagalimoto akuluakulu. Zimagwira mwachizolowezi - pomwe dalaivala akufuna kuyimitsa galimoto. Komabe, galimoto iliyonse imakhalanso ndi machitidwe othandizira. Aliyense wa iwo akhoza kugwira ntchito payekha. Izi ndizosiyana zawo.

Wothandiza (mwadzidzidzi) dongosolo

Mzere wonse wamagalimoto wagawika m'magawo awiri. Opanga nthawi zambiri amalumikiza magudumu mozungulira kupita kudera lina. Thanki kukuza, anaika pa yamphamvu mbuye ananyema, ali ndi baffle mkati mkati pamlingo winawake (limafanana ndi mtengo yovuta osachepera).

Malingana ngati mabuleki akadali oyenera, kuchuluka kwa mabuleki okwera kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kusokonekera, chifukwa chake mphamvu yochotsa pazitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi kuzipilala ziwirizo, ndipo zimagwira ntchito ngati mzere umodzi. Ngati payipi ikuswa kapena chubu ikuswa, msinkhu wa TOR udzagwa.

Dera lowonongeka silimatha kupanikizika mpaka kukonzanso kutulutsa. Komabe, chifukwa cha magawikidwe a thankiyo, madziwo satuluka kwathunthu, ndipo gawo lachiwiri likupitilizabe kugwira ntchito. Zachidziwikire, pamtunduwu mabuleki adzagwira ntchito mochulukira, koma galimoto siyikhala yopanda iwo. Izi ndikwanira kuti mufikire bwino ntchitoyi.

Kuyimitsa magalimoto

Njirayi imadziwika kuti handbrake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yobwezeretsera. Dongosolo la chipangizocho chimaphatikizapo ndodo (lever yomwe ili munyumba yapafupi ndi gearbox) ndi chingwe cholumikizidwa ndi mawilo awiri.

M'mawonekedwe achikale, buleki lamanja limatsegulira zikhomo zazikulu zamagudumu kumbuyo. Komabe, pali zosintha zomwe zili ndi ziyangoyango zawo. Njirayi siyidalira konse boma la TJ pamzere kapena kusokonekera kwa dongosolo (kusokonekera kwa zingalowe kapena chinthu china pamabuleki akuluakulu).

Matenda ndi malfunctions a dongosolo ananyema

Kulephera kofunikira kwambiri kwa mabuleki ndikuti pad brake pad avale. Ndikosavuta kuchizindikira - zosintha zambiri zimakhala ndi chizindikiro chosanjikiza chomwe, chikakhudzana ndi disc, chimatulutsa chizolowezi panthawi yama braking. Ngati mapepala a bajeti agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti chikhalidwe chawo chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa pakadali nthawi yomwe wopanga amapanga.

Komabe, lamuloli ndi lochepa. Izi zonse zimadalira pamayendedwe oyendetsa. Ngati amakonda kufulumizitsa pazigawo zazing'ono za mseu, ziwalozi zimatha msanga, chifukwa mabuleki adzagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kuposa masiku onse.

Nayi tebulo laling'ono la zolakwika zina ndi momwe amadziwonetsera:

Wonongeka:	Kodi zimaonekera:	Kukonza:
Kuvala wosanjikiza mikangano pa ziyangoyango; Kuphulika kwa zonenepa zazikulu kapena ntchito ananyema; Kuwonongeka kwa zingalowe m'malo.	Kuchita bwino kwa ma braking kwatsika kwambiri.	Sinthanitsani ma pads (ngati njira yoyendetsa njirayo imagwirira ntchito, ndiye kuti mitundu yabwinopo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito); Yang'anani thanzi la kachitidwe konse ndikuzindikira chinthu chosweka; kukhazikitsa caliper kwa ziyangoyango zokulirapo.
Maonekedwe a airlock; Kukhumudwa kwa dera; Kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa TJ; Kulephera kwa silinda yayikulu kapena yamagudumu.	Chojambulacho chimalephera kapena chimakhala chofewa modabwitsa.	Adatulutsa mabuleki (momwe mungachitire moyenera, werengani apa); Musaphwanye njira yobwezeretsa TJ yotchulidwa ndi wopanga; Bwezerani zotayika.
Kuwonongeka kwa kutulutsa kapena kutulutsa ma payipi; TC bushings yatopa.	Zimatengera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti musindikize.	Konzani chinthu cholephera kapena pezani mzerewo.
Mapepala a mabuleki amatha mosavomerezeka; Kuvala mwachangu kwa ma brake cylinder; Kupsinjika kwa mzere wa mabuleki; Matayala amawonongeka mosiyanasiyana (chiwonetserochi sichimakhudza mabuleki - zifukwa zazikulu zosavala mosiyanasiyana inafotokozedwa m'nkhani ina); Kupanikizika kwamlengalenga mumayendedwe.	Pamene braking ili mkati, galimoto imakokedwa pambali.	Chongani kuthamanga kwa matayala; Mukamayikiranso, ikani mapaketi ananyema moyenera; Dziwani zinthu zonse zomwe zimayimitsidwa, zindikirani kuwonongeka ndikusintha gawolo; Gwiritsani ntchito magawo abwino (gulani kwa omwe mumawadalira).
Wobowola kapena wowonongeka wama disc; Wosweka magudumu disc kapena tayala; Magudumu osagwirizana bwino.	Kugwedera amamva pamene braking.	Sungani magudumu; Yang'anani zoyendera zamagudumu ndi kuvala kwa matayala; Onani momwe ma disc ananyamula (ngati munganyeke mwachangu, kuthamanga kwambiri, komwe kumatha kuyambitsa kusokoneza).
Mapadi ovala kapena otenthedwa; Mapadi otsekedwa; Caliper wasuntha.	Phokoso lokhalokha poyendetsa kapena kuwoneka kwake nthawi iliyonse mukamasula (kukuwa, kukukuta kapena kukuwa); Ngati mkombero wachotsedweratu, ndiye kuti mukamayimitsa mudzawamva bwino kulira kwa matelekedwe azitsulo komanso kugwedera kwa chiwongolero.	Onetsetsani momwe mapiritsiwo alili - kaya ndi odetsedwa kapena okalamba; Sinthanitsani ziyangoyango; Mukayika chozunguliracho, tsitsani mbale yolimbana ndi squeak ndi zikhomo.
Kuphulika kwa sensa ya ABS; Chotseka chotseka chatsekedwa; Makutidwe ndi okosijeni amalumikizidwe a ABS sensor kapena breakage waya; Fuse fuse.	M'galimoto yokhala ndi ABS, kuwala kochenjeza kumabwera.	Onetsetsani magwiridwe antchito a sensa (m'malo mwa chida chomwe mukukayikira, chodziwika chikugwiritsidwa ntchito); Ngati chatsekedwa, chotsani; Sinthanitsani lama fuyusi; Dziwani njira yoyang'anira.
Buleki lakumanja limakwezedwa (kapena batani loyimitsira magalimoto limakanikizidwa); Mulingo wamadzimadzi wanyema watsika; Kulephera kwa sensa ya TJ; Kutha kwa malo olumikizira magalimoto (kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni); Mapepala othyola; Mavuto mu dongosolo la ABS.	Ngati makina ali ndi zida zowongolera zotere, ndiye kuti nyale ya Brake imayatsidwa nthawi zonse.	Chongani kukhudzana ananyema; Dziwani dongosolo la ABS; Fufuzani kuvala kwa pedi; Fufuzani mlingo wamadzimadzi;

