Masankho ndi Masamu, kapena Gawani ndikugonjetsa
Vuto la kusankha lakhala liri patsogolo pathu. Munthu wamba adakumananso ndi vuto: ndikukhala ndi moyo wotani? Kumbali ina, kusankhidwa kwa atsogoleri a mafuko kunali kosavuta: yemwe adapha wopikisana naye adalamulira. Masiku ano ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndi zabwinonso.
Mawu achilatini omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wa nkhaniyi amatanthauza "kugawa ndi kugonjetsa". Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. yambitsani mkangano pakati pa anthu ndipo kudzakhala kosavuta kuti mupambane. Ogonjetsa a ku Spain a m’zaka za m’ma 1990 ndi XNUMX anachititsa mwaluso mitundu ina ya Amwenye kutsutsana ndi ena. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, kazembe wa ku Russia Repnin adapindula kwambiri: adakwanitsa kuchititsa chisokonezo m'zaka zapitazi za Poland. Momwemonso anachitira British mu ufumu wawo wakale, ndipo nkhondo ya Yugoslavia ya XNUMX inayamba ndi Aserbia kumenyana ndi Croat ndi mosemphanitsa.
Tikudziwa zitsanzo za kuyambitsa dala mikangano m'dziko limodzi. Mwamwayi, izi sizili choncho masiku ano ku Poland. Chipani cholamulira ndi chitsanzo cha kufewa, kudziletsa ndi kulingalira bwino, kudzazidwa ndi ulemu kwa otsutsa, kulemekeza malamulo, Constitution ndi chifuniro cha munthu wosavuta. Pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse lapansi timapambana, nthawi zambiri ndi ziro (chipambano chosaiwalika 27:0). Pamasewera, tikuchita bwino: timakumbukira masewera osangalatsa a hockey ndi Cameroon. Palibe zonyansa, andale ndi omveka bwino. Ali kuti matumba awo m'mutu mwawo! Chipanichi ndichotsogola. Tithandiza!
Imani, imani. Sitili magazini atolankhani. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mungapindire njira yopangira zisankho mu ukulu wa masamu ndi ... logic. Kufotokozera kwathunthu kungakhale ntchito yayikulu, yolemba nkhani kuposa sayansi.
Njira zotsatirazi ndizotheka.
Choyamba, ndikuwongolera kugawanitsa dziko kukhala zigawo.
Kachiwiri, kusankha njira yosinthira mavoti kukhala mipando yanyumba yamalamulo kapena (mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya zisankho zapulezidenti) kukhala mipando yachisankho.
Chachitatu: kutanthauzira pamene mawu ali ofunikira komanso pamene sali ofunikira.
Sindinatchule pano nkhanza zoonekeratu monga kusokoneza umbuli wa ovota (ku Polish People's Republic, kuvota opanda kanthu kumatanthauza kuvotera anthu omwe ali pamwamba pa mndandanda), chinyengo powerengera mavoti ndi kutumiza zomwe zili pamwambapa.
ndiyamba . Kodi mawu odabwitsawa ndi otani? Ndimalongosola mozungulira pang'ono.
Owerenga anu mwina amadziwa zomwe zili mu tennis. Timapeza mfundo, masewera ndi ma seti. Kuti mupambane masewerawa, muyenera kupambana osachepera mipira inayi (mfundo), koma osachepera awiri kuposa mdani wanu. Kupatulapo ndi masewera a tie-break - imaseweredwa mpaka mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri zopambana (mipira), komanso ndi lamulo labwino la mipira iwiri. Mipira yopambana imawerengedwa modabwitsa: 15, 30, 40, ndiye timangogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ubwino - balance".
1. Kumanzere tingachipeze powerenga gerrymandering. Kukhazikika kwapadziko lonse kumasanduka chigonjetso cha buluu. Ndiko kulondola: m'chigawo chilichonse cha chigawo chakumpoto, ma blues ali ndi chithandizo cha 25%, mwa ena onse - koma alibe nazo ntchito.
