Mwambi wa nthawi

Nthawi yakhala vuto nthawi zonse. Choyamba, zinali zovuta kuti ngakhale anthu anzeru kwambiri amvetse kuti nthawi inali chiyani. Masiku ano, pamene zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti tikumvetsa izi kumlingo wina, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti popanda izo, makamaka mwachikhalidwe, zidzakhala bwino.

"" Yolembedwa ndi Isaac Newton. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi imatha kumveka bwino masamu. Kwa iye, nthawi yeniyeni ya mbali imodzi ndi geometry ya thambo la mlengalenga zitatu zinali zosiyana komanso zosiyana za zenizeni zenizeni, ndipo pa mphindi iliyonse ya nthawi yeniyeni, zochitika zonse mu Chilengedwe zinkachitika nthawi imodzi.

Ndi chiphunzitso chake chapadera cha relativity, Einstein anachotsa lingaliro la nthawi imodzi. Malingana ndi lingaliro lake, nthawi imodzi si chiyanjano chenicheni pakati pa zochitika: zomwe ziri panthawi imodzi muzofotokozera sizidzakhala nthawi imodzi mumzake.

Chitsanzo cha kumvetsa kwa Einstein za nthawi ndi muon kuchokera ku kuwala kwa cosmic. Ndi gawo losakhazikika la subatomic lomwe limakhala ndi moyo wa 2,2 microseconds. Zimapanga m'mlengalenga, ndipo ngakhale tikuyembekeza kuti ziyenda mamita 660 okha (pa liwiro la 300 km / s) zisanawonongeke, zotsatira za dilation nthawi zimalola ma cosmic muons kuyenda makilomita 000 kupita kudziko lapansi. ndi kupitirira. . Pachithunzithunzi ndi Dziko Lapansi, muons amakhala nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha liwiro lawo lalikulu.

Mu 1907, mphunzitsi wakale wa Einstein Hermann Minkowski adayambitsa malo ndi nthawi ngati. Spacetime imakhala ngati chochitika chomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayenda m'chilengedwe chogwirizana. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa nthawi ya mlengalenga unali wosakwanira (onaninso: ). Sizinaphatikizepo mphamvu yokoka mpaka Einstein adayambitsa mgwirizano wamba mu 1916. Nsalu ya nthawi ya mlengalenga imakhala yosalekeza, yosalala, yokhotakhota komanso yopunduka chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu (2). Mphamvu yokoka ndi kupindika kwa thambo, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha matupi akuluakulu ndi mphamvu zina, zomwe zimapanga njira yomwe zinthu zimayenda. Kupindika kumeneku kumakhala kosunthika, kumayenda ngati zinthu zikuyenda. Monga momwe katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi John Wheeler akunenera, "Nthawi ya mlengalenga imatenga nthawi yambiri powauza momwe imayendera, ndipo misa imatenga nthawi yamlengalenga powauza momwe angapindire."

2. Nthawi ya mlengalenga ya Einstein

Nthawi ndi dziko la quantum

Lingaliro lalikulu la relativity limawona kuti kupita kwa nthawi kumakhala kosalekeza komanso kwachibale, ndipo imawona kupita kwa nthawi kukhala kwachilengedwe chonse komanso kokwanira mugawo losankhidwa. M'zaka za m'ma 60, kuyesa kopambana kuphatikiza malingaliro osagwirizana kale, makina a quantum ndi mgwirizano wamba kunayambitsa zomwe zimadziwika kuti Wheeler-DeWitt equation, sitepe yopita ku chiphunzitso. quantum mphamvu yokoka. Equation iyi idathetsa vuto lina koma idapanga lina. Nthawi ilibe gawo mu equation iyi. Zimenezi zadzetsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, amene amati ndi vuto la nthaŵi.

Carlo Rovelli (3), katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Italy wamakono ali ndi lingaliro lotsimikizirika pankhaniyi. ", adalemba m'buku la "The Secret of Time".

