Okwera pamahatchi a Apocalypse - kapena mantha?

Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti kuopsa kochulukira kumapangitsa kuti anthu asamavutike ndi ma alarm. Mwina zimenezi zikanakhala zabwinobwino ngati sikunali chifukwa choopa kuti mwina sitingayankhe chenjezo lenileni la tsoka (1).

M'zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zotsatira kupambana kwa bukuli "Silent Spring", wolemba Rachel Carson, 1962 ndi zisanu zomwe zadutsa kuyambira pomwe idatulutsidwa Lipoti la Club of Rome, kuyambira 1972 ("Malire pa Kukula"), maulosi onena za chiwonongeko pamlingo waukulu afala kwambiri m'manyuzipepala.

Theka lapitalo latibweretsera, pakati pa zinthu zina, Machenjezo oletsa: kuphulika kwa anthu, njala yapadziko lonse, miliri ya matenda, nkhondo za madzi, kutha kwa mafuta, kusowa kwa mchere, kutsika kwa kubadwa, kusungunuka kwa ozoni, mvula ya asidi, nyengo yachisanu ya nyukiliya, nsikidzi za millennium, misala. miliri ya ng'ombe, njuchi - wakupha miliri ya khansa ya muubongo chifukwa cha mafoni am'manja. ndipo, potsiriza, masoka a nyengo.

Mpaka pano, makamaka mantha onsewa akhala akukokomeza. Ndizowona kuti takumana ndi zopinga, ziwopsezo za thanzi la anthu komanso masoka ambiri. Koma Armagedo yaphokoso, malire amene anthu sangathe kuwoloka, mfundo zofunika kwambiri zimene sizingapulumuke, sizimatheka.

M’buku lodziwika bwino la m’Baibulo la Apocalypse muli okwera pamahatchi anayi (2). Tinene kuti mtundu wawo wamakono ndi anayi: mankhwala zinthu (DDT, CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons, asidi mvula, utsi), matenda (chimfine cha mbalame, chimfine cha nkhumba, SARS, Ebola, matenda a ng'ombe amisala, posachedwa Wuhan coronavirus), anthu owonjezera (kuchuluka kwa anthu, njala) I kusowa kwazinthu (mafuta, zitsulo).

2. "Okwera Mahatchi Anayi a Apocalypse" - kujambula ndi Viktor Vasnetsov.

Okwera pamahatchi athu angaphatikizepo zinthu zimene sitingathe kuzilamulira, zimene sitingathe kuziletsa kapena zimene sitingathe kudziteteza. Ngati, mwachitsanzo, ndalama zambiri zimatulutsidwa methane kuchokera ku methane clathrates pansi pa nyanja, palibe chimene tingachite pa izo, ndipo zotsatira za tsoka loterolo n'zovuta kulosera.

Kugunda pansi mphepo yamkuntho ya dzuwa ndi sikelo yofanana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zochitika za Carrington za 1859, munthu akhoza kukonzekera mwanjira ina, koma chiwonongeko cha dziko lonse la mauthenga a telecommunication ndi mphamvu zowonongeka, zomwe ndi mwazi wa chitukuko chathu, zingakhale zoopsa zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Zingakhale zowononga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuphulika kwa supervolcano ngati Yellowstone. Komabe, zonsezi ndizochitika zomwe mwayi wake sukudziwika, ndipo chiyembekezo chopewera ndi kutetezedwa ku zotsatira zake sichidziwika bwino. Kotero mwinamwake zidzachitika, mwinamwake sizidzatero, mwinamwake ife tidzazipulumutsa izo, mwinamwake ayi. Ichi ndi equation ndi pafupifupi onse osadziwika.

Kodi nkhalango ikufa? Zoona?

3. Magazini ya Der Spiegel ya 1981 inafotokoza za mvula ya asidi.

Mankhwala omwe anthu amapanga ndikutulutsa m'chilengedwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri - kuchokera ku mankhwala oteteza zomera a DDT, omwe adadziwika kuti ndi carcinogen zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kupyolera mu kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, mvula ya asidi, mpaka ma chlorocarbons owononga ozoni. Aliyense wa oipitsa awa anali ndi ntchito za "apocalyptic" media.

