Mphamvu za nyukiliya mumlengalenga. Mathamangitsidwe a atomiki

Lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya poyendetsa ndege zamlengalenga ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'malo okhala kunja kwa dziko lapansi lamtsogolo silatsopano. Posachedwapa, abwera mumkokomo watsopano, ndipo pamene akukhala gawo la mpikisano waukulu wa mphamvu, kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kumakhala kosavuta.

NASA ndi US Department of Energy adayamba kusaka pakati pamakampani ogulitsa ntchito zopangira magetsi a nyukiliya pa Mwezi ndi Mars. Izi ziyenera kuthandizira kafukufuku wanthawi yayitali komanso mwinanso ntchito zokhazikika. Cholinga cha NASA ndikuti ikonzekere kukhazikitsidwa pofika 2026. Chomeracho chiyenera kupangidwa kwathunthu ndikusonkhanitsidwa Padziko Lapansi ndikuyesedwa kuti chitetezeke.

Anthony Calomino, mkulu wa NASA wa nyukiliya ku Space Technology Administration adanena kuti Dongosololi ndi kupanga zida za nyukiliya za XNUMX-kilowatt zomwe zidzayambitsidwe ndi kuikidwa pamwezi. (mmodzi). Iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi chowongolera cha mwezi ndipo chowonjezera chidzachitengera kanjira ka mwezi. Komatsu ndiye kubweretsa dongosolo pamwamba.

Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti ikafika pamalowo idzakhala yokonzeka nthawi yomweyo kugwira ntchito, popanda kufunikira kowonjezera kapena kumanga. Opaleshoniyo ndi chiwonetsero cha zotheka ndipo idzakhala poyambira kugwiritsa ntchito yankho ndi zotuluka zake.

"Tekinolojeyo ikatsimikiziridwa panthawi yachiwonetsero, machitidwe amtsogolo amatha kukulitsidwa kapena zida zingapo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi pamisonkhano yayitali yopita ku Mwezi komanso mwina Mars," adatero Calomino pa CNBC. "Mayunitsi anayi, iliyonse yomwe imapanga magetsi a 10 kilowatts, idzapereka mphamvu zokwanira kukhazikitsa malo akunja pa Mwezi kapena Mars.

Kuthekera kopanga magetsi ochulukirapo padziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana pansi kumathandizira kufufuza kwakukulu, malo otulutsirako anthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili mu situ, ndikuloleza mwayi wochita malonda. "

Zidzatheka bwanji nyukiliya magetsi? Pang'ono analemeretsedwa mawonekedwe mafuta a nyukiliya adzakhala wamphamvu nyukiliya pachimake... Wamng'ono zida zanyukiliya idzatulutsa kutentha, komwe kudzasamutsidwa ku makina osinthira mphamvu. Makina osinthira mphamvu azikhala ndi mainjini opangidwa kuti azigwira kutentha kwa riyakitala osati mafuta oyaka. Ma injiniwa amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kusandulika kukhala magetsi, omwe amasinthidwa ndikugawidwa ku zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito pamwamba pa Mwezi ndi Mars. Njira yochepetsera kutentha ndiyofunika kusunga kutentha koyenera kwa zipangizo.

Mphamvu za nyukiliya tsopano ikuwoneka ngati njira yokhayo yololera mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo ndi hydropower sizipezeka mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mars, mphamvu ya dzuwa imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo, ndipo mphepo yamkuntho ya nthawi ndi nthawi imatha miyezi ingapo.

Pa mwezi ozizira mwezi usiku umatenga masiku 14, kuwala kwadzuwa kumasiyana kwambiri pafupi ndi mitengoyo ndipo kulibe m’chigwa chomwe chili ndi mithunzi. M’mikhalidwe yovuta yoteroyo, kupeza mphamvu kuchokera kudzuŵa kumakhala kovuta, ndipo mafuta amakhala ochepa. Surface fission energy imapereka njira yosavuta, yodalirika komanso yothandiza.

Mosiyana zitsulo pansipalibe cholinga chochotsa kapena kusintha mafuta. Pamapeto pa ntchito ya zaka 10, palinso ndondomeko yochepetsera chitetezo cha malowa. "Pamapeto pa moyo wake wautumiki, dongosololi lidzazimitsidwa ndipo mlingo wa ma radiation udzachepa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kufika pamtunda womwe uli wotetezeka kuti munthu apeze ndikugwira ntchito," adatero Calomino. "Zinyalala zimatha kusamukira kumalo osungirako akutali komwe sizingawononge antchito kapena chilengedwe."