3. Carlo Rovelli ndi bukhu lake

Iwo omwe amavomereza kutanthauzira kwa Copenhagen kwa quantum mechanics amakhulupirira kuti njira za quantum zimamvera equation ya Schrödinger, yomwe imakhala yofanana mu nthawi ndipo imachokera ku kugwa kwa ntchito. Mu quantum mechanical version ya entropy, pamene entropy imasintha, si kutentha komwe kumayenda, koma chidziwitso. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zakuthambo amanena kuti anapeza chiyambi cha nthawi. Amanena kuti mphamvu zimatayika ndipo zinthu zimagwirizana chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono timamanga pamodzi pamene timagwirizana mumtundu wa "quantum entanglement." Einstein, pamodzi ndi anzake a Podolsky ndi Rosen, adapeza kuti khalidweli silingatheke chifukwa linkatsutsana ndi maganizo a zochitika zenizeni za m'deralo za causation. Kodi tinthu tating'ono tating'onoting'ono titha kulumikizana bwanji nthawi imodzi, adafunsa.

Mu 1964, adapanga mayeso oyesera omwe adatsutsa zomwe Einstein adanena pa zomwe zimatchedwa zobisika. Choncho, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chidziŵitso chimayenda pakati pa tinthu tating’ono tomwe tatsekeredwa, zomwe zimakhala mofulumira kwambiri kuposa mmene kuwala kungayendere. Monga tikudziwira, nthawi kulibe particles omangika (4).

Gulu la akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo pa yunivesite ya Hebrew motsogozedwa ndi Eli Megidish ku Yerusalemu linanena kuti mu 2013 anakwanitsa kutsekereza ma photon omwe sanakhalepo pa nthawi yake. Choyamba, mu sitepe yoyamba, adapanga ma photon otsekedwa, 1-2. Posakhalitsa, iwo anayeza polarization ya photon 1 (katundu amene amafotokoza mmene kuwala oscillates) - potero "kupha" izo (siteji II). Photon 2 inatumizidwa paulendo, ndipo awiri atsopano omangika 3-4 anapangidwa (sitepe III). Photon 3 ndiye anayeza pamodzi ndi oyendayenda photon 2 m'njira kuti entanglement coefficient "kusintha" kuchokera awiriawiri akale (1-2 ndi 3-4) kwa latsopano kuphatikiza 2-3 (sitepe IV). Patapita nthawi (siteji V) polarity ya photon 4 yokhayo yomwe yatsalayo imayesedwa ndipo zotsatira zake zimafanizidwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa photon 1 yomwe yafa kalekale (kumbuyo mu siteji II). Zotsatira zake? Deta idawulula kukhalapo kwa kulumikizana kwachulukidwe pakati pa mafotoni 1 ndi 4, "osakhala am'deralo". Izi zikutanthauza kuti kulumikizidwa kumatha kuchitika m'machitidwe awiri a quantum omwe sanakhalepo nthawi.

Megiddish ndi anzake sangachitire mwina koma kulingalira za kutanthauzira kotheka kwa zotsatira zawo. Mwina muyeso wa polarization wa photon 1 mu sitepe II mwanjira ina imatsogolera polarization ya 4, kapena kuyeza kwa polarization ya photon 4 mu sitepe V mwanjira ina imasokoneza dziko lapitalo la photon 1. M'mbali zonse za kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, quantum mgwirizano umafalikira ku kusoweka koyambitsa pakati pa imfa ya photon imodzi ndi kubadwa kwa ina.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani pamlingo waukulu? Asayansi, pokambirana zomwe zingatheke, amalankhula za kuthekera kwakuti kuwunika kwathu kwa nyenyezi mwanjira inayake kunapangitsa kuti ma photon awonongeke zaka 9 biliyoni zapitazo.

Awiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya ku America ndi Canada, Matthew S. Leifer wa ku yunivesite ya Chapman ku California ndi Matthew F. Pusey wa Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics ku Ontario, adawona zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti ngati sititsatira mfundo yakuti Einstein. Miyeso yopangidwa pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono imatha kuwonetsedwa m'mbuyomu komanso m'tsogolo, zomwe zimakhala zosafunikira pankhaniyi. Pambuyo pokonzanso malingaliro ena ofunikira, asayansi adapanga chitsanzo chozikidwa pa chiphunzitso cha Bell, momwe danga limasinthidwa kukhala nthawi. Kuwerengera kwawo kukuwonetsa chifukwa chake, poganiza kuti nthawi ili patsogolo nthawi zonse, timapunthwa pazotsutsana.

Malinga ndi Carl Rovelli, kawonedwe kathu ka nthawi kaumunthu kamagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe mphamvu yotentha imakhalira. N’chifukwa chiyani timangodziwa zam’mbuyo osati zam’tsogolo? Chinsinsi, malinga ndi wasayansi, kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku zinthu zotentha kupita ku zozizira. Kapu ya ayezi yoponyedwa mu kapu yotentha ya khofi imaziziritsa khofiyo. Koma ndondomekoyi ndi yosasinthika. Munthu, ngati mtundu wa "thermodynamic makina", amatsatira muvi wa nthawi ndipo sangathe kumvetsa njira ina. Rovelli analemba kuti: “Koma ngati ndiona zinthu zing’onozing’ono kwambiri, kusiyana pakati pa zam’mbuyo ndi zam’tsogolo kumasowa . . .

Nthawi yoyesedwa mu magawo a quantum

Kapena mwina nthawi ikhoza kuwerengedwa? Nthanthi yatsopano yomwe yangotuluka kumene ikusonyeza kuti kaduka kakang’ono kwambiri ka nthawi sikangathe kupitirira gawo limodzi mwa magawo XNUMX pa sekondi imodzi. Chiphunzitsochi chimatsatira lingaliro lomwe ndi chinthu choyambirira cha wotchi. Malinga ndi akatswiri, zotsatira za kulingalira kumeneku zingathandize kupanga "lingaliro la chirichonse".

Lingaliro la nthawi ya quantum si lachilendo. Chitsanzo cha quantum gravity akulingalira kuti nthawi ichulukitsidwe ndikukhala ndi mlingo wina wa nkhupakupa. Kuzungulira uku ndikocheperako konsekonse, ndipo palibe kukula kwa nthawi komwe kungakhale kocheperako. Zikanakhala ngati kuti pa maziko a chilengedwe pali malo amene amatsimikizira kuti chilichonse chimene chili mmenemo chimayenda mofulumira kwambiri, n’kupatsa tinthu ting’onoting’ono ting’onoting’ono. Pankhani ya wotchi yapadziko lonse imeneyi, “m’malo mopatsa misa, idzapereka nthaŵi,” akufotokoza motero katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo amene akufuna kuŵerengera nthaŵi, Martin Bojowald.

Potengera wotchi yapadziko lonse ngati imeneyi, iye ndi anzake a pakoleji ya Pennsylvania State College ku United States anasonyeza kuti ingathandize kuti mawotchi a atomiki apangidwe, amene amagwiritsa ntchito mawotchi a atomiki atulutse zotsatira zolondola kwambiri zodziwika. miyeso ya nthawi. Malinga ndi chitsanzo ichi, wotchi ya atomiki (5) nthawi zina sinagwirizane ndi wotchi yapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zingachepetse kulondola kwa kuyeza kwa nthawi kukhala koloko imodzi ya atomiki, kutanthauza kuti mawotchi aŵiri osiyana a atomiki amatha kusalingana ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe yapitayo. Poganizira kuti mawotchi athu abwino kwambiri a atomiki amagwirizana ndipo amatha kuyeza nkhupakupa mpaka masekondi 10-19, kapena gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a gawo limodzi mwa magawo biliyoni a sekondi imodzi, gawo lofunikira la nthawi silingakhale loposa masekondi 10-33. Awa ndi mawu omaliza a nkhani yokhudza chiphunzitsochi yomwe idatuluka mu June 2020 m'magazini a Physical Review Letters.