Magazini ya Life inalemba mu January 1970 kuti:

“Asayansi ali ndi umboni wamphamvu wotsimikizira kuti pasanathe zaka XNUMX, anthu okhala m’mizinda adzafunika kuvala zoteteza pa gasi kuti apulumuke. kuipitsa mpweya"Omwe mpaka 1985"kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa kufika pakati pa dziko lapansi."

Pakadali pano, m'zaka zotsatila, kusintha komwe kudachitika ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana komanso mwazinthu zatsopano kumachepetsa kuipitsidwa ndi utsi wagalimoto ndi ma chimneys, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wabwino m'mizinda yambiri m'maiko otukuka pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi.

Miyezo yotulutsa mpweya wa carbon monoxide, sulfure dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, ozoni ndi zinthu zosasunthika za organic zatsika kwambiri ndipo zikupitilira kuchepa. Titha kunena kuti sizinali zolosera zomwe zinali zolakwika, koma machitidwe olondola a anthu kwa iwo. Komabe, si zochitika zonse zamdima zomwe zimakhudzidwa.

M'zaka za m'ma 80s adakhala magwero a maulosi ena apocalyptic. asidi mvula. Pamenepa, makamaka nkhalango ndi nyanja zimayenera kuvutika ndi zochita za anthu.

Mu November 1981, magazini ya ku Germany yotchedwa Der Spiegel inafalitsa nkhani ya pachikuto yakuti “Nkhalango Ikufa” (3), imene inasonyeza kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhalango za ku Germany linali litafa kale kapena kufa. Bernhard Ulrich, wofufuza nthaka pa yunivesite ya Göttingen, ananena kuti nkhalangozo “sizingathenso kupulumutsidwa.” Anafalitsa zoneneratu za kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kuchokera ku chivomerezi cha asidi ku Ulaya konse. Fred Pierce mu New Scientist, 1982. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi mabuku a ku United States.

Komabe, kafukufuku woperekedwa ndi boma kwa zaka khumi anachitidwa ku United States komwe anakhudza pafupifupi asayansi mazana asanu ndi awiri ndipo anawononga pafupifupi $500 miliyoni. Mu 1990, adawonetsa kuti "palibe umboni wa kuchepa kwakukulu kapena kwachilendo kwa nkhalango ku United States ndi Canada chifukwa cha mvula ya asidi."

Mu germany Heinrich Spicker, mkulu wa Forest Growth Institute, anachita kafukufuku wofananawo ndipo anatsimikizira kuti nkhalango zinali kukula mofulumira ndi zathanzi kuposa kale lonse, ndipo mkhalidwe wawo unali utawongokerako m’ma 80.

- adatero Spika.

Zadziwikanso kuti chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za mvula ya asidi, nitric oxide, imaphwanya m'chilengedwe kukhala nitrates, feteleza wamitengo. Idapezanso kuti kuchuluka kwa asidi m'nyanjayi mwina kudachitika chifukwa chobzalanso nkhalango osati mvula ya asidi. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kulumikizana pakati pa acidity ya madzi amvula ndi pH m'nyanja ndizochepa kwambiri.

Ndipo kotero wokwera pa kavalo wa Apocalypse anagwa pa kavalo wake.

4. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a dzenje la ozoni m'zaka zaposachedwa

Akalulu Akhungu a Al Gore

Asayansi atatha kujambula mu 90s kwa kanthawi kukula kwa dzenje la ozoni Malipenga a chiwonongeko adawombanso ku Antarctica - nthawi ino chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komwe ozoni amateteza.

Anthu anayamba kuona kuti chiwerengero cha anthu odwala khansa ya khansa chikuwonjezeka komanso kutha kwa achule. Al Gore inalemba mu 1992 za nsomba zakhungu ndi akalulu, ndipo New York Times inasimba za nkhosa zodwala ku Patagonia. Mlanduwo unaimbidwa mlandu wa ma chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’firiji ndi zonunkhiritsa.

Malipoti ambiri, monga momwe zinakhalira pambuyo pake, anali olakwika. Achule anafa ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi opatsirana ndi anthu. Nkhosazo zinali ndi mavairasi. Chiwopsezo cha kufa ndi khansa ya khansa sichinasinthe, ndipo ponena za nsomba zakhungu ndi akalulu, palibe amene anamva za iwo.