Mapepala ndi nthawi zosinthira ma disc

Kuyang'ana mapiritsi a mabuleki kuyenera kuchitika pakusintha kwa matayala nyengo. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuzindikira kuvala panthawi. Mosiyana ndi madzi amagetsi, omwe amafunika kusinthidwa pafupipafupi, mapiritsi a mabuleki amasintha mwina zikalephera mwadzidzidzi (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zinyalala, mawonekedwe ampikisano asokonekera), kapena atavala gawo lina.

Kuonjezera chitetezo cha dongosolo ananyema, opanga ambiri akonzekeretse ndi matayala ndi wapadera chizindikiro wosanjikiza (mabuleki squeak pamene wosanjikiza zatha). Nthawi zina, mwiniwake wamagalimoto amatha kudziwa kuvala kwa zinthu ndi mtundu. Mphamvu ya zikhomo za mabuleki amachepetsa ikakhala yochepera mamilimita awiri kapena atatu.

Kupewa dongosolo ananyema

Kuti ma braking asawonongeke mwadzidzidzi, ndipo zinthu zake zigwiritse ntchito zonse zomwe akuyenera kulandira, muyenera kutsatira malamulo oyambira ndi osavuta:

1. Zofufuza siziyenera kuchitikira mu garaja, koma pamalo opangira zida ndi zida zolondola (makamaka ngati galimoto ili ndi zida zamagetsi zovuta) komanso momwe akatswiri amagwirira ntchito;
2. Tsatirani malamulo osinthira madzi amadzimadzi (omwe akuwonetsedwa ndi opanga - iyi ndi nthawi yazaka ziwiri zilizonse);
3. Pambuyo pakusintha ma disc a mabuleki, kuyimitsa koyenera kuyenera kupewedwa;
4. Ngati zikwangwani zochokera pa kompyuta zikupezeka, muyenera kulumikizana ndi ntchitoyi posachedwa;
5. Mukamayika zinthu, gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zabwino kuchokera kwa opanga odalirika;
6. Mukachotsa ziyangoyango za mabuleki, tsitsani ziwalo zonse za caliper zomwe zimafunikira (izi zikuwonetsedwa m'malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito ndikuyika makinawo);
7. Musagwiritse ntchito matayala omwe sali ofanana ndi mtunduwu, chifukwa pakadali pano ma pads amatha msanga;
8. Pewani mabuleki olemera kwambiri.

Kutsatira malangizo osavutawa sikuti kumangotalikitsa moyo wa mabuleki, komanso kupangitsa ulendo uliwonse kukhala wotetezeka momwe mungathere.

Kuphatikiza apo, kanemayu amafotokoza za kupewa ndi kukonza mabuleki agalimoto:

Rio, Solaris kukonza kukonza kwa mabuleki + m'malo mwa mapadi.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Ndi mabuleki ati omwe alipo? Makina a brake agalimoto amagawidwa kukhala: kugwira ntchito, zopuma, zothandizira komanso zoyimika magalimoto. Malinga ndi kalasi ya galimoto, dongosolo lililonse lili ndi zosintha zake.

Kodi cholinga cha mabuleki a galimoto ndi chiyani? Dongosololi limatchedwanso kuti brake yamanja. Zapangidwa makamaka kuti ziteteze kubweza kwa galimoto yoyima kutsika. Imayatsidwa panthawi yoimika magalimoto kapena poyambira poyambira kukwera.

Kodi njira yothandizira mabuleki ndi chiyani? Dongosololi limapereka chiwongolero chowonjezera cha liwiro lagalimoto nthawi zonse pakutsika kwautali (mabuleki a injini amagwiritsidwa ntchito).