Dziko la Battery - Gawo 3

Mbiri ya mabatire amakono imayamba m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, kuyambira zaka za zana lino zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano zimayambira. Izi zikuchitira umboni, kumbali imodzi, ku malingaliro abwino kwambiri a asayansi a nthawiyo, ndipo, kumbali ina, ku zovuta zomwe zimadza pakupanga zitsanzo zatsopano.

Ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zili zabwino kwambiri zomwe sizingasinthidwe. Lamuloli limagwiranso ntchito pamabatire - mitundu yazaka za m'ma XNUMX idayengedwa kangapo mpaka atatenga mawonekedwe awo. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku Maselo a Leclanche.

Link kuti muwongolere

Mapangidwe a katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France asinthidwa Carl Gassner kukhala chitsanzo chothandiza kwambiri: chotsika mtengo kupanga komanso chotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, panalibe zovuta - zokutira za zinki za chinthucho zidachita dzimbiri pokhudzana ndi acidic electrolyte yomwe idadzaza mbaleyo, ndipo kutulutsa zinthu zowopsa kumatha kuyimitsa chipangizocho. Chigamulocho chinakhala kuphatikiza mkati mkati mwa thupi la zinki (zophimba za mercury).

Zinc amalgam kwenikweni samachita ndi zidulo, koma imasunga mphamvu zonse zama electrochemical zachitsulo choyera. Komabe, chifukwa cha malamulo a chilengedwe, njira iyi yowonjezera moyo wa maselo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono (pa maselo opanda mercury, mungapeze zolemba kapena) (1).

2. Mapangidwe a maselo amchere: 1) kesi (cathode lead), 2) cathode yomwe ili ndi manganese dioxide, 3) electrode separator, 4) anode yomwe ili ndi KOH ndi fumbi la zinki, 5) anode terminal, 6) kusindikiza selo (electrode insulator) . .

Njira ina yowonjezera moyo wautali wa selo ndi moyo ndikuwonjezera Zinc chloride ZnCl₂ kwa phala lodzaza kapu. Maselo a kamangidwe kameneka kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa Heavy Duty ndipo (monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera) amapangidwa kuti azipatsa mphamvu zipangizo zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.

Kupambana m'munda wa mabatire otayika kunali kumangidwa mu 1955 alkaline cell. Kupanga kwa injiniya waku Canada Lewis Urry, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kampani yamakono ya Energizer, ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono ndi a selo la Leclanchet.

Choyamba, simupeza graphite cathode kapena zinki kapu pamenepo. Ma elekitirodi onse amapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a phala lonyowa, lolekanitsidwa (thickeners kuphatikiza ma reagents: cathode imakhala ndi osakaniza a manganese dioxide ndi graphite, anode ya fumbi la zinki yokhala ndi potaziyamu hydroxide), ndipo ma terminal awo amapangidwa ndi chitsulo ( 2). Komabe, zomwe zimachitika pakugwira ntchito ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika mu cell ya Leclanchet.

Ntchito. Chitani "chemical autopsy" pa cell ya alkaline kuti mudziwe kuti zomwe zilimo ndi zamchere (3). Kumbukirani kuti kusamala komweko kumagwiranso ntchito pakuchotsa selo la Leclanchet. Onani gawo la Battery Code kuti muzindikire cell ya alkaline.

3. "Gawo" la selo la alkaline limatsimikizira zomwe zili zamchere.

Mabatire apanyumba

4. Mabatire apakhomo a Ni-MH ndi Ni-Cd.

Maselo omwe amatha kuwonjezeredwa pambuyo pa ntchito akhala cholinga cha okonza kuyambira pachiyambi cha chitukuko cha sayansi ya magetsi, motero mitundu yambiri ya iwo.

Pakadali pano, imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zida zazing'ono zapakhomo ndi mabatire a nickel-cadmium. Chitsanzo chawo chinawonekera mu 1899 pamene woyambitsa waku Sweden adazichita. Ernst Jungner anafunsira chiphaso cha batire ya nickel-cadmium yomwe ingapikisane ndi mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'makampani opanga magalimoto. batire ya acid acid.

Cell anode ndi cadmium, cathode ndi trivalent nickel compound, electrolyte ndi potassium hydroxide solution (muzojambula zamakono "zouma", phala lonyowa la thickeners lodzaza ndi yankho la KOH). Mabatire a Ni-Cd (amenewa ndi mayina awo) ali ndi mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito pafupifupi 1,2 V - izi ndizochepa kuposa za maselo otayika, omwe, komabe, si vuto kwa ntchito zambiri. Ubwino waukulu ndikutha kudya kwambiri pakali pano (ngakhale ma amperes ochepa) komanso kutentha kosiyanasiyana.