Panali mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito ma CFC pofika 1996. Komabe, zinali zovuta kuwona zotsatira zomwe zinkayembekezeredwa chifukwa dzenjelo linasiya kukula chiletsocho chisanayambe ndipo kenako chinasintha mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zinayambitsidwa.

Bowo la ozoni likupitiriza kukula ku Antarctica masika aliwonse, pafupifupi mlingo wofanana chaka chilichonse. Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala ovulaza akungotenga nthawi yayitali kuti awonongeke kuposa momwe amayembekezera, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti chomwe chimayambitsa chisokonezo sichinazindikiridwe poyamba.

Zilonda sizinali momwe zinalili kale

Komanso matenda opatsirana Iye sakuoneka ngati wokwera pamahatchi woopsa ngati mmene analili m’mbuyomu, mwachitsanzo, pamene Mliri wa Black Death (5) unadula chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Ulaya ndi theka m’zaka za m’ma 100 ndipo mwina unapha anthu oposa XNUMX miliyoni. . anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro athu ali odzazidwa ndi miliri yankhanza ya zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, miliri yamakono, kunena motere, “ilibe chiyambi” cha mliri wakale kapena kolera.

5. Chojambula chachingelezi chochokera m’chaka cha 1340 chosonyeza mmene zovala zikuwotchera anthu amene anakhudzidwa ndi mliri wa Black Death.

AIDS, yomwe nthawi ina inatchedwa “mliri wa m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX” ndiyeno zaka za m’ma XNUMX, ngakhale kuti nkhani zambiri zaulutsidwa pa TV, sizili zoopsa kwa anthu monga mmene zinkaonekera poyamba. 

M'zaka za m'ma 80, ng'ombe za ku Britain zinayamba kufa matenda a ng'ombe amisalachifukwa cha matenda opatsirana omwe amapezeka m'mabwinja a ng'ombe zina. Pamene anthu anayamba kudwala matendawa, kuyerekezera kukula kwa mliriwo kunakhala koopsa.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, anthu okwana 136 ayenera kuti anafa. Anthu. Akatswiri ofufuza za matenda achenjeza kuti anthu aku Britain "ayenera kukonzekera mwina masauzande, masauzande, masauzande, masauzande mazana a milandu ya vCJD (mtundu watsopano). Matenda a Creutzfeldt-Jakob, kapena chiwonetsero cha anthu cha matenda amisala a ng'ombe). Komabe, chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe anamwalira ku UK pakali pano ndi ... zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zisanu zidachitika mu 2011, ndipo palibe mmodzi yemwe adalembetsa mu 2012.

Mu 2003 inali nthawi SARS, kachilombo ka amphaka akuweta komwe kudapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala kwaokha ku Beijing ndi Toronto pakati pa maulosi a Armagedo yapadziko lonse lapansi. SARS idamwalira mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, itapha anthu 774 (mwalamulo, idapha anthu omwewo m'masiku khumi oyamba a February 2020 - pafupifupi miyezi iwiri milandu yoyamba idawonekera).

Mu 2005 zinayamba chimfine cha mbalame. Zoneneratu za World Health Organisation panthawiyo zidati pakati pa 2 miliyoni ndi 7,4 miliyoni amafa. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007, matendawa atachepa, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira chinali pafupifupi 200.

Mu 2009, otchedwa chimfine cha nkhumba ku Mexico. Director-General wa World Health Organisation Margaret Chan adati: "Anthu onse ali pachiwopsezo cha mliri." Mliriwu unakhala ngati wamba wa chimfine.

Wuhan coronavirus ikuwoneka yowopsa kwambiri (tikulemba izi mu February 2020), koma si mliri. Palibe matenda aliwonse ameneŵa poyerekezera ndi chimfine, chimene zaka 100 zapitazo, ndi mtundu umodzi, chinapha anthu pafupifupi 300 miliyoni padziko lonse m’zaka ziŵiri. Ndipo amaphabe. Malinga ndi bungwe la American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pafupifupi kuchokera ku 600 mpaka XNUMX zikwi. anthu padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse.

Motero, matenda opatsirana odziwika amene timachiza pafupifupi “mwachizolowezi” amapha anthu ambiri kuposa miliri ya “apocalyptic”.