Yaing'ono, yopepuka, koma yogwira ntchito bwino yomwe ikufunika kwambiri

Pamene kufufuza zakuthambo kukukula, tikuchita kale bwino machitidwe opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya pamlingo wochepa. Zida zoterezi zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali zamlengalenga zopanda munthu zomwe zimapita kumadera akutali a mapulaneti a dzuwa.

Mu 2019, chombo cha nyukiliya cha New Horizons chogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya chinadutsa pa chinthu chakutali kwambiri chomwe sichinawonepo pafupi, Ultima Thule, kupitirira Pluto kudera lomwe limadziwika kuti Kuiper belt. Iye sakanakhoza kuchita izo popanda mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Mphamvu zadzuwa sizipezeka mu mphamvu zokwanira kunja kwa kanjira ka Mars. Magwero a mankhwala sakhalitsa chifukwa mphamvu zawo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri ndipo kulemera kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ma jenereta a radiothermal (RTG) imagwiritsa ntchito plutonium isotope 238Pu, yomwe ndi yabwino kutulutsa kutentha kosatha kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa radioactive potulutsa tinthu tating'ono ta alpha, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala magetsi. Theka la moyo wake wazaka 88 zikutanthauza kuti idzagwira ntchito yayitali. Komabe, ma RTGs sangapereke mphamvu zenizeni zomwe zimafunikira pa maulendo ataliatali, zombo zazikulu kwambiri, osatchulanso zapansi.

Yankho, mwachitsanzo, pakuwunika kowunikira komanso kukhazikika pa Mars kapena Mwezi atha kukhala mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono omwe NASA yakhala ikuyesa kwa zaka zingapo. Zida zimenezi zimadziwika kuti Kilopower fission energy project (2), adapangidwa kuti azipereka mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 10 kW ndipo zitha kukhazikitsidwa ngati ma module ogwirizana kumayendedwe othamangitsa mphamvu kapena kuthandizira kafukufuku, migodi kapena madera pamagulu achilendo.

Monga mukudziwa, unyinji umafunika mumlengalenga. riyakitala mphamvu sayenera kupitirira kulemera kwa galimoto wamba. Monga tikudziwira, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kuwonetsero waposachedwa SpaceX Falcon Heavy roketikuyambitsa galimoto mumlengalenga panopa si vuto luso. Chifukwa chake, ma reactors owunikira amatha kuyikidwa mosavuta munjira kuzungulira Dziko Lapansi ndi kupitirira apo.

2. XNUMX kilowatt KIlopower reactor prototype.

Roketi yokhala ndi riyakitala imadzutsa ziyembekezo ndi mantha

Mtsogoleri wakale wa NASA Jim Bridenstine anatsindika nthawi zambiri ubwino wa nyukiliya matenthedwe injini, ndikuwonjezera kuti mphamvu zochulukirapo zitha kuloleza zida zozungulira kuti zitha kuthawa ngati zitawukiridwa ndi zida zotsutsana ndi satelayiti.

Ma reactor mu orbit atha kupangiranso ma laser amphamvu ankhondo, zomwe zilinso zosangalatsa kwa akuluakulu aku US. Komabe, injini ya roketi ya nyukiliya isanayambe kuwuluka koyamba, NASA iyenera kusintha malamulo ake okhudza kutengera zida za nyukiliya mumlengalenga. Ngati izi ndi zoona, ndiye, malinga ndi dongosolo la NASA, ndege yoyamba ya injini ya nyukiliya iyenera kuchitika mu 2024.

Komabe, dziko la US likuwoneka kuti likuyambitsa ntchito zake za nyukiliya, makamaka dziko la Russia litalengeza pulogalamu yazaka khumi yomanga chombo cha nyukiliya cha anthu wamba. Iwo poyamba anali mtsogoleri wosatsutsika pa luso lazopangapanga.

M'zaka za m'ma 60, United States inali ndi pulojekiti yopangira zida za nyukiliya za Orion pulse-pulse, zomwe zimayenera kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri moti zingathe kulola kusuntha mizinda yonse mumlengalengakomanso kupanga ndege yopita ku Alpha Centauri. Zongopeka zonse zakale zaku America zakhala pashelefu kuyambira 70s.

