Kukhuthala kwamafuta

Kukhuthala kwa mafuta ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zamafuta a injini yamagalimoto. Eni magalimoto ambiri adamvapo za parameter iyi, awona kutchulidwa kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe pamafuta amafuta, koma ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa zomwe zilembo ndi manambalawa amatanthauza komanso zomwe zimakhudza. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za kukhuthala kwa mafuta, mawonekedwe a mamasukidwe akayendedwe, komanso momwe mungasankhire mamasukidwe amafuta a injini yagalimoto yanu.

Mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?

Mafuta agalimoto amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito moyenera kwa machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kukangana, kuziziritsa, kudzoza mafuta, kusamutsa kukakamiza ku zigawo ndi zigawo za galimoto, kuchotsa zinthu zoyaka moto. Zovuta kwambiri zogwirira ntchito zamafuta agalimoto. Iwo sayenera kutaya katundu wawo ndi yomweyo kusintha matenthedwe ndi makina katundu, mchikakamizo cha mpweya mpweya ndi aukali zinthu anapanga pa chosakwanira kuyaka mafuta.

Mafuta amapanga filimu yamafuta pamwamba pazigawo zopaka ndikuchepetsa kuvala, amateteza dzimbiri, komanso amachepetsa mphamvu ya zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya injini. Kuzungulira mu crankcase, mafuta amachotsa kutentha, amachotsa zinthu zovala (zitsulo zachitsulo) kuchokera kumalo okhudzana ndi kupukuta, kusindikiza mipata pakati pa makoma a silinda ndi zigawo za gulu la pistoni.

Kodi kukhuthala kwa mafuta ndi chiyani

Viscosity ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la mafuta a injini, zomwe zimadalira kutentha. Mafuta sayenera kukhala owoneka bwino m'nyengo yozizira kotero kuti choyambira chikhoza kutembenuza crankshaft ndipo pampu yamafuta imatha kupopera mafuta munjira yopaka mafuta. Pa kutentha kwambiri, mafuta sayenera kukhala ndi kukhuthala kocheperako kuti apange filimu yamafuta pakati pa kupaka magawo ndikupereka kukakamizidwa kofunikira mu dongosolo.

Mapangidwe amafuta a injini malinga ndi gulu la SAE

Gulu la SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers) limadziwika ndi kukhuthala ndikusankha nthawi yomwe mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mu pasipoti ya galimoto, wopanga amayendetsa zizindikiro zoyenera.

Mafuta molingana ndi gulu la SAE amagawidwa kukhala:

• Zima: pali kalata pamtundu: W (yozizira) 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W;
• Chilimwe - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• Nyengo yonse: 0W-30, 5W-40, etc.

Nambala isanachitike chilembo cha W mu dzina lamafuta a injini ikuwonetsa kukhuthala kwake kotsika, mwachitsanzo, kutentha komwe injini yagalimoto yodzaza ndi mafuta awa imatha "kuzizira", ndipo pampu yamafuta imapopa mafuta popanda kuwopseza kukangana kowuma. kuchokera ku zigawo za injini. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mafuta 10W40, kutentha osachepera ndi -10 madigiri (kuchotsa 40 pa chiwerengero pamaso pa W), ndi kutentha kwambiri kumene sitata akhoza kuyamba injini ndi -25 madigiri (kuchotsa 35 pa nambala pamaso pa). ndi W). Chifukwa chake, kutsika kwa nambala pamaso pa W m'matchulidwe amafuta, kumachepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya komwe idapangidwira.

Nambala pambuyo pa chilembo W mu injini mafuta kutchulidwa limasonyeza kukhuthala ake mkulu kutentha, ndiko kuti, osachepera ndi pazipita mamasukidwe akayendedwe mafuta pa kutentha ntchito (kuchokera 100 mpaka 150 madigiri). Kukwera kwa nambala pambuyo pa W, kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwamafuta a injiniyo pakutentha kogwira ntchito.

Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe mafuta a injini ya galimoto yanu ayenera kukhala nawo amadziwika ndi omwe amawapanga okha, choncho tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzitsatira zofunikira za opanga galimoto pamafuta a injini, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu malangizo a galimoto yanu.

Mafuta okhala ndi ma viscosity osiyanasiyana amalimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za kutentha:

SAE 0W-30 - kuchokera -30 ° mpaka +20 ° C;

SAE 0W-40 - kuchokera -30 ° mpaka +35 ° C;

SAE 5W-30 - kuchokera -25 ° mpaka +20 ° C;

SAE 5W-40 - kuchokera -25 ° mpaka +35 ° C;

SAE 10W-30 - kuchokera -20 ° mpaka +30 ° C;

SAE 10W-40 - kuchokera -20 ° mpaka +35 ° C;

SAE 15W-40 - kuchokera -15 ° mpaka +45 ° C;

SAE 20W-40 - kuchokera -10 ° mpaka +45 ° C.

