Iron Age - Gawo 3

Nkhani yaposachedwa yokhudza chitsulo choyambirira cha chitukuko chathu ndi maubale ake. Zoyeserera zomwe zachitika mpaka pano zawonetsa kuti ichi ndi chinthu chosangalatsa pakufufuza mu labotale yakunyumba. Zoyeserera zamasiku ano sizikhala zosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo zimakupatsani mwayi wowonanso mbali zina zamakina.

Chimodzi mwazoyeserera m'gawo loyamba la nkhaniyi chinali kutulutsa mpweya wobiriwira wachitsulo (II) hydroxide kupita ku chitsulo chofiirira (III) hydroxide ndi yankho la H.₂O₂. Peroxide ya haidrojeni imawola mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza zitsulo zachitsulo (mathovu a okosijeni adapezeka pakuyesa). Mugwiritsa ntchito izi kuwonetsa ...

… Momwe chothandizira chimagwirira ntchito

ndithudi imafulumizitsa zomwe anachita, koma - ndiyenera kukumbukira - imodzi yokha yomwe ingachitike pansi pamikhalidwe yopatsidwa (ngakhale nthawi zina pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale mosadziwika). Zowona, pali zonena kuti chothandizira chimafulumizitsa zomwe zimachitika, koma sizitenga nawo gawo pazokha. Hmm ... chifukwa chiyani iwonjezedwa? Chemistry si matsenga (nthawizina zikuwoneka choncho kwa ine, ndi "wakuda" kuti ayambe), ndipo ndi kuyesa kosavuta, mudzawona chothandizira chikugwira ntchito.

Choyamba konzani malo anu. Mudzafunika thireyi kuti tebulo lisasefukire, magolovesi oteteza, magalasi kapena visor. Mukuchita ndi caustic reagent: perhydrol (30% hydrogen peroxide solution H₂O₂) ndi chitsulo (III) chloride solution FeCl₃. Chitani mwanzeru, makamaka samalani maso anu: khungu la manja litenthedwa ndi pehydrol regenerates, koma maso satero. (1).

2. Evaporator kumanzere imakhala ndi madzi okha, kumanja - madzi ndi kuwonjezera perhydrol. Mukuthira njira yachitsulo (III) chloride mu zonse ziwiri

3. Njira yochitira, itatha, chothandizira chimapangidwanso

Thirani mu evaporator ya porcelain ndikuwonjezera madzi ochulukirapo kawiri (zomwe zimachitikanso ndi hydrogen peroxide, koma ngati yankho la 3%, zotsatira zake siziwoneka). Mwalandira pafupifupi 10% yankho la H₂O₂ (zamalonda perhydrol kuchepetsedwa 1: 2 ndi madzi). Thirani madzi okwanira mu evaporator yachiwiri kuti chotengera chilichonse chikhale ndi kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi (ichi chizikhala mawonekedwe anu). Tsopano yonjezerani 1-2 cm pazitsulo zonse ziwiri.³ 10% FeCl yankho₃ ndikuyang'anitsitsa momwe mayesowo akuyendera (2).

Mu ulamuliro evaporator, madzi ali chikasu mtundu chifukwa hydrated Fe ayoni.³⁺. Kumbali inayi, zinthu zambiri zimachitika m'chombo chokhala ndi hydrogen peroxide: zomwe zili mkati zimasanduka bulauni, mpweya umatulutsidwa kwambiri, ndipo madzi omwe ali mu evaporator amakhala otentha kwambiri kapena zithupsa. Mapeto a zomwe achitazo amadziwidwa ndi kutha kwa kusintha kwa gasi ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa zomwe zili mkati mwake kukhala zachikasu, monga momwe zilili mu dongosolo lolamulira (3). Inu munali mboni chabe ntchito catalytic converter, koma kodi mukudziwa zomwe zasintha m'ngalawamo?

Mtundu wa bulauni umachokera kuzinthu zachitsulo zomwe zimapanga chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika:

Mpweya womwe umatulutsidwa kwambiri mu evaporator ndi, ndithudi, mpweya (mukhoza kuyang'ana ngati lawi lowala likuyamba kuyaka pamwamba pa madzi). Mu sitepe yotsatira, mpweya wotulutsidwa muzomwe zili pamwambazi umatulutsa ma Fe cations.²⁺:

Opangidwanso Fe ions³⁺ amatenganso gawo pakuchita koyamba. Njirayi imatha pamene hydrogen peroxide yonse yagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe mudzawona pamene mtundu wachikasu ukubwerera ku zomwe zili mu evaporator. Mukachulukitsa mbali zonse ziwiri za equation yoyamba ndi ziwiri ndikuwonjezera mbali yachiwiri, ndiyeno kuletsa mawu omwewo mbali zofananira (monga momwe zimakhalira masamu), mumapeza magawano a equation H.₂O₂. Chonde dziwani kuti mulibe ma ayoni achitsulo mmenemo, koma kuti muwonetse udindo wawo pakusintha, lembani pamwamba pa muvi:

Hydrogen peroxide imawola modzidzimutsa molingana ndi equation yomwe ili pamwambapa (mwachiwonekere popanda ayoni yachitsulo), koma njirayi imakhala yochedwa. Kuwonjezera kwa chothandizira kumasintha momwe zimakhalira kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndipo zimafulumizitsa kutembenuka konse. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani lingaliro lakuti chothandizira sichikukhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika? Mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti amasinthidwanso m'kati mwake ndipo amakhalabe osasinthika muzosakaniza zosakaniza (pakuyesa, mtundu wachikasu wa Fe (III) ion umapezeka musanayambe komanso pambuyo pake). Chotero kumbukirani zimenezo chothandizira chimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika ndipo ndi gawo logwira ntchito.

Kwa zovuta ndi H.₂O₂

4. Catalase imawola hydrogen peroxide (chubu kumanzere), kuwonjezera njira ya EDTA kumawononga enzyme (chubu chakumanja)

Ma enzymes nawonso amathandizira, koma amagwira ntchito m'maselo a zamoyo. Chilengedwe ntchito ayoni chitsulo mu yogwira malo michere kuti imathandizira makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuchepetsa zimachitikira. Izi ndichifukwa chakusintha pang'ono komwe kwatchulidwa kale mu valency yachitsulo (kuyambira II mpaka III ndi mosemphanitsa). Imodzi mwa michere iyi ndi catalase, yomwe imateteza maselo kuzinthu zoopsa kwambiri za kutembenuka kwa okosijeni - hydrogen peroxide. Mutha kupeza catalase mosavuta: sakanizani mbatata ndikutsanulira madzi pa mbatata yosenda. Lolani kuyimitsidwa kumire pansi ndikutaya zamphamvu.

Thirani 5 cm mu chubu choyesera.³ kuchotsa mbatata ndikuwonjezera 1 cm³ hydrogen peroxide. Zomwe zili ndi thovu kwambiri, zimatha "kutuluka" mu chubu choyesera, choncho yesani pa tray. Catalase ndi puloteni yothandiza kwambiri, molekyu imodzi ya catalase imatha kusweka mpaka ma molecule a H mamiliyoni angapo pamphindi imodzi.₂O₂.

Mukathira chotsitsacho mu chubu chachiwiri choyesera, onjezerani 1-2 ml³ EDTA solution (sodium edetic acid) ndi zomwe zili mkati zimasakanizidwa. Ngati muwonjezerapo hydrogen peroxide, simudzawona kuwola kulikonse kwa hydrogen peroxide. Chifukwa chake ndi kupanga chitsulo chokhazikika chachitsulo chokhazikika ndi EDTA (reagent iyi imakhudzidwa ndi ayoni ambiri achitsulo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa ndi kuwachotsa ku chilengedwe). Kuphatikiza kwa Fe ions³⁺ ndi EDTA inatseka malo omwe akugwira ntchito ya enzyme ndipo motero anasiya catalase (4).

Chitsulo mphete yaukwati

Mu analytical chemistry, chizindikiritso cha ma ion ambiri chimachokera pakupanga kwamadzi osungunuka pang'ono. Komabe, kuyang'ana pang'onopang'ono pa tebulo losungunuka kudzawonetsa kuti nitrate (V) ndi nitrate (III) anions (mchere woyamba umatchedwa nitrates, ndipo chachiwiri - nitrites) sichimapanga mpweya.

Iron (II) sulphate FeSO imathandiza pozindikira ma ion awa.₄. Konzani ma reagents. Kuphatikiza pa mcherewu, mudzafunika yankho lokhazikika la sulfuric acid (VI) H₂SO₄ ndi kuchepetsedwa 10-15% yankho la asidi (samalani mukamathira, kuthira, ndithudi, "asidi m'madzi"). Kuphatikiza apo, mchere wokhala ndi anions omwe adapezeka, monga KNO₃, NANO₃, NANO₂. Konzani yankho la FeSO lokhazikika.₄ ndi mayankho amchere a anions onse awiri (gawo limodzi la supuni ya tiyi ya mchere imasungunuka pafupifupi 50 cm).³ madzi).

5. Zotsatira zabwino za mayeso a mphete.

The reagents okonzeka, ndi nthawi kuyesa. Thirani 2-3 cm mu machubu awiri³ FeSO solution₄. Kenaka yikani madontho ochepa a yankho la N.₂SO₄. Pogwiritsa ntchito pipette, sonkhanitsani aliquot ya yankho la nitrite (mwachitsanzo, NaNO₂) ndikutsanulira mkati kuti ayendetse khoma la chubu choyesera (izi ndizofunikira!). Momwemonso, kutsanulira mu gawo la saltpeter solution (mwachitsanzo, KNO₃). Ngati zonse ziwiri zatsanuliridwa mosamala, zozungulira zofiirira zimawonekera pamwamba (motero dzina lodziwika bwino la mayesowa, ring reaction) (5). Zotsatira zake ndi zosangalatsa, koma muli ndi ufulu wokhumudwitsidwa, mwinamwake ngakhale kukwiya (Ichi ndi mayeso owunikira, pambuyo pa zonse? Zotsatira zake ndi zofanana muzochitika zonsezi!).