Zamtengo wapatali zimasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu. Kuti mupambane seti, muyenera kukhala ndi masewera osachepera asanu ndi limodzi komanso osachepera awiri kuposa mdani wanu. Chigoli chikakhala 6:6, nthawi yopuma nthawi zambiri imaseweredwa. Machesi amaseweredwa ndikupambana ma seti awiri kapena atatu. “Kufikira kuwiri” kumatanthauza kuti amene wapambana ma seti awiri amapambana. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zake zitha kukhala 2:0 kapena 2:1 (ndi symmetrically 0:2, 1:2). Malamulowa akutanthauza kuti simuyenera kupambana mipira yambiri (mfundo) kuti mupambane masewerawo. Mwachidule, muyenera kupambana zofunika kwambiri. Chitsanzo choopsa ndi pamene wosewera A apambana seti yoyamba 6-0 ndipo ena awiri ataya 4-6. Waluza machesi ngakhale wapambana masewera 14 ndipo mdani wake 12.
Ndilozera ku zomwe ndidalemba mphindi yapitayo. Pali nthawi zambiri zofunika kwambiri pa tennis. Wosewera wabwino wa tennis amayang'ana zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri.
Tsogolo la mamiliyoni m'miyendo ya salamander
Tiyeni tipite ku zisankho za ndale. Nthawi zambiri, zisankho zomwe zimasankhidwa ndi masauzande kapena mamiliyoni.
Muyenera kukhala ndi dziko lokhala ndi ma constituency. Chifukwa? Zilibe kanthu momwe? ayi! Woyamba kudziwa momwe angachitire izi kuti awonjezere mwayi wa chipani chake anali Elbridge Jerry, wandale waku America wazaka mazana awiri zapitazo. Mmodzi mwa mabwalo omwe adawafunsa anali owoneka ngati ... salamander, ndipo kuphatikiza kwa dzina lake ndi amphibian uyu wamchira adatsogolera ku mawuwo. Zimagwira ntchito bwino ndi madera omwe ali ndi mamembala amodzi, kotero sizokhudza ku Poland. Ndi ofesi ya mamembala ambiri, zinthu ndi zosiyana kwambiri. Mutha kuwotchedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndipo chinthu chosangalatsa.
2. Mkulu wa chinyengo. Kumanzere: 40% yothandizira padziko lonse lapansi idasandulika kupambana 4-2. Kumanja: Geometry imachita ntchito yabwino yosinthira 32% chithandizo kukhala chipambano chapadziko lonse cha 4:3.
Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiyerekeze dziko, lokhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso lokhala ndi malire okhazikika: malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono mkati mwake. Chisankho cha mzinda ndi mameya ndichofanana kwambiri, koma masamu zilibe kanthu. Chipani cholamulira mu buluu chili ndi chithandizo m'magawo omwe ali ndi blue on chith. 1. Zobiriwira zimatsogolera m'mabwalo obiriwira. Popeza tikukamba za zigawo za anthu amodzi, zilibe kanthu kuti ubwino wake ndi wotani. Ndife olumikizidwa kudziko lonse, monga mabwalo abuluu ambiri monga pali obiriwira. Koma ma blues amalamulira ndikugawa dziko kukhala zigawo. Pali zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu (1). Zotsatira za mavoti ndi chiyani? Zosayembekezereka! Osewera a buluu amapambana mu A, C, E, F, G, ndiye kuti, mabwalo asanu mwa asanu ndi atatu. Pankhani ya madera omwe ali mamembala amodzi, ali ndi mwayi wa 5: 3 m'dziko lonselo (mwina mizinda ngati ndi chisankho cha mameya).
geography yachisankho izi zili ndi mwayi wofunikira kuphwando komwe zonyansa ndizofala. Tiyerekeze kuti pabuka chipwirikiti ku constituency B - meya adabera ndalama za bajeti ndikuti zonse zili bwino. Ovota ambiri anamukana. Ngati kale mavoti anagawidwa pafupifupi mofanana (51:49 mokomera chipani chimodzi kapena china), tsopano m'chigawo B m'chigawo chaching'ono chilichonse, wobiriwira analandira 75%, ndi buluu 25 okha. Komabe, pa mlingo wa dziko, izi kupweteka konse (Gulu 1). Kuti agwiritse ntchito fanizo la tenisi, adangotaya mfundo yopanda kanthu.
| chigawo | Синий | Zeloni | Ndani akupambana |
| A | 251 | 249 | Синий |
| B | 100 | 300 | Zeloni |
| C | 251 | 249 | Синий |
| D | 198 | 202 | Zeloni |
| E | 251 | 249 | Синий |
| F | 251 | 249 | Синий |
| G | 251 | 249 | Синий |
| H | 149 | 151 | Zeloni |
| Mavoti onse | 1702 | 1898 | 5 ku 3 pa buluu |
Table 1. Chiwerengero cha mavoti 1898: 1702 mokomera masamba, koma 5: 3 mipando mu nyumba yamalamulo kwa buluu! Mu chisankho cha pulezidenti wa US, zimachitika kuti wopambana amalandira mavoti ochepa.