Kusankhidwa kwa mafuta a injini molingana ndi muyezo wa API

Muyezo wa API (American Petroleum Institute) umatchula komwe mafuta ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Lili ndi zilembo ziwiri zachilatini. Chilembo choyamba S chimaimira mafuta, C ndi dizilo. Kalata yachiwiri ndi tsiku limene galimotoyo inapangidwa.

Injini za mafuta:

• SC - magalimoto opangidwa pamaso 1964;
• SD: magalimoto opangidwa pakati pa 1964 ndi 1968;
• SE - makope omwe anapangidwa mu 1969-1972;
• SF - magalimoto opangidwa mu nthawi 1973-1988;
• SG - magalimoto opangidwa mu 1989-1994 kuti azigwira ntchito muzovuta;
• Sh - magalimoto opangidwa mu 1995-1996 chifukwa cha zovuta zogwirira ntchito;
• SJ - makope, ndi tsiku lomasulidwa la 1997-2000, ndi mphamvu yabwino yopulumutsa mphamvu;
• SL - magalimoto, ndi chiyambi cha kupanga mu 2001-2003, ndi moyo wautali utumiki;
• SM - magalimoto opangidwa kuyambira 2004;
• SL+ yasintha kukana kwa okosijeni.

Kwa injini za dizilo:

• SV - magalimoto opangidwa pamaso 1961, mkulu sulfure zili mu mafuta;
• SS - magalimoto opangidwa pamaso 1983, ntchito mu zinthu zovuta;
• CD - magalimoto opangidwa pamaso pa 1990, omwe anayenera kugwira ntchito muzovuta komanso ndi sulfure wambiri mu mafuta;
• CE - magalimoto opangidwa pamaso pa 1990 ndi kukhala ndi turbine injini;
• CF - magalimoto opangidwa kuyambira 1990, ndi turbine;
• CG-4 - makope opangidwa kuyambira 1994, ndi turbine;
• CH-4 - magalimoto kuyambira 1998, malinga ndi mfundo kawopsedwe anatengera mu United States;
• KI-4 - magalimoto turbocharged ndi EGR valavu;
• CI-4 kuphatikiza - yofanana ndi yapitayi, pansi pa miyezo yapamwamba ya kawopsedwe ya US.

Kinematic ndi dynamic mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe

Kuti mudziwe mtundu wa mafuta, kukhuthala kwake kwa kinematic ndi mphamvu kumatsimikiziridwa.

Kinematic viscosity ndi chizindikiro cha fluidity nthawi yachibadwa (+40 ° C) ndi kutentha kwapamwamba (+100 ° C). Zimatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito capillary viscometer. Kuti mudziwe, nthawi yomwe mafuta amayenda pamatenthedwe operekedwa amaganiziridwa. Kuyesedwa mu mm2/sec.

Dynamic viscosity ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe mafuta amachitira mu simulator yonyamula katundu - viscometer yozungulira. Chipangizocho chimatengera katundu weniweni pa injini, poganizira kupanikizika kwa mizere ndi kutentha kwa +150 ° C, ndikuwongolera momwe mafuta odzola amachitira, momwe kukhuthala kwake kumasinthiratu panthawi ya katundu.

Makhalidwe a mafuta agalimoto

• Pophulikira;
• kuthira mfundo;
• mamasukidwe akayendedwe index;
• nambala ya alkaline;
• asidi nambala.

Kung'anima ndi mtengo womwe umasonyeza kupezeka kwa tizigawo towala mu mafuta, omwe amatuluka nthunzi ndikuwotcha mofulumira kwambiri, kuwononga ubwino wa mafuta. Kutentha kocheperako sikuyenera kukhala pansi pa 220 ° C.

The kuthira mfundo ndi mtengo umene mafuta amataya fluidity. Kutentha kumasonyeza mphindi ya parafini crystallization ndi kulimba kwathunthu kwa mafuta.

mamasukidwe akayendedwe index - limasonyeza kudalira mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe pa kutentha kusintha. Kukwera kwa chiwerengerochi, kumapangitsanso kutentha kwamafuta ogwiritsira ntchito. Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi index yotsika ya viscosity zimangolola injini kuti igwire ntchito mkati mwa kutentha kochepa. Popeza akatenthedwa, amakhala madzi kwambiri ndipo amasiya mafuta, ndipo utakhazikika, iwo mwamsanga thicken.