Osakhala anthu ochuluka kwambiri kapena zinthu zochepa

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu ndi chifukwa cha njala ndi kutha kwa zipangizo zinali pa ndondomeko ya masomphenya amdima amtsogolo. Komabe, m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zinthu zachitika zosemphana ndi zimene anthu akuda analosera. Ziŵerengero za imfa zatsika ndipo madera a njala padziko lapansi achepa.

Chiŵerengero cha anthu chatsika ndi theka, mwinanso chifukwa chakuti ana akasiya kufa, anthu amasiya kukhala nawo ambiri. Pazaka XNUMX zapitazi, chakudya cha padziko lonse chawonjezeka ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chawonjezeka kaŵiri.

Alimi anali opambana kwambiri m’kuwonjezereka kwa ulimi kotero kuti mitengo ya chakudya inatsika kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi chatsopano, ndipo nkhalango zinabwezeretsedwa ku mbali yaikulu ya Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi North America. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti lamulo losintha mbewu zina padziko lonse lapansi kukhala mafuta agalimoto, lachepetsa pang’ono kutsika kumeneku ndipo mitengo ya zinthu ikukweranso.

Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi sichingachulukenso kuwirikiza kawiri m'zaka za m'ma 2050. Pamene zinthu za mbewu, feteleza, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zoyendera ndi ulimi wothirira zikuyenda bwino, dziko likuyembekezeka kudyetsa anthu 9 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 7, pomwe nthaka yocheperako ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa anthu XNUMX biliyoni.

Zowopseza kutha kwa mafuta (onaninso 🙂 inali nkhani yotentha kwambiri monga momwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kunaliri zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Malingaliro awo, mafuta osakanizidwa sakanatha nthawi yaitali, ndipo mpweya udzatha ndikukwera mtengo pamtengo woopsa kwambiri. Panthawiyi, mu 2011, International Energy Agency inawerengetsera kuti nkhokwe za gasi padziko lapansi zidzakhala zaka 250. Zosungirako zodziwika bwino zamafuta zikukula, osati kugwa.Sitikulankhula za kupezeka kwa minda yatsopano, komanso za chitukuko cha teknoloji yochotsera gasi, komanso mafuta kuchokera shale.

Osati mphamvu zokha, komanso chuma chachitsulo anali pafupi kutha. Mu 1970, Harrison Brown, membala wa National Academy of Sciences, ananeneratu mu Scientific American kuti lead, zinki, tini, golidi ndi siliva zidzatha pofika 1990. Olemba a Club of Rome yazaka 1992 yomwe yatchulidwa kale, The Limits to Growth, adaneneratu kale mu XNUMX kuti zinthu zazikuluzikulu zidzatha, komanso kuti zaka zana zikubwerazi zidzabweretsa kugwa kwa chitukuko.

Kodi kuchepetsa kwambiri kusintha kwa nyengo kuli ndi vuto?

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndizovuta kujowina okwera athu chifukwa ndi zotsatira za zochita ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a anthu. Kotero, ngati alipo, ndipo pali kukayikira kwina pa izi, ndiye kuti apocalypse yokha, osati chifukwa chake.

Koma kodi tiyenera kudera nkhawa za kutentha kwa dziko?

Vutoli likadali lovuta kwambiri kwa akatswiri ambiri. Chimodzi mwazofunikira pakulosera kosalephera kwa apocalypses am'mbuyomu ndikuti ngakhale ndizovuta kunena kuti palibe chomwe chidachitika, zotheka zomwe zidachitika komanso zochitika zina nthawi zambiri sizimaganiziridwa.

M'mikangano yanyengo, nthawi zambiri timamva onse omwe amakhulupirira kuti tsoka silingapeweke ndi zotsatira zake, komanso omwe amakhulupirira kuti mantha onsewa ndi chinyengo. Ma moderates sanganene momveka bwino, osati pochenjeza kuti madzi oundana a Greenland "atsala pang'ono kutha" koma powakumbutsa kuti sangasungunuke mwachangu kuposa momwe akuchepera 1% pazaka zana.