Komabe, ndi nthawi yoti muchotse malingaliro akale. injini ya nyukiliya mumlengalengamakamaka chifukwa mpikisano, mu nkhani iyi makamaka Russia, posachedwapa anasonyeza chidwi kwambiri luso limeneli. Roketi yotentha ya nyukiliya imatha kuchepetsa nthawi yowulukira ku Mars pakati, mwina mpaka masiku zana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti oyenda mumlengalenga amawononga zinthu zochepa komanso kuchuluka kwa ma radiation kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, monga zikuwonekera, sipadzakhala kudalira koteroko pa "mazenera", ndiko kuti, njira zingapo za Mars kupita ku Dziko Lapansi zaka zingapo zilizonse.

Komabe, pali chiwopsezo, chomwe chimaphatikizaponso kuti riyakitala yomwe ili pamtunda ingakhale gwero lowonjezera la ma radiation pomwe malo ali kale ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chamtunduwu. Si zokhazo. Injini yotentha ya nyukiliya sichingayambitsidwe mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi kuopa kuphulika ndi kuipitsidwa komwe kungachitike. Chifukwa chake, maroketi abwinobwino amaperekedwa kuti ayambike. Chifukwa chake, sitidumpha gawo lokwera mtengo kwambiri lomwe likugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa misa munjira kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi.

Ntchito yofufuza ya NASA idatchedwa MTENGO (Nuclear Thermal Rocket Environmental Simulator) ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha zoyesayesa za NASA kuti abwerere ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Mu 2017, tisanalankhule za kubwerera kuukadaulo, NASA idapatsa BWX Technologies mgwirizano wazaka zitatu, $ 19 miliyoni kuti apange zida zamafuta ndi ma reactors ofunikira pomanga. injini ya nyukiliya. Limodzi mwamalingaliro atsopano oyendetsa nyukiliya a NASA ndi Swarm-Probe ATEG Reactor, SPEAR(3), yomwe ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito chowongolera chatsopano chopepuka komanso majenereta apamwamba a thermoelectric (ATEGs) kuti achepetse kwambiri misa yayikulu.

Izi zidzafuna kuchepetsa kutentha kwa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zonse zapakati. Komabe, misa yochepetsedwayo ingafune mphamvu zoyendetsa pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chombo chaching'ono, chotsika mtengo, chamagetsi cha nyukiliya.

3. Kuwoneka kwa kafukufuku wopangidwa mkati mwa pulojekiti ya Swarm-Probe Enabling ATEG Reactor.

Anatoly PerminovIzi zidalengezedwa ndi mkulu wa Federal Space Agency ku Russia. adzapanga chombo cha nyukiliya choyendera mlengalenga mozama, kupereka njira yakeyake, yoyambira. Kukonzekera koyambirira kunamalizidwa ndi 2013, ndipo zaka 9 zotsatira zikukonzekera chitukuko. Dongosololi liyenera kukhala lophatikiza mphamvu za nyukiliya zokhala ndi ion propulsion system. Mpweya wotentha pa 1500 ° C kuchokera ku riyakitala uyenera kutembenuza turbine yomwe imatembenuza jenereta yomwe imapanga magetsi a injini ya ion.

Malinga ndi Perminov, kuyendetsa kudzatha kuthandizira ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi anthu ku Marsndipo akatswiri a zakuthambo atha kukhala pa Red Planet kwa masiku 30 chifukwa cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Zonsezi, ulendo wa pandege wopita ku Mars ndi injini ya nyukiliya komanso kuthamanga kosalekeza kungatenge milungu isanu ndi umodzi m'malo mwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, kutanthauza kuti kuthamanga kwambiri kuwirikiza ka 300 kuposa kwa injini yamankhwala.

Komabe, si zonse zomwe zili bwino mu pulogalamu ya Russia. Mu Ogasiti 2019, cholumikizira chinaphulika ku Sarov, Russia m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera, yomwe inali gawo la injini ya rocket ku Baltic Sea. mafuta amadzimadzi. Sizikudziwika ngati tsokali likukhudzana ndi pulogalamu yofufuza za nyukiliya ya ku Russia yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Mosakayikira, chinthu chotsutsana pakati pa United States ndi Russia, ndipo mwina China pansi. kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya mumlengalenga amapereka kafukufuku mphamvu yofulumizitsa.