Nambala yoyambira (TBN) imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamchere (potassium hydroxide) mu gramu imodzi ya mafuta a injini. Chigawo cha muyeso mgKOH/g. Imapezeka mumadzimadzi agalimoto ngati mawonekedwe a zodzikongoletsera za dispersant zowonjezera. Kukhalapo kwake kumathandizira kuchepetsa ma acid owopsa ndikumenyana ndi ma depositi omwe amawonekera panthawi ya injini. Pakapita nthawi, TBN imatsika. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa nambala yoyambira kumayambitsa dzimbiri ndi dothi mu crankcase. Chinthu chachikulu chochepetsera chiwerengero cha maziko ndi kukhalapo kwa sulfure mu mafuta. Choncho, mafuta a injini ya dizilo, kumene sulfure alipo mochuluka, ayenera kukhala ndi TBN yapamwamba.

Nambala ya asidi (TAN) imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zamakutidwe ndi okosijeni chifukwa chakugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali komanso kutenthedwa kwamadzi a injini. Kuwonjezeka kwake kumasonyeza kuchepa kwa moyo wautumiki wa mafuta.

Mafuta oyambira ndi zowonjezera

Mafuta agalimoto amapangidwa ndi mafuta oyambira ndi zowonjezera. Zowonjezera ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimawonjezedwa ku mafuta kuti zikhale bwino.

Mafuta oyambira:

• mchere;
• hydrocracking;
• semisynthetics (osakaniza madzi amchere ndi zopangira);
• synthesis (yomwe imapangidwira).

Mu mafuta amakono, gawo la zowonjezera ndi 15-20%.

Malingana ndi cholinga cha zowonjezera, zowonjezera zimagawidwa kukhala:

• zotsukira ndi dispersants: salola zotsalira zazing'ono (ma resin, phula, etc.) kumamatirana pamodzi, kukhala ndi alkali mu kapangidwe kake, neutralize zidulo, musalole sludge madipoziti thicken;
• odana ndi kuvala - amapanga wosanjikiza zodzitetezera pa mbali zitsulo ndi kuchepetsa kuvala opaka pamalo pochepetsa kukangana;
• index - kumawonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe a mafuta pa kutentha, ndi pa otsika kutentha kumawonjezera fluidity;
• defoamers - kuchepetsa mapangidwe a thovu (kusakaniza mpweya ndi mafuta), zomwe zimasokoneza kutentha kwa kutentha ndi ubwino wa mafuta;
• zosintha zamakangano: kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kukangana pakati pa zigawo zachitsulo.

Mafuta a injini ya mineral, synthetic ndi semi-synthetic

Mafuta ndi chisakanizo cha ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a kaboni. Iwo akhoza kujowina mu unyolo wautali kapena nthambi. Utali ndi wowongoka unyolo wa kaboni, mafuta amakhala abwinoko.

Mafuta amchere amapangidwa kuchokera ku petroleum m'njira zingapo:

• njira yosavuta ndi distillation mafuta ndi m'zigawo zosungunulira mafuta mankhwala;
• njira yovuta kwambiri - hydrocracking;
• zovuta kwambiri ndi catalytic hydrocracking.

Mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku gasi wachilengedwe powonjezera kutalika kwa unyolo wa hydrocarbon. Mwanjira iyi zimakhala zosavuta kupeza zingwe zazitali. "Synthetics" - kuposa mafuta amchere, katatu kapena kasanu. Chotsalira chake chokha ndi mtengo wake wokwera kwambiri.

"Semi-synthetics" - osakaniza mchere ndi kupanga mafuta.

Kodi kukhuthala kwamafuta kotani komwe kuli koyenera kwa injini yagalimoto yanu

Ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe okha omwe asonyezedwa mu bukhu lautumiki ndi oyenera galimoto yanu. Magawo onse a injini amayesedwa ndi wopanga, mafuta a injini amasankhidwa poganizira magawo onse ndi njira zogwirira ntchito.

Kutentha kwa injini ndi kukhuthala kwa mafuta a injini

Galimoto ikayamba, mafuta a injini amakhala ozizira komanso owoneka bwino. Choncho, makulidwe a filimu yamafuta mumipata ndi yayikulu ndipo coefficient of friction panthawiyi ndi yokwera. Injini ikawotha, mafuta amatenthedwa mwachangu ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito. Ndicho chifukwa chake opanga samalimbikitsa kukweza galimoto nthawi yomweyo (kuyambira ndi kuyenda popanda kutentha kwapamwamba) mu chisanu choopsa.

injini mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe kutentha ntchito

Pansi pa katundu wambiri, coefficient of friction imawonjezeka ndipo kutentha kumakwera. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu, mafuta amawonda ndipo makulidwe a filimu amachepa. Coefficient of friction imachepa ndipo mafuta amazizira. Ndiko kuti, kutentha ndi makulidwe a filimu zimasiyanasiyana mkati mwa malire omwe amafotokozedwa ndi wopanga. Ndi njira iyi yomwe imalola kuti mafuta azigwira bwino ntchito yake.