Amanenanso kuti kuchulukitsa kwamvula (ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa) kumatha kukulitsa zokolola zaulimi, kuti zachilengedwe zakhala zikulimbana ndi kutentha kwadzidzidzi m'mbuyomu, komanso kuti kuzolowera kusintha kwanyengo pang'onopang'ono kungakhale kotsika mtengo komanso kosawononga chilengedwe kuposa chisankho chachangu komanso chachiwawa chosiyanitsidwa. kuchokera ku mafuta oyaka.

Taona kale umboni wina wosonyeza kuti anthu angathe kupewa ngozi za kutentha kwa dziko. Chitsanzo chabwino malungozomwe poyamba zinkanenedwa kuti zidzaipiraipira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Komabe, m’zaka za m’ma 25, matendawa anazimiririka padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo ku North America ndi ku Russia, ngakhale kuti padzikoli pankatentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za zana lino, kufa kwa iwo kudatsika ndi XNUMX% modabwitsa. Ngakhale kuti kutentha kumakhala kothandiza kutengera tizilombo toyambitsa udzudzu, mankhwala atsopano oletsa malungo, kuwongoleredwa kwa nthaka, ndi chitukuko cha zachuma zachepetsa kufala kwa matendawa.

Kuchita mopambanitsa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kungachititse kuti zinthu ziipireipire. Kupatula apo, kukwezedwa kwa biofuel ngati m'malo mwa mafuta ndi malasha kwadzetsa kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango zotentha (6) kulima mbewu zabwino zopangira mafuta ndipo, chifukwa chake, kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni, ndikuwonjezera mitengo yazakudya ndikuwopseza. njala yapadziko lonse lapansi.

6. Kuwona moto m’nkhalango ya Amazon.

Malo ndi owopsa, koma sizidziwika kuti bwanji, liti komanso kuti

Wokwera pahatchi weniweni wa Apocalypse ndi Armagedo angakhale meteoritechimene, malingana ndi kukula kwake, chikhoza kuwononganso dziko lathu lonse lapansi (7).

Sizikudziwika kuti chiwopsezochi ndi chotheka bwanji, koma tidakumbutsidwa mu February 2013 ndi asteroid yomwe idagwa ku Chelyabinsk, Russia. Anthu oposa chikwi chimodzi anavulala. Mwamwayi palibe amene anamwalira. Ndipo wopalamulayo adakhala mwala wa mamita 20 womwe udalowa mumlengalenga wapadziko lapansi - chifukwa chakuchepa kwake komanso chifukwa chakuwuluka kwa Dzuwa.

7. Meteorite yowopsa

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zinthu zofika 30 m kukula nthawi zambiri zimayaka mumlengalenga. Ochokera ku 30 m mpaka 1 km ali ndi chiopsezo chowononga pamlingo wamba. Maonekedwe a zinthu zazikulu pafupi ndi Dziko lapansi akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zomwe zimamveka padziko lonse lapansi. Thupi lalikulu lakumwamba lomwe lingakhale loopsa kwambiri lamtunduwu lomwe linapezedwa ndi NASA mumlengalenga, Toutatis, limafika 6 km.

Akuti chaka chilichonse osachepera khumi ndi awiri obwera kumene kuchokera ku gulu lotchedwa. pafupi ndi dziko lapansi (). Tikukamba za asteroids, asteroids ndi comets omwe njira zawo zili pafupi ndi dziko lapansi. Zimaganiziridwa kuti izi ndi zinthu zomwe gawo lake la orbit ndi lochepera 1,3 AU kuchokera ku Dzuwa.

Malinga ndi NEO Coordination Center, ya European Space Agency, ikudziwika pano za 15 zikwi NEO zinthu. Ambiri aiwo ndi asteroids, koma gulu ili likuphatikizapo ma comets oposa zana. Opitilira theka la chikwi amasankhidwa kukhala zinthu zomwe zitha kugundana ndi Dziko lapansi kuposa ziro. United States, European Union ndi mayiko ena akupitiriza kufufuza zinthu za NEO zakumwamba monga gawo la pulogalamu yapadziko lonse.

Inde, iyi si ntchito yokhayo yoyang’anira chitetezo cha dziko lathu lapansi.

M'kati mwa dongosolo la Pulogalamu Asteroid ngozi assessment (CRANE - Asteroid Threat Assessment Project) NASA Yakwaniritsa Cholinga makompyuta apamwamba, kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kugunda kwa zinthu zoopsa ndi Dziko Lapansi. Kujambula kolondola kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwiratu momwe zingawonongeke.

