Mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso - ndizaka za zana la XNUMX

Pa webusayiti ya BP Statistical Review of World Energy, mutha kupeza zambiri zoti pofika 2030, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kudzaposa kuchuluka komwe kulipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Choncho, chikhumbo cha mayiko otukuka ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zomwe zikukula mothandizidwa ndi matekinoloje "obiriwira" ochokera kuzinthu zowonjezereka (RES).

1. Famu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja

Ku Poland, pofika 2020, 19% ya mphamvu iyenera kubwera kuchokera kuzinthu zotere. M'mikhalidwe yamakono, iyi si mphamvu yotsika mtengo, choncho imakula makamaka chifukwa cha thandizo la ndalama la mayiko.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2013 wa Renewable Energy Institute, mtengo wopangira 1 MWh mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zimasiyanasiyana, kutengera gwero, kuchokera 200 mpaka 1500 zł.

Poyerekeza, mtengo wamagetsi wa 1 MWh mu 2012 unali pafupifupi PLN 200. Zotsika mtengo mu maphunzirowa zinali kupeza mphamvu kuchokera ku zomera zoyaka mafuta ambiri, i.e. kuwombera limodzi ndi gasi wotayira. Mphamvu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri imapezeka m'madzi ndi madzi otentha.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yowoneka bwino ya RES, i.e. ma turbines amphepo (1) ndi ma solar solar (2), ndi okwera mtengo. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mitengo ya malasha ndi, mwachitsanzo, ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya idzakwera mosapeŵeka. Maphunziro osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa gulu la RWE mu 2012) akuwonetsa kuti magulu a "Conservative" ndi "adziko lonse", i.e. magwero a mphamvu zidzakwera mtengo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi (3).

Ndipo izi zidzapangitsa mphamvu zowonjezereka kukhala njira ina osati zachilengedwe zokha, komanso zachuma. Nthawi zina amaiwala kuti mafuta opangira mafuta amathandizidwanso kwambiri ndi boma, ndipo mtengo wawo, monga lamulo, suganizira za zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimakhala nazo pa chilengedwe.

Solar-water-wind Cocktail

Mu 2009, Pulofesa Mark Jacobson (University of Stanford) ndi Mark DeLucchi (University of California, Davis) adafalitsa nkhani mu Scientific American akutsutsa kuti pofika 2030 dziko lonse lapansi likhoza kusintha. mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2013, adabwerezanso kuwerengera kwawo ku New York State ku US.

M'malingaliro awo, posachedwapa ikhoza kusiyiratu mafuta oyaka. Izi zongowonjezwdwa magwero mutha kupeza mphamvu zofunikira pamayendedwe, mafakitale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mphamvu idzachokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa WWS kusakaniza (mphepo, madzi, dzuwa - mphepo, madzi, dzuwa).

Pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya mphamvuyo idzachokera kumafamu amphepo akunyanja, omwe pafupifupi zikwi khumi ndi zitatu adzafunika kutumizidwa. Pamtunda, anthu opitilira 4 adzafunika. ma turbines omwe azipereka 10 peresenti ya mphamvu. 10 peresenti yotsatira idzachokera pafupifupi XNUMX peresenti ya minda yoyendera dzuwa yokhala ndi ukadaulo wa radiation.

Kuyika kwachizoloŵezi kwa photovoltaic kudzawonjezera 10 peresenti kwa wina ndi mzake. Ena 18 peresenti adzachokera ku kukhazikitsa kwa dzuwa - m'nyumba, nyumba za anthu ndi ku likulu lamakampani. Mphamvu zomwe zikusowa zidzawonjezeredwa ndi zomera za geothermal, magetsi opangira magetsi opangira madzi, ma generator a mafunde ndi zina zonse zowonjezera mphamvu.

Asayansi awerengera izi pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lokhazikika mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kufunikira kwa mphamvu - chifukwa cha mphamvu zambiri za dongosolo loterolo - kudzagwa m'dziko lonse ndi pafupifupi 37 peresenti, ndipo mitengo yamagetsi idzakhazikika.

Ntchito zambiri zidzapangidwa kuposa zomwe zidzatayike popeza mphamvu zonse zidzapangidwa m'boma. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, akuti pafupifupi anthu 4 adzafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya woipa. anthu ochepa, ndipo mtengo wa kuipitsa udzatsika ndi $33 biliyoni pachaka.

