Ulamuliro wa silicon waku America
Ndemanga pa chilengezo cha Intel cha Julayi kuti kampaniyo ikuganiza zogulitsa kunja ndikuti ikuwonetsa kutha kwa nthawi yomwe kampaniyo ndi United States zidayang'anira makampani opanga ma semiconductor. Kusunthaku kumatha kubwereranso kupitirira Silicon Valley, kukhudza malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi geopolitics.
Kampani yaku California yaku Santa Clara yakhala yopanga mabwalo akuluakulu ophatikizika kwazaka makumi angapo. Chizindikiro ichi chimaphatikiza chitukuko chabwino kwambiri ndi zomera zamakono zamakono zamakono. Zachidziwikire, Intel akadali ndi malo opangira ku US, pomwe makampani ena ambiri aku US chips anatseka kapena kugulitsa mafakitale apakhomo zaka zambiri zapitazo ndikupatsanso zinthu zina kumakampani ena, makamaka ku Asia. Intel adanena kuti kusungidwa kwa zopanga ku US kumatsimikizira kukwera kwazinthu zake kuposa ena. Kwa zaka zambiri, kampaniyo yawononga madola mabiliyoni ambiri kukonzanso mafakitale ake, ndipo izi zinkawoneka ngati mwayi waukulu womwe unapangitsa kuti kampaniyo ikhale patsogolo pa makampani ena onse.
Komabe, zaka zaposachedwa zakhala zochitika zosasangalatsa za Intel. Kampaniyo inalephera kukonzekera zowotcha za silicon ndi 7 nm lithography. Sizikudziwika kuti zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti zipeze zolakwika, koma ziyenera kupangidwa. Zogulitsa zoyamba za 7nm zopangidwa m'mafakitole athu pamlingo wokulirapo zikuyembekezeka mu 2022.
Malinga ndi malipoti atolankhani, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC), yomwe pakadali pano ikutsogola padziko lonse lapansi kupanga zopangira zida zamagetsi, ipanga tchipisi ta Intel (1). Nkhani zosintha kupita ku 7nm, komanso kupanga bwino m'njira zina, zidapangitsa Intel kuchita mgwirizano ndi TSMC kuti ipange zina mwa tchipisi ta 6nm. Kuphatikiza apo, malipoti akuti TSMC ikhalanso yabwino kwa Intel. mapurosesa, nthawi ino mu 5 ndi 3 nm kupanga njira. Ma nanometer aku Taiwan awa amawonedwa kuti ndi osiyana pang'ono, mwachitsanzo TSMC's 6nm imadziwika kuti ndi yofanana ndi intel's 10nm. Mulimonsemo, TSMC ilibe zovuta zopanga, ndipo Intel imakhala pampanipani wokhazikika wa AMD ndi NVidia.
Pambuyo pa CEO Bob Swan Intel idati ikuganiza zogulitsa kunja, mtengo wagawo wa kampaniyo udatsika ndi 16 peresenti. Swan adati malo omwe semiconductor amapangidwira sizinthu zazikulu, zomwe ndi madigiri a 180 mosiyana ndi zomwe Intel adanena kale. Mkhalidwewu uli ndi ndale, monga andale ambiri aku America ndi akatswiri achitetezo cha dziko amakhulupirira kuti nthumwi zaukadaulo wapamwamba kunja (mosalunjika ku China, komanso kumayiko omwe China imathandizira) ndikulakwitsa kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo chipovanny xeon Intel SA ndiye mtima wa makompyuta ndi malo opangira data omwe amathandizira kupanga mapangidwe amagetsi a nyukiliya (onaninso: ), ndege zam'mlengalenga ndi ndege zimagwira ntchito pakuwunikira komanso kusanthula deta. Pakadali pano, apangidwa makamaka m'mafakitale ku Oregon, Arizona, ndi New Mexico.
Kukula kwa mafoni am'manja ndi zida zina zam'manja zasintha msika wa semiconductor. Intel adagwira ntchito kuphatikiza kwa ma chipsets amafonikoma sanachipange kukhala choyambirira, nthawi zonse amaika patsogolo mapurosesa apakompyuta ndi seva. Zinayamba liti foni yamakono, opanga mafoni amagwiritsa ntchito mapurosesa ochokera kumakampani monga Qualcomm kapena kupanga awo, monga Apple. Chaka ndi chaka, mafakitale aku Taiwan a TSMC aku Taiwan amadzaza zinthu zina. Pomwe Intel, TSMC imapanga zoposa biliyoni pachaka. Chifukwa chakukula, kampani yaku Taiwan tsopano ili patsogolo pa Intel muukadaulo wopanga.
Popereka mwayi wopanga zida za silicon kwa anthu, TSMC yasintha mosasinthika mtundu wabizinesi. Makampani sakufunikanso kuyika ndalama pamizere yopanga, amatha kuyang'ana kwambiri kupanga tchipisi tatsopano kuti agwire ntchito ndi ntchito zatsopano. Izi zinali chopinga chachikulu kwa makampani ambiri. Uinjiniya wamakina ndi ndalama zogulira mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo ndalama zopangira zomwe mumapanga ndi mabiliyoni. Ngati simukuyenera kuchita izi, mutha kukhala ndi polojekiti yatsopano yopambana.
