Pakistan Air Force

Tsogolo la ndege zankhondo zaku Pakistani lili pa ndege ya Chengdu JF-17 Bingu, yopangidwa ku China koma yopangidwa ndi chilolezo ku Pakistan.

Kumangidwa pa miyambo ya ku Britain, Pakistan Air Force tsopano ndi mphamvu yaikulu m'derali, pogwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwachilendo kwa zida za America ndi China, komanso zipangizo zochokera kumayiko ena. Pakistan imapanga ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pamaziko oletsa zida zanyukiliya, koma samanyalanyaza chitetezo wamba, poletsa mdani yemwe angakhalepo komanso pochita nkhondo.

Pakistan, kapena ndendende kuti Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ndi dziko lomwe lili kum'mwera kwa Central Asia, ndipo dera lake ndi lalikulu kuwirikiza nthawi 2,5 kuposa Poland, ndipo kuli anthu opitilira 200 miliyoni. Dziko lino lili ndi malire aatali kwambiri ndi India kummawa - 2912 Km, pomwe "nthawi zonse" anali ndi mikangano yamalire. Kumpoto kumalire ndi Afghanistan (2430 km), ndi pakati pa India ndi Afghanistan - ndi People's Republic of China (523 km). Kum'mwera chakumadzulo, Pakistan komanso malire Iran - 909 Km. Ili ndi mwayi wochokera kumwera kupita ku Indian Ocean, kutalika kwa gombe ndi 1046 km.

Pakistan ndi theka lamapiri otsika ndi theka lamapiri. Theka lakum'mawa, kupatula gawo lakumpoto lokha, ndi chigwa chodutsa mtsinje wa Indus (makilomita 3180), ukuyenda kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kupita kumwera chakumadzulo, kuchokera kumalire ndi People's Republic of China kupita kumphepete mwa mtsinjewo. Nyanja ya Indian (Arabian Sea). Malire ofunikira kwambiri ndi India kuchokera kumalo otetezera amadutsa m'chigwachi. Komanso, theka la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo kumalire ndi Iran ndi Afghanistan ndi mapiri, ndi mapiri a Hindu Kush-Sulaiman Mountains. Pamwamba pawo ndi Takht-e-Sulaiman - mamita 3487 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Onse a Kashmir, ambiri omwe ali kumbali ya India, ndi malo otsutsana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Pakistan ikuwona gawo lomwe likulamulidwa ndi boma la Kashmir kukhala Asilamu komanso ma Pakistani. Dera lomwe lili kumbali ya India ya mzere wodulira malire womwe Pakistan imati ndi Siachen Glacier pamalire a China-Indo-Pakistan. Komanso, India ikufuna kulamulira Kashmir yonse, kuphatikiza gawo lomwe likulamulidwa ndi Pakistan, komanso madera ena omwe amasamutsidwa modzifunira ndi Pakistan kupita ku PRC. India ikuyeseranso kuletsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa gawo lake la Kashmir. Malo ena omwe amakangana nawo ndi Sir Creek m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Indus, womwe umadutsa malire amadzi, ngakhale kulibe doko pamtsinjewu ndipo dera lonselo ndi ladambo komanso lopanda anthu. Chifukwa chake, mkanganowu ndi wopanda pake, koma mkangano pa Kashmir umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Kaŵiri, mu 1947 ndi 1965, panali nkhondo pa Kashmir pakati pa India ndi Pakistan. Nkhondo Yachitatu mu 1971 idayang'ana kwambiri kudzipatula kwa East Pakistan, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti dziko latsopano lothandizidwa ndi India lidziwike masiku ano kuti Bangladesh.

