1 mahatchi ndi ofanana - kW, watt, kg
Ngati mutenga encyclopedia iliyonse ndikuyang'ana momwe mphamvu yamahatchi ilili, ndiye kuti tiwerenga kuti iyi ndi gawo lamphamvu lomwe silinagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Russia. Ngakhale patsamba lililonse lazogulitsa zamagalimoto, mphamvu ya injini imawonetsedwa pamahatchi.
Kodi unit iyi ndi chiyani, ikufanana ndi chiyani?
Ponena za injini ya akavalo, ambiri aife timajambula chithunzi chosavuta: ngati mutenga gulu la akavalo 80 ndi galimoto yokhala ndi injini ya 80 hp, ndiye kuti mphamvu zawo zidzakhala zofanana ndipo palibe amene angakoke chingwe.
Ngati mukuyesera kukonzanso zinthu zoterezi m'moyo weniweni, ndiye kuti gulu la akavalo lidzapambanabe, chifukwa kuti injini ikhale ndi mphamvu yotereyi, imayenera kupota crankshaft ku chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa mphindi imodzi. Koma mahatchi amathamangira m’malo awo n’kumakokera galimoto kumbuyo kwawo, motero amaswa gearbox yake.
Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti mphamvu zamahatchi ndi gawo limodzi lamphamvu, pomwe kavalo aliyense ndi payekha ndipo anthu ena amatha kukhala amphamvu kuposa ena.
Mphamvu ya akavalo idayambitsidwa mu 1789. Wolemba mbiri wotchuka James Watt ankafuna kusonyeza kuti kunali kopindulitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito injini za nthunzi m'malo mwa akavalo kuti ntchitoyo ichitike. Anangotenga ndikuwerengera mphamvu zomwe kavalo amagwiritsa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito njira yosavuta yonyamulira - gudumu lokhala ndi zingwe zomangidwira - kukoka migolo ya malasha mumgodi kapena kupopa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mpope.
Zinapezeka kuti kavalo mmodzi akhoza kukoka katundu wolemera makilogalamu 75 pa liwiro la 1 m/s. Ngati timasulira mphamvuyi kukhala ma watts, zimakhala kuti 1 hp. ndi 735 watts. Mphamvu zamagalimoto amakono zimayesedwa mu kilowatts, motero, 1 hp. = 0,74 kW.
Pofuna kukopa eni migodi kuti asinthe kuchoka pa mahatchi kupita ku magetsi a nthunzi, Watt anapereka njira yosavuta: yoyezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito imene akavalo angachite pa tsiku limodzi, ndiyeno kuyatsa injini ya nthunzi ndi kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mahatchi amene angalowe m’malo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti injini ya nthunzi inakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa inatha kusintha chiwerengero cha mahatchi. Eni ake a mgodiwo anazindikira kuti zinali zotsika mtengo kwa iwo kukhala ndi galimoto kuposa khola lonse ndi zotsatira zake zonse: udzu, oats, manyowa, ndi zina zotero.
Ndiyeneranso kunena kuti Watt anawerengera molakwika mphamvu ya kavalo mmodzi. Ndi nyama zamphamvu zokha zomwe zimatha kukweza kulemera kwa 75 kg pa liwiro la 1 m / s, kuwonjezera apo, sizingagwire ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mumikhalidwe yotere. Ngakhale pali umboni kuti kwa kanthawi kavalo mmodzi akhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu mpaka 9 kW (9 / 0,74 kW \u12,16d XNUMX HP).
Kodi mphamvu ya injini imazindikiridwa bwanji?
Mpaka pano, njira yosavuta yoyezera mphamvu yeniyeni ya injini ndi dyno. Galimoto imayendetsedwa pamtunda, imalimbikitsidwa bwino, ndiye dalaivala amafulumizitsa injini mofulumira kwambiri ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni mu hp ikuwonetsedwa pawonetsero. Cholakwika chovomerezeka - +/- 0,1 hp Monga momwe zimasonyezera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuti mphamvu ya nameplate sagwirizana ndi zenizeni, ndipo izi zikhoza kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa zovuta zosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku mafuta otsika kwambiri mpaka kutsika kwa kuponderezedwa kwa ma silinda.
Ndikoyenera kunena kuti chifukwa chakuti mphamvu ya mahatchi ndi yopanda dongosolo, imawerengedwa mosiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ku USA ndi England, mwachitsanzo, wina hp. ndi 745 watts, osati 735 monga ku Russia.
Zikhale momwe zingakhalire, aliyense adazolowera kale gawo ili la kuyeza, chifukwa ndilosavuta komanso losavuta. Komanso, HP amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera mtengo wa OSAGO ndi CASCO.
Gwirizanani, ngati muwerenga makhalidwe a galimoto - mphamvu ya injini ndi 150 hp. - N'zosavuta kwa inu kuyenda zimene iye angathe. Ndipo mbiri ngati 110,33 kW sikokwanira kunena. Ngakhale kutembenuza kilowatts kukhala hp. zophweka: timagawa 110,33 kW ndi 0,74 kW, timapeza 150 hp yomwe tikufuna.
Ndikufunanso kukukumbutsani kuti lingaliro la "mphamvu ya injini" palokha silowonetsa kwambiri, muyenera kuganiziranso magawo ena: torque yayikulu, rpm, kulemera kwagalimoto. Amadziwika kuti injini dizilo ndi otsika-liwiro ndi mphamvu pazipita zimatheka pa 1500-2500 rpm, pamene injini mafuta imathandizira yaitali, koma kusonyeza zotsatira zabwino pa mtunda wautali.
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