Dongosolo limodzi lili ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zake. Zinachokera ku mwambo wachingelezi wanyumba yamalamulo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamu yaperekedwa kuti ichepetse pang'ono mfundo yakuti "wopambana amatenga zonse". Lamulo lodziwika kwambiri linali "gawo lalikulu kwambiri". Tiyerekeze kuti maphwando anayi A, B, C ndi D akupikisana m'chigawo cha Grodzisko Nadmorsky. Pali malo asanu ndi awiri opambana. Pachisankho zipanizi zidalandira mavoti 9934 5765, 4031 1999, 21 729 ndi XNUMX XNUMX; onse XNUMX XNUMX. Tikuyembekezera:
7 ∙9934/21729= 3,20
7 ∙5765/21729= 1,86
7 ∙4031/21729= 1,30
7 ∙1999/21729= 0,64
Zomveka; ngati Commonwealth ikanakhala, monga Prince Radziwiłł akunena mu Chigumula, nsalu yofiira, maphwando akanang'amba mu chiŵerengero cha 320: 186: 130: 64. Koma pali malo asanu ndi awiri okha ogawana. Maere A amayenera malo atatu (chifukwa quotient ndi yayikulu kuposa 3), maere B, C amayenera malo amodzi aliwonse. Kodi ndingasankhe bwanji ena awiriwo? Njira yotsatirayi ikuperekedwa: perekani kwa maphwando omwe "osasowa mavoti onse", mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Choncho, iwo amagwera mu magawo B, D. Tiyeni tiyimire zotsatira mu graph yomveka bwino Chith. 3.
fig.3 Njira ya "gawo lalikulu kwambiri". Mgwirizano B + C + D ukugonjetsa Chipani A
Kodi otchedwa. ulamuliro wa d'Ondt? Ndikukambirana izi mopitirira pang'ono. Ndikupangira ngati masewera olimbitsa thupi. Zotsatira chith. 4.
fig.4 Zotsatira za njira ya d'Hondt. Party A imadzilamulira yokha.
Pazochita zosavuta zotsatirazi, ndikupangira kuti owerenga achite chonga ichi: lingalirani maphwando B, C, ndi D avomereza ndikupita kukavota mugulu limodzi-atchule E. Kenako, monga momwe lamulo la d'Hondt likunenera, amachotsa chimodzi. chipani A chili ndi udindo, i.e. zotsatira za A:E ndi 3:4. Mawu omaliza akhala akudziwika kwa zaka zambiri ngati mwambi wakuti: Kuvomereza kumayambitsa, kusagwirizana kumawononga.
Mwamwayi, zitsanzo zomwe ndikupereka pano ndi zabodza ndipo kufanana kulikonse ndi mayiko odziwika kumangochitika mwangozi.
D'Ond
Kodi njira yotchulidwa ya d'Hondt imagwira ntchito bwanji? Chitsanzo ndi choyenera kwambiri pa izi. Tiyerekeze kuti dera lina lavota pa chisankho cha maepiskopi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera. Gulu 2.
| Dzina lachipani | Mawu, N. | N/2 | N/3 | N/4 | N/5 |
| Full Prosperity Party | 10 000 | 5000 | 3333 | 2500 | 2000 |
| phwando la kuchuluka | 6600 | 3300 | 2200 | 1650 | 1320 |
| Locomotive ya kupita patsogolo | 4800 | 2400 | 1600 | 1200 | 960 |
| Anthu achinyengo komanso ochita katangale | 3600 | 1800 | 1200 | 900 | 720 |
Table 2. Zotsatira za mavoti ku Klapucko Male masankho ku Klapadocsy.
Zinapezeka kuti phwando la mbava ndi gochstaplers anapambana bwino mu Klaputsky Maly. Padziko lonse lapansi, sanapeze 5%, kotero zotsatira zawo sizimaganiziridwa. Timayika ena motsatira, osayiwala kuti akuchokera ku chipani:
10 (PTD), 000 (SO), 6600 (PTD), 5000 (LP), 4800 (PTD), 3333 (SO), 3300 (PTD), 2500 (LP), 2400 (SO), etc. Timagawira matikiti mu dongosolo lotchulidwa. Zotsatira zimatengera kuchuluka kwa matikiti omwe alipo.
| Malo 3 | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 0 |
| Malo 4 | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 5 mipando | PTD 3, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 6 mipando | PTD 3, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 7 mipando | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 8 mipando | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 2 |
| 9 mipando | PTD 4, SO 3, LP 2 |
Table 3. Kugawidwa kwa mipando kutengera chiwerengero chawo.
Akuti dongosolo loterolo limapangitsa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale bwino - zimachepetsa kulamulira komwe kungatheke kwa gulu limodzi. Komabe, nkhaniyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Zonse zimadalira deta yeniyeni. Ndilibe malo okambitsirana motalikirapo, ndingowona mfundo ziwiri zokha zosangalatsa:
1. Ngati achiwembu ndi achinyengo akadafika pachimake pachisankho cha dziko lonse, zotsatira zake zikadakhala zosiyana. Sangasinthe ngati patakhala mipando itatu kapena inayi kuti apambane, koma ngati anthu asanu ochokera m’derali alowa munyumba ya malamulo, zotsatira zake zidzakhala: PTD 2, SO 1, PL 1, JG 1. Chipani cha PTD chidzataya ufulu wake wonse. . ambiri. Zimagwira ntchito mosiyana: ngati kagulu kakang'ono katuluka m'phwando, aliyense amataya, kuphatikizapo omwe sakugwirizana nawo.
2. Ngati SO ndi LP agwirizana ndikupita limodzi kukavota, ndiye kuti sizingakhale zovuta muzochitika zilizonse, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala bwino.
Tiyeni tiwone momwe njira ya d'Hondt imachitira zinthu chith. 2pamene pali mipando iwiri kapena itatu yopanda kanthu mu ward. Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti pankhani ya zigawo za mamembala amodzi, izi zidapereka chigonjetso champhamvu kwa a Blues. Pankhani ya kuwirikiza kawiri, pali kugonja kotheratu, koma pankhani ya katatu, amapambananso.
| chigawo | Синий | Zeloni | Njira ya d'Ondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | Magiya magiya: 251/249; ndondomeko 1-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/100; 0-2 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198; 1-1 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149; 1-1 |
| Mavoti onse | 1702 | 1898 | Buluu 7 - Wobiriwira 9 |
Table 4. Mkhalidwe ndi mkuyu. 2, koma ndi zigawo ziwiri. Kulephera kwa buluu 7:9.
| chigawo | Синий | Zeloni | Njira ya d'Ondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | Magawo a zida: 251/249/125,5; Chithunzi 2-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/150/100; 0,5-2,5 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198/101; 1-2 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149/75,5; 1-2 |
| Mavoti onse | 1702 | 1898 | Buluu 12,5 - Wobiriwira 11,5 |
Table 5. Mkhalidwe ndi mkuyu. 2, koma ndi zigawo zitatu.
Mwa zina, ndimaphatikiza "geometry" pamavoti oyenerera kukhala ofunikira kapena osafunikira. M'mayiko ambiri, chizindikiro chovomerezeka ndi "tick", ndiko kuti, v, ndipo nthawi zina Y. Tili ndi x, yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugunda (ndipo kukana). Wopanga malamulo ankafuna kufotokoza izi ndipo anapereka tanthauzo la masamu - "mizere iwiri yodutsana", kutanthauzira kuti mizere iwiri ya chilembo v sichidutsana.
Choyamba, mu masamu, "kudutsa" kumatanthauza "kukhala ndi mfundo yofanana" - izi ziyenera kugwirizana makamaka ndi achinyamata (osakwana makumi asanu), chifukwa ndi momwe sukulu ilili tsopano. Komabe, ngati wina sakhulupirira masamu, ndiye kuti akhoza kukumbukira kuti U-turn panjira ndi mphambano.
Ndi bwino kusiya tanthauzo lolakwika: chizindikiro chilichonse chomwe chimasonyeza momveka bwino kusankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa kukhala malo omwe kale anali olemekezeka, koma tsopano ali ndi chiyanjano chopanda pake.