Chimachitika ndi chiyani pamene kukhuthala kwa mafuta kuli pamwamba pa zonse

Ngati mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi apamwamba kuposa yachibadwa, ngakhale injini atatenthetsa, mafuta mamasukidwe akayendedwe sangagwere pa mtengo anawerengedwa ndi injiniya. Pansi pa katundu wabwinobwino, kutentha kwa injini kumawuka mpaka mamasukidwe akayendedwe abwerera mwakale. Chifukwa chake mawu omaliza ndi awa: kutentha kwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osasankhidwa bwino kumawonjezeka nthawi zonse, zomwe zimawonjezera kuwonongeka kwa magawo a injini ndi misonkhano.

Pansi pa katundu wolemetsa: Panthawi yothamanga mwadzidzidzi kapena paphiri lalitali, kutentha kwa injini kumakwera kwambiri ndipo kumatha kupitirira kutentha komwe mafuta amasunga ntchito zake. Zidzakhala oxidize ndi varnish, mwaye ndi zidulo adzapanga.

Kuipa kwina kwa mafuta omwe ali ndi viscous kwambiri ndikuti mphamvu zina za injini zidzatayika chifukwa cha mphamvu zopopa kwambiri m'dongosolo.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pamene mamasukidwe akayendedwe a mafuta ali pansi pabwinobwino

Kukhuthala kwa mafuta m'munsi mwa chizolowezi sikubweretsa chilichonse chabwino kwa injini, filimu yamafuta mumipata idzakhala pansi pa chizolowezi, ndipo sadzakhala ndi nthawi yochotsa kutentha kumadera akukangana. Choncho, pazifukwa izi pansi pa katundu, mafuta amawotcha. Zinyalala ndi zitsulo zometa pakati pa pisitoni ndi silinda zingapangitse injini kugwidwa.

Mafuta omwe ali owonda kwambiri mu injini yatsopano, pamene mipata siili yotakata kwambiri, idzagwira ntchito, koma injini ikalibenso yatsopano ndipo mipata ikuwonjezeka paokha, ntchito yoyaka mafuta idzafulumira.

Kanema woonda wamafuta mumipata sangathe kupereka kupsinjika kwabwinobwino, ndipo gawo lina lamafuta oyaka moto lidzalowa mumafuta. Madontho amphamvu, kutentha kwa ntchito kumakwera, njira ya abrasion ndi kuwotcha mafuta imathandizira.

Mafuta oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zapadera, njira zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zizigwira ntchito ndi mafutawa.

Zotsatira

Mafuta a kalasi ya viscosity yomweyi, yokhala ndi makhalidwe omwewo, opangidwa ndi kampani yomwe ili mu "Big Five", ndi kukhala ndi mafuta omwewo, monga lamulo, musalowe muzochita zachiwawa. Koma ngati simukufuna mavuto aakulu, ndi bwino kuwonjezera zosaposa 10-15% ya voliyumu yonse. Posachedwapa, mutadzaza mafuta, ndi bwino kusintha mafutawo kwathunthu.

Musanasankhe mafuta, muyenera kudziwa:

• tsiku la kupanga galimoto;
• kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa kukakamiza;
• kukhalapo kwa turbine;
• machitidwe opangira injini (mzinda, kunja kwa msewu, mpikisano wamasewera, mayendedwe onyamula katundu);
• kutentha kochepa kozungulira;
• digiri ya kuvala kwa injini;
• mlingo wa ngakhale injini ndi mafuta m'galimoto yanu.

Kuti mumvetse nthawi yosintha mafuta, muyenera kuganizira zolemba za galimotoyo. Kwa magalimoto ena, nthawi yayitali (30-000 km). Kwa Russia, poganizira zamtundu wamafuta, magwiridwe antchito komanso nyengo yoyipa, m'malo mwake kuyenera kuchitika pambuyo pa 50 - 000 km.

Pamafunika nthawi ndi nthawi kulamulira khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Samalani ndi maonekedwe awo. Makilomita agalimoto ndi maola a injini (nthawi yothamanga) sizingafanane. Pamene pali kupanikizana kwa magalimoto, injini imayenda mumsewu wotentha kwambiri, koma odometer simazungulira (galimoto siyiyendetsa). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, galimotoyo inayenda pang’ono, ndipo injiniyo inagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, ndi bwino kusintha mafuta kale, popanda kuyembekezera mtunda chofunika pa odometer.