Zoyambira zoyambira zamafuta amoto. Mitundu ndi opanga
Magulu a mafuta oyambira
Malinga ndi gulu la API, pali magulu asanu amafuta oyambira pomwe mafuta opangira ma motor amapangidwa:
- 1 - mchere;
- 2 - theka-synthetic;
- 3 - kupanga;
- 4- mafuta opangidwa ndi polyalphaolefins;
- 5- mafuta opangidwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe sanaphatikizidwe m'magulu am'mbuyomu.
Gulu loyamba lamafuta opangira ma motor limaphatikizapo mafuta amchere, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta oyera ndi distillation. Ndipotu, iwo ndi amodzi mwa tizigawo ta mafuta, monga mafuta, palafini, mafuta a dizilo, ndi zina zotero. Mankhwala a mafuta oterowo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndipo amasiyana ndi opanga mpaka opanga. Mafuta oterowo amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon ambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machulukitsidwe, nayitrogeni, ndi sulfure. Ngakhale fungo la mafuta a gulu loyamba limasiyana ndi ena - kununkhira kwa mafuta a petroleum kumamveka kwambiri. Chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi sulfure wambiri komanso index yotsika ya viscosity, chifukwa chake mafuta a gulu ili sali oyenera magalimoto onse.
Mafuta a magulu ena awiri adapangidwa pambuyo pake. Kulengedwa kwawo kunali chifukwa cha luso la injini zamakono zamagalimoto, zomwe mafuta a gulu loyamba sali oyenera. Mafuta a gulu lachiwiri, omwe amatchedwanso semisynthetic, amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya hydrocracking. Zimatanthawuza kuchiritsa kwa mafuta amchere a gulu 1 ndi haidrojeni chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kachitidwe kotere, hydrogen imamangiriridwa ku mamolekyu a hydrocarbon, kuwalemeretsa. Ndipo hydrogen imachotsa sulfure, nitrogen ndi zinthu zina zosafunika. Zotsatira zake, mafuta odzola amapezedwa omwe amakhala ndi malo oziziritsa komanso opanda parafini. Komabe, mafuta oterowo amakhala ndi index yotsika kwambiri ya viscosity, yomwe imalepheretsa kukula kwawo.
Gulu 3 ndilomwe lili bwino kwambiri - mafuta opangira kwathunthu. Mosiyana ndi ziwiri zam'mbuyomo, zimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu komanso kutentha kwakukulu kwa viscosity. Mafuta oterowo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa hydroisomerization, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni. Nthawi zina maziko amafuta oterowo amachokera ku gasi. Pamodzi ndi zowonjezera zambiri, mafutawa ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamakono zamagalimoto amtundu uliwonse.
Mafuta agalimoto amagulu 4 ndi 5 ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa ena chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwawo. Mafuta oyambira a polyalphaolefin ndiye maziko opangira zowona, chifukwa amapangidwa mongopeka. Mosiyana ndi mafuta a gulu 3, izi zitha kupezeka m'masitolo apadera, chifukwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto amasewera okha. Gulu lachisanu limaphatikizapo mafuta odzola, omwe, chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo, sangathe kuwerengedwa pakati pa omwe adapita. Makamaka, izi zikuphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta oyambira omwe ma esters awonjezedwa. Amathandizira kwambiri kuyeretsa kwamafuta ndikuwonjezera kuthamanga kwamafuta pakati pa kukonza. Mafuta ofunikira amapangidwa mochepa kwambiri, chifukwa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Opanga mafuta oyambira magalimoto
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zapadziko lonse lapansi, mtsogoleri pakupanga ndi kugulitsa mafuta oyambira magalimoto agulu loyamba ndi lachiwiri ndi ExonMobil. Kuphatikiza apo, Chevron, Motiva, Petronas ali ndi malo mu gawo ili. Mafuta a gulu lachitatu amapangidwa kuposa ena ndi kampani yaku South Korea SK Ludricants, yomwe imapanga mafuta a ZIC. Mafuta oyambira a gululi amagulidwa kuchokera kwa wopanga izi ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino monga Shell, BP, Elf ndi ena. Kuphatikiza pa "base", wopanga amapanganso mitundu yonse ya zowonjezera, zomwe zimagulidwanso ndi mitundu yambiri yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi.
Maziko a mchere amapangidwa ndi Lukoil, Total, Neste, pamene chimphona monga ExonMobil, m'malo mwake, sichimabala. Koma zowonjezera mafuta onse m'munsi amapangidwa ndi makampani lachitatu chipani, amene otchuka kwambiri ndi Lubrizol, Ethyl, Infineum, Afton ndi Chevron. Ndipo makampani onse omwe amagulitsa mafuta okonzeka kale amawagula kwa iwo. Mafuta oyambira a gulu lachisanu amapangidwa kwathunthu ndi makampani omwe ali ndi mayina osadziwika: Synester, Croda, Afton, Hatco, DOW. Exxon Mobil yodziwika bwino ilinso ndi gawo laling'ono mgululi. Ili ndi labotale yayikulu yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wofufuza zamafuta ofunikira.