Kuyenerera kwakukulu pakuzindikira zinthu kuli Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WISE) - NASA's Infrared Space Telescope idakhazikitsidwa pa Disembala 14, 2009. Zithunzi zopitilira 2,7 miliyoni zidajambulidwa. Mu Okutobala 2010, nditamaliza ntchito yayikulu yautumwi, telesikopu idatheratu.

Komabe, zowunikira ziwiri mwa zinayizi zitha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupitiliza ntchito yoyitanidwa Neowise. Mu 2016 mokha, NASA, pogwiritsa ntchito makina owonera a NEOWISE, idapeza miyala yatsopano yopitilira XNUMX pamalo apafupi. Khumi mwa iwo anaikidwa m’gulu la anthu othekera owopsa. Mawu omwe adasindikizidwa adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kosadziwika bwino kwa zochitika zamasewera.

Pamene njira zowunikira ndi zida zikukula, kuchuluka kwa zidziwitso zowopseza kukuchulukirachulukira. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa, oimira bungwe la Institute of Astronomy of the Czech Academy of Sciences ananena kuti ma asteroid okhala ndi mphamvu zowononga zimene zingawononge mayiko onse akhoza kubisika m’gulu la ma Taurid amene amadutsa nthawi zonse mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi. Malinga ndi a Czechs, titha kuwayembekezera mu 2022, 2025, 2032 kapena 2039.

Pogwirizana ndi filosofi yakuti chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ndi kumenyana ndi ma asteroids, omwe mosakayikira amawopsyeza kwambiri mafilimu ndi mafilimu, tili ndi njira yonyansa, ngakhale kuti ndi yongopeka. NASA ikadali yongoganiza koma yokambidwa mozama kuti "asinthe" asteroid imatchedwa DART ().

Setilaiti ya kukula kwa firiji iyenera kugundana ndi chinthu chomwe chilibe vuto. Asayansi akufuna kuwona ngati izi ndizokwanira kusintha pang'ono njira ya wolowererayo. Kuyesera kwa kinetic nthawi zina kumawonedwa ngati gawo loyamba popanga chishango choteteza Dziko Lapansi.

8. Kuwoneratu ntchito ya DART

Thupi lomwe bungwe la America likufuna kugunda ndi kuwombera uku limatchedwa Didymos B ndi kuwoloka danga limodzi ndi Didymosem A. Malinga ndi asayansi, n'zosavuta kuyeza zotsatira za kumenyedwa kokonzekera mu dongosolo la binary.

Chipangizochi chikuyembekezeka kugundana ndi asteroid pa liwiro lopitilira 5 km / s, komwe ndi kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri liwiro la chipolopolo chamfuti. Zotsatira zake zidzawonedwa ndikuyesedwa ndi zida zowonera bwino pa Dziko Lapansi. Miyezoyo idzawonetsa asayansi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kinetic yomwe galimoto iyenera kukhala nayo kuti isinthe bwino njira yamtundu uwu wa chinthu.

Novembala watha, boma la US lidachita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti liyankhe kugunda komwe kunanenedweratu pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndi asteroid yayikulu. Mayesowa adachitika ndi NASA. Zomwe zakonzedwazo zikuphatikiza zomwe zidachitika poyankha kugunda komwe kungachitike ndi chinthu choyezera pakati pa 100 ndi 250 m chodziwika (cha polojekiti yokhayo) pa Seputembara 20, 2020.

Panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, adatsimikiza kuti asteroid amaliza ulendo wake wamlengalenga ndikugwera kumwera kwa California kapena pafupi ndi gombe lake ku Pacific Ocean. Kuthekera kwa anthu ambiri ku Los Angeles ndi madera ozungulira adayesedwa - ndipo tikulankhula za anthu 13 miliyoni. Pazochita zolimbitsa thupi, osati zitsanzo zokha zodziwiratu zotsatira za ngozi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziroli zinayesedwa, komanso njira yochepetsera magwero osiyanasiyana a mphekesera ndi zabodza, zomwe zingakhale chinthu chachikulu chokhudza maganizo a anthu.