5. Yang'anani zofunikira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire musanalipire.

Kuipa kwa mabatire a nickel-cadmium ndi "memory effect" yolemetsa. Izi zimachitika pamene nthawi zambiri mukuwonjezeranso mabatire a Ni-Cd omwe atulutsidwa pang'ono: makinawa amakhala ngati mphamvu yake ndi yofanana ndi ndalama zomwe zimadzadzidwanso ndi kubwezeretsanso. Mu mitundu ina ya ma charger, "memory effect" imatha kuchepetsedwa ndikulipiritsa ma cell munjira yapadera.

Chifukwa chake, mabatire a nickel-cadmium omwe atulutsidwa amayenera kulipiritsidwa mozungulira: choyamba atulutsidwe (pogwiritsa ntchito chojambulira choyenera) kenako ndikuthiridwanso. Kubwezeretsanso pafupipafupi kumachepetsanso moyo woyerekeza wa 1000-1500 (kuti maselo ambiri otayika adzasinthidwa ndi batire imodzi panthawi ya moyo wake, kotero kuti mtengo wogula udzilipira wokha nthawi zambiri, osatchula zovuta zochepa pa batire. ). chilengedwe ndi kupanga ndi kutaya ma cell).

Zinthu za Ni-Cd zomwe zili ndi cadmium yapoizoni zasinthidwa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride (Kutchulidwa kwa Ni-MH). Mapangidwe awo ndi ofanana ndi mabatire a Ni-Cd, koma m'malo mwa cadmium, alloy zitsulo zokhala ndi porous (Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zr, zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi) zomwe zimatha kuyamwa hydrogen (4). Mphamvu yamagetsi ya cell ya Ni-MH ilinso pafupifupi 1,2 V, yomwe imalola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mosinthana ndi mabatire a NiCd. Mphamvu ya maselo a Nickel-Metal Hydride ndi yaikulu kuposa ya Nickel-Cadmium ya maselo ofanana. Komabe, machitidwe a NiMH amadzitulutsa mwachangu. Pali kale mapangidwe amakono omwe alibe zovuta izi, koma amawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zitsanzo wamba.

Mabatire a nickel-metal hydride sawonetsa "memory effect" (maselo otulutsidwa pang'ono amatha kuwonjezeredwa). Komabe, nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuyang'ana zomwe zimafunikira pakulipiritsa kwamtundu uliwonse pamalangizo a charger (5).

Pankhani ya mabatire a Ni-Cd ndi Ni-MH, sitikulangiza kuwachotsa. Choyamba, sitidzapeza chilichonse chothandiza mwa iwo. Kachiwiri, nickel ndi cadmium sizinthu zotetezeka. Osaika pachiwopsezo mosayenera ndikusiyira akatswiri ophunzitsidwa bwino.

Mfumu ya accumulators, ndiye ...

6. "Mfumu ya mabatire" kuntchito.

… Batire ya asidi-lead, yomangidwa mu 1859 ndi wasayansi wina wa ku France Gastona Plantego (inde, inde, chipangizocho chidzasintha zaka 161 chaka chino!). Battery electrolyte ndi pafupifupi 37% sulfuric acid (VI) solution, ndipo maelekitirodi ndi lead (anode) ndi lead yokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa lead dioxide PbO.₂ (cathode). Pa ntchito, mpweya wa lead (II) (II) PbSO sulfate umapanga pa maelekitirodi.₄. Ikalipira, selo imodzi imakhala ndi voteji yopitilira 2 volts.

kutsogolera batire ali ndi zovuta zonse: kulemera kwakukulu, kukhudzika kwa kutulutsa ndi kutentha kochepa, kufunikira kosungidwa pamalo odzaza, chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zapoizoni. Kuphatikiza apo, pamafunika kusamalira mosamala: kuyang'ana kachulukidwe ka electrolyte, kuwonjezera madzi m'zipinda (gwiritsani ntchito zosungunula kapena deionized), mphamvu yamagetsi (kutsika pansi pa 1,8 V mu chipinda chimodzi kungawononge maelekitirodi) ndi njira yapadera yoperekera.