Komabe, chitani kuyesa kwina. Nthawi ino onjezani kusungunula H.₂SO₄. Pambuyo pobaya jekeseni wa nitrate ndi nitrite (monga kale), mudzawona zotsatira zabwino mu chubu chimodzi chokha choyesera - chomwe chili ndi yankho la NaNO.₂. Nthawi ino mwina mulibe zodetsa nkhawa za phindu la kuyesa kwa mphete: zomwe zimachitika mu sing'anga ya acidic pang'ono zimalola ma ion awiriwa kuti asiyanitsidwe bwino.

Zomwe zimagwirira ntchito zimachokera ku kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yonse ya ayoni ya nitrate ndi kutulutsidwa kwa nitric oxide (II) NO (panthawiyi, ayoni yachitsulo ndi oxidized kuchokera manambala awiri kapena atatu). Kuphatikiza kwa Fe (II) ion ndi NO ali ndi mtundu wa bulauni ndipo amapereka mphete mtundu (zimachitika ngati mayesero achitidwa molondola, mwa kungosakaniza mayankho mudzapeza mtundu wakuda wa chubu choyesera, koma - mumavomereza - sipadzakhala zotsatira zosangalatsa zotere). Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa ayoni wa nitrate kumafuna sing'anga yolimba ya acidic, pomwe nitrite imafunikira acidification pang'ono, chifukwa chake kusiyana komwe kumawonedwa panthawi ya mayeso.

Iron mu Utumiki Wachinsinsi

Anthu akhala ndi chinachake chobisala. Kupangidwa kwa magaziniyi kunaphatikizaponso kupanga njira zotetezera mauthenga opatsirana - kubisa kapena kubisa mawu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya inki yachifundo yapangidwira njira yomalizayi. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe mudazipangira zolembedwa sizikuwonekakomabe, zimawululidwa mothandizidwa ndi, mwachitsanzo, kutentha kapena chithandizo ndi chinthu china (wopanga mapulogalamu). Kukonzekera inki yokongola komanso wopanga sikovuta. Ndikokwanira kupeza zomwe zimapangidwira mankhwala achikuda. Ndibwino kuti inki yokhayo ikhale yopanda mtundu, ndiye kuti zolembedwa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi iwo siziwoneka pagawo lamtundu uliwonse.

Zosakaniza zachitsulo zimapanganso inki zokongola. Pambuyo poyesa zomwe tafotokozazi, njira zachitsulo (III) ndi FeCl chloride zitha kuperekedwa ngati inki zachifundo.₃, potaziyamu thiocyanide KNCS ndi potaziyamu ferrocyanide K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. Mu FeCl reaction₃ ndi cyanide idzasanduka yofiira, ndipo ndi ferrocyanide idzasanduka buluu. Amakwanira bwino ngati inki. mankhwala a thiocyanate ndi ferrocyanidepopeza alibe mtundu (pomaliza, yankho liyenera kuchepetsedwa). Zolembazo zidapangidwa ndi yankho lachikasu la FeCl.₃ imatha kuwonedwa papepala loyera (pokhapokha ngati khadi ilinso lachikasu).

6. Mascara amitundu iwiri ndi abwino

7. Wachifundo salicylic asidi inki

Konzani mankhwala osungunuka amchere onse ndikugwiritsa ntchito burashi kapena machesi kulemba pamakhadi ndi mankhwala a cyanide ndi ferrocyanide. Gwiritsani ntchito burashi yosiyana pa chilichonse kuti mupewe kuwononga ma reagents. Mukauma, valani magolovesi oteteza ndikunyowetsa thonje ndi FeCl solution.₃. Iron (III) chloride solution zowononga ndipo amasiya mawanga achikasu omwe amasanduka bulauni pakapita nthawi. Pachifukwa ichi, pewani kudetsa khungu ndi chilengedwe ndi izo (chitani kuyesa pa tray). Gwiritsani ntchito swab ya thonje kuti mugwire pepala kuti muchepetse pamwamba pake. Mothandizidwa ndi wopanga, zilembo zofiira ndi zabuluu zidzawonekera. N’zothekanso kulemba ndi inki zonse ziwiri papepala limodzi, kenaka mawu owululidwawo adzakhala amitundu iwiri (6). Mowa wa salicylic (2% salicylic acid mu mowa) ndiwoyeneranso ngati inki ya buluu (7).

Izi zikumaliza nkhani ya magawo atatu yonena za chitsulo ndi zinthu zake. Mwapeza kuti ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, chimakulolani kuchita zoyeserera zambiri zosangalatsa. Komabe, timayang'anabe pa mutu wa "chitsulo", chifukwa mu mwezi umodzi mudzakumana ndi mdani wake woipitsitsa - dzimbiri.

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