Alan Turing. Oracle akulosera kuchokera ku chisokonezo

Alan Turing analota kupanga "cholembera" chomwe chingathe kuyankha funso lililonse. Palibe iye kapena wina aliyense amene anapanga makina oterowo. Komabe, chitsanzo cha makompyuta chomwe katswiri wa masamu wanzeru anabwera nacho mu 1936 chikhoza kuonedwa ngati matrix a nthawi ya makompyuta - kuchokera ku ma calculator osavuta kupita ku makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri.

Makina opangidwa ndi Turing ndi chida chosavuta cha algorithmic, ngakhale chakale kwambiri poyerekeza ndi makompyuta amakono ndi zilankhulo zamapulogalamu. Ndipo komabe ndi mphamvu zokwanira kulola ngakhale ma algorithms ovuta kwambiri kuti aphedwe.

Alan Turing

M'matanthauzidwe akale, makina a Turing amafotokozedwa ngati mawonekedwe osamveka a makompyuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma aligorivimu, opangidwa ndi tepi yayitali kwambiri yogawidwa m'magawo omwe data imalembedwa. Tepiyo ikhoza kukhala yopanda malire kumbali imodzi kapena mbali zonse. Munda uliwonse ukhoza kukhala m'modzi mwa zigawo za N. Makinawa nthawi zonse amakhala pamwamba pa gawo limodzi ndipo ali m'modzi mwa mayiko a M. Malingana ndi kuphatikiza kwa makina ndi munda, makinawo amalemba mtengo watsopano kumunda, amasintha dziko, ndiyeno akhoza kusuntha gawo limodzi kumanja kapena kumanzere. Opaleshoni imeneyi imatchedwa dongosolo. Makina a Turing amawongoleredwa ndi mndandanda womwe uli ndi malangizo otere. Manambala N ndi M akhoza kukhala chirichonse, bola ngati ali ndi malire. Mndandanda wa malangizo a makina a Turing ukhoza kuganiziridwa ngati pulogalamu yake.

Mtundu woyambira uli ndi tepi yolowera yogawidwa m'maselo (mabwalo) ndi mutu wa tepi womwe umatha kuwona selo limodzi nthawi iliyonse. Selo lililonse limatha kukhala ndi chilembo chimodzi kuchokera mu zilembo zochepa. Conventionally, amaona kuti mndandanda wa zizindikiro athandizira anaikidwa pa tepi, kuyambira kumanzere, otsala maselo (kumanja kwa zizindikiro athandizira) wodzazidwa ndi chizindikiro chapadera cha tepi.

Chifukwa chake, makina a Turing amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• mutu wosunthika wowerengera/wolemba womwe umatha kusuntha tepi, kusuntha lalikulu limodzi panthawi;
• zigawo zowerengeka;
• zilembo zomaliza;
• mzere wopanda malire wokhala ndi mabwalo olembedwa, chilichonse chomwe chingakhale ndi chilembo chimodzi;
• chithunzi cha kusintha kwa dziko ndi malangizo omwe amayambitsa kusintha kulikonse.

Hypercomputers

Turing Machine imatsimikizira kuti kompyuta iliyonse yomwe timapanga imakhala ndi malire osapeweka. Mwachitsanzo, zokhudzana ndi theorem yotchuka ya Gödel incompleteness. Katswiri wina wa masamu wachingelezi anatsimikizira kuti pali mavuto amene kompyuta singathe kuwathetsa, ngakhale titagwiritsa ntchito ma computational petaflops a padziko lapansi pa cholinga chimenechi. Mwachitsanzo, simungadziwe ngati pulogalamuyo idzalowa m'njira yobwerezabwereza yomveka bwino, kapena ngati idzatha kuthetsa - popanda kuyesa pulogalamu yomwe ingayambitse vuto, ndi zina zotero (zotchedwa vuto loyimitsa). Zotsatira za zosatheka izi pazida zomwe zidamangidwa pambuyo popanga makina a Turing ndi, mwa zina, "chithunzi chakufa chabuluu" chodziwika bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta.