Nanga n’cifukwa ciani nyumba yakale ikugwiritsidwabe nchito? "King of Accumulators" ili ndi chikhalidwe cha wolamulira weniweni - mphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri mpaka 75% (kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulipiritsa zitha kubwezeredwa panthawi yogwira ntchito), komanso kapangidwe kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika wopanga, zikutanthauza kuti kutsogolera batire Amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kungoyambitsa injini zoyaka mkati, komanso ngati gawo lamagetsi adzidzidzi. Ngakhale zaka 160 za mbiriyakale, batire lotsogola likuchitabe bwino ndipo silinalowe m'malo ndi mitundu ina yazida izi (ndipo ndi iyo, imadzitsogolera yokha, yomwe, chifukwa cha batri, ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa mumbiri yayikulu) . Malingana ngati magalimoto otengera injini zoyatsira mkati akupitilira kukula, malo ake sangawopsezedwe (6).

Oyambitsa sanasiye kuyesa kupanga cholowa m'malo mwa batire ya acid-acid. Zina mwa zitsanzozo zinatchuka ndipo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'makampani opanga magalimoto lero. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi makumi awiri, mapangidwe adapangidwa momwe yankho la H silinagwiritsidwe ntchito.₂SO₄koma ma electrolyte amchere. Chitsanzo ndi batire ya nickel-cadmium ya Ernst Jungner yomwe ili pamwambapa. Mu 1901 Thomas Alva Edison anasintha kapangidwe ka chitsulo m'malo mwa cadmium. Poyerekeza ndi mabatire a asidi, mabatire a alkaline ndi opepuka kwambiri, amatha kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kochepa ndipo sali ovuta kuwagwira. Komabe, kupanga kwawo kumakhala kokwera mtengo, ndipo mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndizochepa.

Ndiye, chotsatira ndi chiyani?

Inde, nkhani za mabatire sizithetsa mafunso. Sakambirana, mwachitsanzo, ma cell a lithiamu, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupatsa mphamvu zida zapakhomo monga zowerengera kapena ma boardboard apakompyuta. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri za iwo m'nkhani ya Januwale yokhudza Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry chaka chatha, komanso pazothandiza - m'mwezi umodzi (kuphatikiza kugwetsa ndi chidziwitso).

Pali chiyembekezo chabwino cha maselo, makamaka mabatire. Dziko lapansi likuyenda mochulukira, zomwe zikutanthauza kufunikira kodziyimira pawokha pazingwe zamagetsi. Kuwonetsetsa kuti magetsi akuyenda bwino pamagalimoto amagetsi ndi vuto lalikulu. - kotero kuti azitha kupikisana ndi magalimoto okhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati mwawonso pakuchita bwino.

accumulator batire

Kuti muthandizire kuzindikirika kwamtundu wa ma cell, nambala yapadera ya alphanumeric yakhazikitsidwa. Kwa mitundu yomwe imapezeka m'nyumba mwathu pazida zing'onozing'ono, ili ndi mawonekedwe a nambala-letter-letter-nambala.

Ndipo kuti:

- chiwerengero choyamba ndi chiwerengero cha maselo; kunyalanyazidwa kwa maselo amodzi;

- chilembo choyamba chimasonyeza mtundu wa selo. Ikasowa, mukuchita ndi ulalo wa Leclanche. Mitundu ina ya ma cell imalembedwa motere:

C - lithiamu cell (mtundu wodziwika kwambiri),

H - Ni-MH batire,

K - batire ya nickel-cadmium,

L - alkaline cell;

- kalata yotsatirayi ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a ulalo:

F - mbale,

R - cylindrical,

P - Matchulidwe ambiri a maulalo okhala ndi mawonekedwe ena osati cylindrical;

- chiwerengero chomaliza kapena ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kukula kwa ulalo (makhalidwe amndandanda kapena kuwonetsa miyeso) (7).

7. Miyeso ya maselo otchuka ndi mabatire.

Zolemba zitsanzo:

R03
- cell ya zinc-graphite kukula kwa chala chaching'ono. Dzina lina ndi AAA kapena.

LR6 - cell ya alkaline kukula kwa chala. Dzina lina ndi AA kapena.

HR14 - Ni-MH batire; chilembo C chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kusonyeza kukula kwake.

KR20 - Batire ya Ni-Cd, kukula kwake komwe kumalembedwanso ndi chilembo D.

Mtengo wa 3LR12 - batire yathyathyathya yokhala ndi voliyumu ya 4,5 V, yokhala ndi ma cell atatu amchere amchere.

6F22 - batire la 9-volt, lopangidwa ndi ma cell asanu ndi limodzi a Leclanchet.

CR2032 - lithiamu cell ndi awiri a 20 mm ndi makulidwe a 3,2 mm.

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