Poyambirira, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2016, chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa NASA ndi mabungwe ena a ku America ndi mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa ndi chitetezo, lipoti linakonzedwa momwe, mwa zina, timawerenga:

"Ngakhale sizokayikitsa kuti vuto la NEO lomwe likuwopseza chitukuko cha anthu lidzachitika m'zaka mazana awiri zikubwerazi, chiwopsezo cha zovuta zazing'ono chimakhalabe chenicheni."

Paziwopsezo zambiri, kuzindikira msanga ndi njira yopewera, kuteteza, kapenanso kuchepetsa zotsatira zowononga. Kupanga njira zodzitetezera kumayendera limodzi ndi kuwongolera njira zodziwira.

Pakali pano, akatswiri angapo apadera akugwira ntchito yofufuza zinthu zomwe zingakhale zoopsa. zowonera pansiKomabe, kufufuza mumlengalenga kumaonekanso kukhala kofunikira. Amalola mawonekedwe a infraredzomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuchokera mumlengalenga.

Ma asteroid, monga mapulaneti, amatenga kutentha kuchokera ku Dzuwa ndiyeno amawalitsa mu infrared. Ma radiation awa angapangitse kusiyana ndi malo opanda kanthu. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri a zakuthambo aku Europe ochokera ku ESA akukonzekera, mwa zina, kukhazikitsa ngati gawo la ntchitoyo Ola lililonse telesikopu yomwe, m'zaka 6,5 ikugwira ntchito, idzatha kuzindikira 99% ya zinthu zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu pokhudzana ndi Dziko Lapansi. Chipangizocho chiyenera kuzungulira Dzuwa, pafupi ndi nyenyezi yathu, pafupi ndi njira ya Venus. Pokhala ndi nsana wake ku Dzuwa, idzalembetsanso ma asteroids omwe sitingathe kuwona kuchokera ku Dziko lapansi chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa - monga momwe zinalili ndi meteorite ya Chelyabinsk.

NASA posachedwapa yalengeza kuti ikufuna kupeza ndikuwonetsa ma asteroids onse omwe angawononge dziko lathu lapansi. Malinga ndi yemwe anali wachiwiri kwa mtsogoleri wa NASA, Laurie Garver, bungwe la ku America lakhala likugwira ntchito kwa nthawi ndithu kuti lizindikire matupi amtunduwu pafupi ndi Dziko lapansi.

-- iye anati. -

Chenjezo loyambirira ndilofunikanso ngati tikufuna kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo zamakono ndi zotsatira. Solar coronal mass ejection (CME). Posachedwapa, ichi chakhala chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zazikulu za mlengalenga.

Dzuwa limawonedwa pafupipafupi ndi zofufuza zingapo zakuthambo, monga NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) ndi ESA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), komanso ma probe a STEREO. Amasonkhanitsa deta yopitilira 3 terabytes tsiku lililonse. Akatswiri amawapenda, amafotokoza zoopsa zomwe zingatheke kumlengalenga, masetilaiti ndi ndege. Izi "zolosera zanyengo yadzuwa" zimaperekedwa munthawi yeniyeni.

Dongosolo la zochita limaperekedwanso ngati mwayi wa CME yayikulu ikuwopseza chitukuko padziko lonse lapansi. Chizindikiro choyambirira chiyenera kukulolani kuti muzimitsa zipangizo zonse ndikudikirira kutha kwa mkuntho wa maginito mpaka kupanikizika koipitsitsa kwadutsa. Zoonadi, sipadzakhala zotayika, chifukwa machitidwe ena amagetsi, kuphatikizapo makina opangira makompyuta, sadzakhala ndi moyo popanda magetsi. Komabe, kuzimitsa kwanthawi yake kwa zida kungasungire zida zofunika kwambiri.

Ziwopsezo zakuthambo—ma asteroids, comet, ndi jeti za radiation yowononga—mosakayikira zili ndi mphamvu za apocalyptic. Zimakhalanso zovuta kukana kuti zochitikazi si zenizeni, chifukwa zakhala zikuchitika kale, osati kawirikawiri. Ndizosangalatsa, komabe, kuti siimodzi mwamitu yomwe amakondedwa kwambiri ndi owopsa. Kupatulapo olalikira tsiku la chiwonongeko m’zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana.