Mabowo oyera ndi amodzi mwa amodzi
Mwachidziwitso, zikuwoneka ngati zotsatira za mabowo akuda. Mwamasamu, nawonso ali bwino. Mwachidule, zikanakhala bwino zikanakhalapo. Tsoka ilo, palibe umboni wa izi panobe.
Kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa mabowo oyera kunawonedwa koyamba ndi British cosmologist ndi astrophysicist Freda Hoilea mu 1957 kenako Russian Igor Dmitrievich Novikov mu 1964. Zinthu zamtunduwu zimayembekezeredwa ngati mbali Schwarzschild mayankhokufotokoza mphamvu yokoka yozungulira misa yozungulira yosazungulira monga nyenyezi, pulaneti, kapena dzenje lakuda.
Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics limati kuchuluka kwa entropy m'chilengedwe kumatha kukhala kosalekeza kapena kuwonjezeka. Kukula kwa entropy kwa mabowo akuda kumagwirizana bwino ndi izi. Dzenje loyera limachokera ku zosiyana - kuchepa kwa entropy, zomwe sizovomerezeka kuchokera ku fizikiki yomwe timadziwika nayo. Komabe, fiziki yomwe tikudziwa imakhala ndi zotsatira zomveka pa zomwe timadziwa. Kumbali ina, akadakhala, padzakhala physics ina momwe entropy imatha kugwa. Motero timafika pa zotsatira mwina zosapeweka za lingaliro la mabowo woyera monga choncho. multivshehsaint.
Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mabowo oyera - kukhala chotsatira ndi "mbali n'zosiyana" wa mabowo wakuda - akuwonekeranso m'dziko lathu, komabe, kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri, kutha nthawi yomweyo, "manyazi" kuphwanya lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics. . Mu 2006, mliri udawonedwa (wotchedwa 060614), zomwe zinatenga masekondi 102. Kawirikawiri, zochitika zoterezi zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri, kotero kuti kuwala kwa mphindi ziwiri pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri kunali kosayembekezereka. Panali malingaliro akuti linali dzenje loyera chabe. Komabe, kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo ambiri, ichi chinali lingaliro losavomerezeka.
Kwa zaka zambiri, ofufuza ena amagwirizanitsa kukhalapo kwa mabowo oyera ndi quasars - Zinthu zazikulu zooneka ngati nyenyezi zomwe zimatulutsa ma radiation osalekeza amagetsi. Komabe, kufufuza kosamalitsa kwatsutsa zimenezi.
Pamphepete mwa sayansi, pali malingaliro oti n'zotheka kupanga nyongolotsi yolumikiza dzenje loyera ndi lakuda. Kukhalapo kwa kugwirizana koteroko kunaperekedwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Germany mu 1921. Herman Weil pa kafukufuku wake wamkulu mu gawo la electromagnetic. M’zaka zamtsogolo anakulitsa lingaliro limeneli Albert Einstein Oraz Nathan Rosenamene anapanga chitsanzo Mlatho wa Einstein-Rosen. Mlatho uwu ukhoza kukhala ngati njira yachidule yolumikiza mfundo ziwiri m'chilengedwe kapena m'madera osiyanasiyana. Novikov ndi Hoyle anafika ponena kuti popeza mabowo akuda amatenga zinthu zomwe sizingathe kuthawa, pangakhale zinthu zomwe zimazitulutsa. Mchitidwe wongopeka wa dzenje loyera unakhazikitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nyongolotsi yolumikizira ku dzenje lakuda. Ndiye pali mikangano, mwachitsanzo, za kuthekera kwa dzenje loyera kuyambira kale kuphatikizika ndi dzenje lakuda lenileni, lomwe lingapangitse kuti pakhale makina a nthawi ...
Kukhalapo kwa mlatho wa Einstein-Rosen kumasonyeza kuti pali maulendo a mlengalenga opanda malire. Komabe, mu 1962 wasayansi wina wa ku America John Wheeler adasindikiza pepala malinga ndi momwe mlatho wa Einstein-Rosen ungakhale wosakhazikika. M'malingaliro ake, palibe chomwe chingadutsemo, ngakhale kuwala, chifukwa ngalandeyo imatseka nthawi yomweyo. Ngati izi zidatheka mwanjira ina, ndiye kuti nkhani yomwe ingagwere mu dzenje lakuda idzatayidwa kumbali ina ya ngalandeyo, kuchokera ku dzenje loyera, kokha komanso mwapadera. mu gifs. Mphamvu zazikulu, mafunde ndi ionization zidzasintha zinthu zoyendayenda kukhala fumbi ndi mamolekyu.
Chifukwa chake pakadali pano, mabowo oyera ndi ongoyerekeza. Pakali pano tilibe umboni wa kukhalapo kwawo. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti izi ndi zopeka, ngakhale zimakupatsani mwayi wopanga masamu ofunikira omwe amakulolani kuti muwonetse bwino kulingalira kwa malo ozungulira dzenje lakuda. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yaikulu, palibe chomwe chingachoke mu zomwe zimatchedwa chochitika m'mphepete. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, pangakhale mabowo akuda mpaka 100 miliyoni mu mlalang’amba wathu wokha. Zinthu zimene ngakhale kuwala sikungathaweko zakhala zikufufuzidwa ndi asayansi kwa zaka zambiri.
dzenje lakuda ndi loyera - chitsanzo
Kuchuluka kwa mabowo oyera kumawoneka kuti sikumveka bwino, zomwe, komabe, zimapangitsa akatswiri ambiri kuyika malingaliro awo. Mu 2014, akatswiri asayansi awiri - Carlo Rovelli Oraz Chinenero cha Haggard ochokera ku yunivesite ya Aix-Marseilles ku France - adasindikiza nkhani yomwe adapereka chitsanzo quantum reflection mkati mwa dzenje lakuda mu dzenje loyera. Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, zimangotenga ma milliseconds ochepa. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kusinthaku kumachitika nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amatsindika kuti mabowo akuda amatha kuwoneka kuti alipo kwa zaka mabiliyoni ambiri chifukwa mphamvu yake yokoka imatambasula mafunde a kuwala ndi kutalikitsa nthawi. Choncho, munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso chakuti mabowo oyera "alipo", koma sitiwawona chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka.
kale pang'ono Nikodem Poplavski A Pole wogwira ntchito ku yunivesite ya Indiana adafalitsa chiphunzitso chakuti mabowo akuda ndi oyera angakhale ndi udindo pakupanga chilengedwe chatsopano. Malinga ndi lingaliro lake, Kuphulika Kwakukulu kunalidi zotsatira za kusinthika kwa zochitika zapakati pa dzenje lakuda lomwe lili mu chilengedwe china.
Malingaliro okhudza mabowo oyera monga zotsatira za ma morphs akuda akuwoneka kuti ndi ovomerezeka kuposa zonena zamakono. Stephen Hawking zaka zapitazo za "kukulirakulira" chochitika pachimake ndi kutha kwa mabowo wakuda, pamodzi ndi chidziwitso ndi mphamvu kale odzipereka ndi iwo.
Pakadali pano, palibe chidziwitso chomwe chingathawe pachiwonetsero chomwe chimalekanitsa dzenje lakuda ndi zenizeni monga tikudziwira. Choyamba, zambiri za mabowo oyera - kaya alipo kapena ayi. Ndipo zingakhale bwino kudziwa ngati pali chinachake chofanana ndi nkhani zonse zomwe timadziwa za tunnel ndi zipata za chilengedwe china.