5. Wotchi ya atomiki yochokera ku Lutetium ku National University of Singapore.

Kuyesa ngati gawo loyambira la nthawi liripo ndikupitilira luso lathu laukadaulo, komabe zikuwoneka kuti ndi zofikirika kuposa kuyeza nthawi ya Planck, yomwe ndi 5,4 × 10-44 masekondi.

Zotsatira za gulugufe sizigwira ntchito!

Kuchotsa nthawi kuchokera ku dziko la quantum kapena quantizing kungakhale ndi zotsatira zosangalatsa, koma tiyeni tikhale oona mtima, malingaliro otchuka amayendetsedwa ndi chinthu china, ndicho kuyenda kwa nthawi.

Pafupifupi chaka chapitacho, pulofesa wa payunivesite ya Connecticut, Ronald Mallett, anauza CNN kuti analemba nkhani ya sayansi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko a sayansi. makina enieni a nthawi. Anapanganso kachipangizo kofotokoza mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitsocho. Amakhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kusandutsa nthawi kukhala chipikazomwe zingalole kuyenda kwa nthawi kupita ku zakale. Adapanganso chithunzi chowonetsa momwe ma laser angathandizire kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti anzake a Mallett sakukhulupirira kuti makina ake a nthawi adzatha. Ngakhale Mallett amavomereza kuti lingaliro lake ndilongopeka panthawiyi.

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019, New Scientist inanena kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo Barak Shoshani ndi Jacob Hauser a Perimeter Institute ku Canada adalongosola njira yomwe munthu amatha kuyenda kuchokera kumodzi. chakudya chatsopano kwa wachiwiri, kupita kudzera pachibowo nthawi ya danga kapena ngalande, monga amanenera, "masamu zotheka". Chitsanzochi chikuganiza kuti pali maiko osiyanasiyana omwe tingayendemo, ndipo ali ndi vuto lalikulu - kuyenda kwa nthawi sikukhudza nthawi ya apaulendo. Mwanjira iyi, mutha kukopa zopitiliza zina, koma zomwe tidayambira ulendo sizisintha.

Ndipo popeza ife tiri mu danga-nthawi continua, ndiye ndi thandizo la quantum kompyuta Kuti ayese kuyenda kwa nthawi, asayansi posachedwapa atsimikizira kuti palibe "gulugufe" mu gawo la quantum, monga momwe amawonera m'mafilimu ndi mabuku ambiri a sayansi. Muzoyesera pamlingo wa quantum, zowonongeka, zowoneka ngati zosasinthika, ngati kuti zenizeni zimadzichiritsa zokha. Pepala pankhaniyi lidawonekera m'chilimwe m'makalata a Psychical Review Letters. "Pakompyuta yochulukirayi, palibe vuto lililonse pakuyerekeza kusinthika kosiyana m'nthawi yake, kapena kutengera njira yosinthira m'mbuyomu," adalongosola Mikolay Sinitsyn, katswiri wa sayansi yasayansi ku Los Alamos National Laboratory komanso co- wolemba maphunziro. Ntchito. "Titha kuwona zomwe zimachitika kudziko lovuta la quantum ngati tibwerera m'mbuyo, kuwonjezera zowonongeka ndikubwerera. Tikuwona kuti dziko lathu loyambirira lapulumuka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti palibe mphamvu ya gulugufe mu quantum mechanics. "

Ichi ndi vuto lalikulu kwa ife, komanso uthenga wabwino kwa ife. Kupitilira kwa nthawi ya danga kumasunga umphumphu, osalola kusintha kwakung'ono kuti kuwononge. Chifukwa chiyani? Ili ndi funso losangalatsa, koma mutu wosiyana pang'ono ndi nthawi yomwe.