Chivundikiro cha buku la Alan Turing

Vuto la maphatikizidwe, monga momwe Java Siegelman adalemba, lofalitsidwa mu 1993, limatha kuthetsedwa ndi kompyuta yozikidwa pa neural network, yomwe imakhala ndi mapurosesa olumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake mwanjira yomwe imatsanzira kapangidwe ka ubongo, ndi zotsatira zowerengera kuchokera ku imodzi kupita ku "kulowetsa" kupita ku ina. Lingaliro la "ma hypercomputer" latulukira, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyambira zakuthambo powerengera. Izi zitha kukhala - ngakhale zitakhala zachilendo - makina omwe amagwira ntchito zambiri munthawi yochepa. Mike Stannett wa British University of Sheffield anapereka, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito electron mu atomu ya haidrojeni, yomwe m'lingaliro ikhoza kukhalapo mu chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha mayiko. Ngakhale makompyuta a quantum ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi kulimba mtima kwa mfundozi.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, asayansi akubwerera ku maloto a "maloto" omwe Turing mwiniwake sanamange kapena kuyesa. Emmett Redd ndi Steven Younger aku University of Missouri amakhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kupanga "Turing supermachine". Amatsata njira yomweyi yomwe Chava Siegelman tangotchulayo adatenga, ndikumanga maukonde a neural momwe potulutsa, m'malo mwa ziro-one, pamakhala mitundu ingapo - kuyambira pa chizindikiro "kokwanira" mpaka "kuzimitsa kwathunthu" . Monga momwe Redd anafotokozera m’magazini ya NewScientist ya July 2015, “pakati pa 0 ndi 1 pali zinthu zopanda malire.”

Akazi a Siegelman adagwirizana ndi ofufuza awiri a ku Missouri, ndipo pamodzi adayamba kufufuza zomwe zingatheke chisokonezo. Malinga ndi kulongosola kotchuka, chiphunzitso cha chipwirikiti chimasonyeza kuti kuombera kwa mapiko a gulugufe m’chigawo chimodzi kumayambitsa mphepo yamkuntho ku mbali inayo. Asayansi omwe amamanga makina apamwamba a Turing ali ndi zomwezo m'maganizo - dongosolo lomwe kusintha kwakung'ono kumakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 2015, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Siegelman, Redd, and Younger, makompyuta awiri okhudzana ndi chisokonezo ayenera kupangidwa. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi neural network yomwe ili ndi zida zitatu zamagetsi zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi ma synaptics khumi ndi limodzi. Chachiwiri ndi chipangizo chazithunzi chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kuwala, magalasi, ndi magalasi kuti apangenso ma neuroni khumi ndi limodzi ndi ma synapses 3600.

Asayansi ambiri amakayikira kuti kupanga "super-Turing" ndizoona. Kwa ena, makina oterowo angakhale maseŵera ongochitika mwachisawawa. Kudziwa zonse kwa chilengedwe, chowonadi chakuti iye amadziwa mayankho onse, amachokera ku umunthu wake. Dongosolo lomwe limabalanso chilengedwe, Chilengedwe, chimadziwa chilichonse, ndi mawu, chifukwa ndi chimodzimodzi ndi wina aliyense. Mwina iyi ndi njira yopita ku intelligence yochita kupanga, kupita ku chinthu chomwe chimabwezeretsanso zovuta komanso chisokonezo chaubongo wamunthu. Turing mwiniwake adanenapo kuti aike radioactive radio mu kompyuta yomwe adapanga kuti zotsatira za kuwerengera kwake zikhale zachisokonezo komanso mwachisawawa.

Komabe, ngakhale ma prototypes a supermachines ozikidwa pa chipwirikiti agwira ntchito, vuto limakhalabe momwe mungatsimikizire kuti ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri awa. Asayansi alibe lingaliro la kuyesa koyenera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a makompyuta omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kufufuza izi, ma supermachines amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi olakwika, ndiko kuti, zolakwika za dongosolo. Kuchokera kumalingaliro aumunthu, chirichonse chikhoza kukhala chosamvetsetseka ndi ... chachisokonezo.