India yakhala ndi zida za nyukiliya kuyambira 1974. Monga momwe munthu angayembekezere, nkhondo zazikulu pakati pa mayiko awiriwa zinatha kuyambira pamenepo. Komabe, Pakistan idayambitsanso pulogalamu yakeyake yanyukiliya. Ntchito yopangira zida zanyukiliya zaku Pakistani idayamba mu Januware 1972. Ntchitoyi idatsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya nyukiliya Munir Ahmad Khan (1926-1999) kwazaka zopitilira 1983. Choyamba, zida zopangira plutonium yolemera zidapangidwa. Kuchokera mu XNUMX, pakhala pali zotchedwa zozizira zingapo, kumene maatomu amatha kugawidwa kukhala milandu pansi pa kulemera kwakukulu, kulepheretsa kuyambika kwa tcheni ndikupangitsa kuphulika kwenikweni kwa nyukiliya.

Munir Ahmad Khan adalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kuti mtundu wa implosion ukhale wozungulira, momwe zinthu zonse za chipolopolocho zimawombera mkati pogwiritsa ntchito mabomba ochiritsira, kumamatira pakati, kupanga misa pamwamba pazovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimafulumizitsa zochitika. Pa pempho lake, teknoloji yopangira plutonium yowonjezeredwa ndi njira ya electromagnetic inapangidwa. Mmodzi mwa mabwenzi ake akuluakulu, Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan, adalimbikitsa mtengo wosavuta wa mtundu wa "pistol", pomwe milandu iwiri idawomberana. Imeneyi ndi njira yosavuta, koma siigwira bwino ntchito pamtundu wina wa zinthu zokhotakhota. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan adalimbikitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito uranium wowonjezera m'malo mwa plutonium. Pamapeto pake, Pakistan idapanga zida zopangira plutonium yolemetsa komanso uranium yolemetsa kwambiri.

Kuyesa komaliza kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Pakistan kunali kuyesa kwathunthu pa Meyi 28, 1998. Patsiku lino, mayesero asanu omwe anachitika nthawi imodzi m'mapiri a Ras Koh pafupi ndi malire a Afghanistan ndi mphamvu ya kuphulika pafupifupi 38 kt, milandu yonse inali mtundu wa uranium implosion. Patatha masiku awiri, kuyesa kuphulika kumodzi kunachitika ndi zokolola pafupifupi 20 kt. Panthawiyi, malo a kuphulika anali chipululu cha Kharan (kungopitirira 100 km kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa malo apitalo), zomwe ziri zodabwitsa, chifukwa ichi ndi gawo la malo osungirako nyama ... . Chochititsa chidwi chokhudza kuyesa kwachiwiri kumeneku (kuphulika kwa nyukiliya kwachisanu ndi chimodzi ku Pakistan) chinali chakuti ngakhale kuti nthawi ino inali mtengo wamtundu wa implosion, plutonium inagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa uranium wowonjezera. Mwinamwake, mwa njira iyi zotsatira za mitundu yonse ya zipangizo zinafaniziridwa.

Mu 2010, anthu aku America adayerekeza kuti Pakistan ili ndi zida zankhondo za 70-90 zoponya mabomba amlengalenga ndi zokolola za 20-40 kt. Pakistan sikuyesera kupanga zida zamphamvu kwambiri zankhondo zanyukiliya. Mu 2018, zida zanyukiliya zaku Pakistan zidati zida za nyukiliya 120-130 zoponya mabomba ndi mabomba.

Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine

Kuyambira 2000, komiti yomwe imadziwika kuti National Command yakhala ndi udindo wopanga njira, kukonzekera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya. Ndi gulu la asitikali aboma motsogozedwa ndi Prime Minister Imran Khan. Komiti ya boma ili ndi nduna ya zakunja, nduna ya zamkati, nduna ya zachuma, nduna ya chitetezo ndi nduna ya chitetezo mafakitale. Kumbali ya usilikali, Wapampando wa Chiefs of Staff, General Nadeem Raza, ndi Chiefs of Staff a nthambi zonse zankhondo: Army, Air Force ndi Navy. Msilikali wachisanu ndi mtsogoleri wa intelligence consolidated asilikali, wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi mkulu wa dipatimenti ya Strategic Planning ya Chiefs of Staff Committee. Awiri omalizira ali ndi udindo wa lieutenant general, asilikali anayi otsalawo ali ndi udindo wa akuluakulu (nyenyezi zinayi). Mpando wa PNCA (Pakistan National Command) ndi likulu la dzikolo, Islamabad. Komitiyi imapanganso chigamulo chofunika kwambiri chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya palokha.

Mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha nyukiliya chapano, Pakistan imagwiritsa ntchito kuletsa zida za nyukiliya pamagawo anayi:

• poyera kapena kudzera mu njira zamadiplomatiki kuchenjeza za kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya;
• chenjezo la nyukiliya kunyumba;
• kumenya zida zanyukiliya mochenjera polimbana ndi ankhondo a adani pagawo la munthu;
• kuwukira zida zankhondo (zongofuna zankhondo zokha) kudera la adani.

Ponena za chisankho chogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, zanenedwa mwalamulo kuti pali malire anayi omwe Pakistan idzagwiritse ntchito zida zake za nyukiliya. Zambiri sizidziwika, koma kuchokera kumalankhulidwe ovomerezeka, mawu komanso, mwina, zomwe zimatchedwa. Kutuluka kolamuliridwa kotsatiraku kumadziwika:

• malo - pamene adani awoloka malire ena ku Pakistan. Izi zimakhulupirira kuti ndi malire a Mtsinje wa Indus, ndipo ndithudi ndi asilikali a ku India - ngati akankhira asilikali a Pakistani kumapiri a kumadzulo kwa dzikolo, ndiye Pakistan idzayambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya pa asilikali a India;
• pakhomo la mphamvu zankhondo - mosasamala kanthu za malire omwe adafika ndi adani, ngati chifukwa cha nkhondo Pakistan idzataya mphamvu zake zambiri zankhondo, zomwe zingapangitse chitetezo chowonjezereka kukhala chosatheka, ngati mdaniyo sanaleke kumenyana, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. zida monga njira yolipirira mphamvu;
• Economic malire - ngati mdani angayambitse kufooka kwathunthu kwachuma ndi dongosolo lazachuma, makamaka kudzera m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale, zoyendera kapena zida zina zokhudzana ndi chuma, kuwukira kwa nyukiliya kukakamiza mdani kuti asiye ntchito zotere. ;
• ndale - ngati zochita za mdani zowonekera zapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokoneza ndale ku Pakistan, mwachitsanzo, kupha atsogoleri ake, kuyambitsa zipolowe zomwe zimasanduka nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Dr. Farrukh Saleem, katswiri wa ndale komanso katswiri wa chitetezo cha mayiko omwe ali ku Islamabad, ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pakuyesa kuopseza ndi chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha chitetezo cha Pakistan. Ntchito yake imatengedwa mozama kwambiri ndi utsogoleri wa boma ndi asilikali. Ndi kuchokera ku ntchito zake kuti kuwunika kovomerezeka kwa ziwopsezo ku Pakistan kumabwera: ziwopsezo zankhondo, i.e. kuthekera kwa kuwukira wamba ku Pakistan, ziwopsezo za nyukiliya, i.e. kuthekera kwa India kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya motsutsana ndi Pakistan (palibe zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kuti mayiko ena angawopsyeze Pakistan pogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya), ziwopsezo zachigawenga - zikuwoneka kuti vuto ku Pakistan ndikumenyana pakati pa magulu achisilamu, Shia ndi Sunni, ndipo ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti dziko loyandikana ndi Iran ndi dziko la Shia, ndipo Pakistani makamaka ndi Sunni.

Zigawenga zamagulu zidafika pachimake mu 2009, koma mothandizidwa ndi United States, chiwopsezochi chachepetsedwa mpaka kuthetsedwa. Zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti uchigawenga sukhalabe wowopsa m'dziko muno. Zowopseza ziwiri zotsatirazi zomwe zadziwika ndikuwopseza kwa intaneti komanso kuwopseza zachuma. Onse asanu adadziwika ngati zoopsa zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa mozama komanso njira zoyenera zopewera.