Kunena zomveka, Taiwan si mdani wa United States, koma kuyandikira ndi kusowa kwa chotchinga cha chinenero ndi PRC kumayambitsa nkhawa za kuthekera kwa kutulutsa zida zachinsinsi. Kuonjezera apo, kutayika kwambiri kwa hegemony ya US kumakhalanso kowawa, ngati sikopanga ma processor, ndiye m'munda wa njira zopangira. AMD, kampani yaku America, mpikisano waukulu kwambiri wa Intel pamsika wa laputopu komanso magawo ena angapo, yakhala ikupanga zinthu m'mafakitale a TSMC kwa nthawi yayitali, American Qualcomm imagwirizana popanda zovuta ndi opanga ochokera ku China, kotero Intel mophiphiritsa. idayimira mwambo waku America wopanga chip mdziko muno.
Anthu aku China atsalira zaka khumi
Ukadaulo wa semiconductor uli pamtima pa mpikisano wachuma waku US-China. Mosiyana ndi maonekedwe, sanali a Donald Trump amene anayamba kuyika zoletsa pa kutumiza zinthu zamagetsi ku China. Zoletsa zidayamba kuyambitsidwa ndi Barack Obama, ndikuyambitsa ziletso pakugulitsa, kuphatikiza zinthu za Intel. Makampani monga ZTM, Huawei ndi Alibaba amalandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aku China kuti azigwira ntchito pawokha. China ikuphatikiza chuma cha boma ndi mabungwe kuti izi zitheke. Pali mapulogalamu olimbikitsa omwe cholinga chake ndi kukopa akatswiri ndi mainjiniya aluso kwambiri ochokera kumayiko ena, makamaka, zomwe ndizofunikira malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, zochokera ku Taiwan.
Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku US posachedwapa yalengeza izi pambuyo pake semiconductor chips zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangidwa ndi makampani aku US sizingagulitsidwe kwa Huawei waku China popanda chivomerezo chake komanso chilolezo chochokera ku Unduna wa Zamalonda ku US. Wozunzidwayo anali TSMC waku Taiwan, yemwe adakakamizika kusiya kupanga Huawei, zomwe zidzakambidwe pambuyo pake.
Ngakhale nkhondo zamalonda America idakhalabe mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wogulitsa kwambiri ma semiconductors, pomwe China inali yogula kwambiri ku America. Mliri wa 2018 usanachitike, United States idagulitsa ma semiconductor tchipisi okwana $75 biliyoni ku China, pafupifupi 36 peresenti. Kupanga kwa America. Ndalama zamakampani ku US zimadalira kwambiri msika waku China. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, zilango za boma la US zitha kuwononga msika waku China pomwe aku China amatha kupanga zofananira zawo, ndipo pakanthawi kochepa, ogulitsa tchipisi ochokera ku Japan ndi Korea adzapindula podzaza mofunitsitsa zomwe zidasiyidwa ndi US
Monga tanenera Anthu aku China akuika ndalama zambiri pofufuza ndi chitukuko m'makampaniwa.. Malo ambiri akukonzedwa, monga pasukulu yapayunivesite yomwe ili kunja kwa Hong Kong, kumene gulu la mainjiniya lotsogozedwa ndi Patrick Yue wophunzira ku Stanford akupanga tchipisi ta makompyuta kuti tigwiritse ntchito m’badwo watsopano wa mafoni a m’manja opangidwa ku China. Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa pang'ono ndi Huawei, chimphona chaku China cholumikizirana ndi matelefoni.
China sichibisa chikhumbo chake chofuna kudzidalira paukadaulo. Dzikoli ndi lomwe limatumiza kunja kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso limagula ma semiconductors. Pakadali pano, malinga ndi bungwe lamakampani la SIA, 5 peresenti yokha. kutenga nawo mbali msika wapadziko lonse wa semiconductor (2) koma akufuna kupanga 70 peresenti. ma semiconductors onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pofika chaka cha 2025, dongosolo lofunitsitsa lomwe linalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhondo yamalonda yaku US. Ambiri amakayikira mapulaniwa, monga Piero Scaruffi, wolemba mbiri wa Silicon Valley komanso wofufuza wanzeru zopangapanga, yemwe amakhulupirira kuti a ku China tsopano ali pafupi zaka 10 kumbuyo kwa opanga apamwamba pankhani yaukadaulo wa silicon, ndi mibadwo itatu kapena inayi kumbuyo kwawo. makampani ngati TSMC. m'munda waukadaulo wopanga. China alibe chidziwitso kupanga tchipisi chapamwamba kwambiri.
2. Magawo pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi wa semiconductor malinga ndi lipoti la SIA lofalitsidwa mu June 2020 ()
Ngakhale akukhala bwino ndikupanga tchipisi, zilango zaku US zapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti makampani aku China alowe pamsika. Ndipo apa tikubwereranso ku mgwirizano pakati pa TSMC ndi Huawei, womwe wayimitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tsogolo la tchipisi ta China lisagwiritsidwe ntchito pa netiweki ya 5G Kirin (3). Ngati Qualcomm sapeza chilolezo cha boma la US kuti apereke ma snapdragons, aku China okha zopereka . Chifukwa chake, kampani yaku China siyingathe kupereka mafoni okhala ndi ma chipsets amlingo woyenera. Uku ndikulephera kwakukulu.
Chifukwa chake pakadali pano, zikuwoneka ngati aku America akulephera, monga kufunikira kosinthira kupanga ndi Intel processor processor ku Taiwan, koma aku China nawonso akuwukiridwa, ndipo ziyembekezo zopanga msika wa silicon zili kutali. ndi fuzzy. Chifukwa chake mwina uku ndi kutha kwa ulamuliro wa America, koma sizitanthauza kuti hegemon ina iliyonse idzatuluka.