3. Mitengo yamagetsi mpaka 2050 - kafukufuku wa RWE

Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zonse zidzalipira m'zaka pafupifupi 17. N'zotheka kuti zikanakhala mofulumira, popeza boma likhoza kugulitsa gawo la mphamvu. Kodi akuluakulu a boma la New York ali ndi chiyembekezo chofanana ndi ziwerengerozi? Ine ndikuganiza pang'ono inde ndi pang'ono ayi.

Kupatula apo, "sagwetsa" chilichonse kuti lingalirolo likwaniritsidwe, koma, zowonadi, amaika ndalama muukadaulo wopanga. Mphamvu zowonjezeredwa. Meya wakale wa New York, Michael Bloomberg, analengeza miyezi ingapo yapitayo kuti malo otayirako nthaka aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse, Freshkills Park ku Staten Island, asinthidwa kukhala imodzi mwa malo opangira magetsi adzuwa.

Kumene zinyalala za ku New York zimawola, ma megawati 10 a mphamvu adzapangidwa. Malo ena onse a Freshkills, kapena pafupifupi mahekitala 600, adzasinthidwa kukhala madera obiriwira amtundu wa paki.

Kumene kuli malamulo ongowonjezedwanso

Mayiko ambiri ali kale panjira yopita ku tsogolo labwino. Mayiko aku Scandinavia adadutsa kale 50% kuti apeze mphamvu kuchokera zongowonjezwdwa magwero. Malinga ndi zomwe zafalitsidwa m'dzinja la 2014 ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse la chilengedwe la WWF, Scotland imapanga kale mphamvu zambiri kuchokera ku makina opangira mphepo kuposa momwe mabanja onse aku Scotland amafunikira.

Ziwerengerozi zikusonyeza kuti mu October 2014, makina opangira mphepo a ku Scotland anatulutsa magetsi okwana 126 peresenti ya zinthu zofunika m’nyumba za m’deralo. Ponseponse, 40 peresenti ya mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa m'derali zimachokera kuzinthu zongowonjezereka.

Ze zongowonjezwdwa magwero oposa theka la mphamvu Spanish amachokera. Theka la theka limenelo limachokera ku magwero a madzi. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa mphamvu zonse za ku Spain zimachokera ku mafamu amphepo. Mumzinda wa La Paz ku Mexico, mulinso malo opangira magetsi adzuwa Aura Solar I omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 39 MW.

Kuphatikiza apo, kukhazikitsa famu yachiwiri ya 30 MW Groupotec I yatsala pang'ono kutha, chifukwa chake mzindawu utha kuperekedwanso mphamvu zochokera kumagwero ongowonjezedwanso. Chitsanzo cha dziko lomwe lakhala likukhazikitsa ndondomeko yowonjezera gawo la mphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zowonjezereka kwa zaka zambiri ndi Germany.

Malinga ndi Agora Energiewende, mu 2014 mphamvu zowonjezera zidatenga 25,8% yamagetsi mdziko muno. Pofika 2020, Germany iyenera kulandira zoposa 40 peresenti kuchokera kuzinthu izi. Kusintha kwamphamvu kwa Germany sikungokhudza kusiyidwa kwa nyukiliya ndi malasha pothandizira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa mu gawo la mphamvu.

Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti Germany ndi mtsogoleri pakupanga njira zothetsera "nyumba zopanda pake", zomwe makamaka zimapanga popanda machitidwe otentha. "Cholinga chathu chokhala ndi 2050 peresenti ya magetsi aku Germany amachokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa pofika 80 akadali m'malo," Chancellor waku Germany Angela Merkel posachedwapa adatero.

Zida zatsopano za sola

M'ma laboratories, pali kulimbana kosalekeza kuti kukhale bwino. magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa - mwachitsanzo, maselo a photovoltaic. Maselo a dzuŵa, amene amasintha mphamvu ya kuwala kwa nyenyezi yathu kukhala magetsi, akuyandikira 50 peresenti ya mbiri yabwino.

4. Graphene pa thovu kwa kutembenuka kwa dzuwa ndi nthunzi ndi MIT

Komabe, machitidwe pamsika masiku ano akuwonetsa kuchita bwino kosapitilira 20 peresenti. Mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri a photovoltaic omwe amasintha bwino kwambiri mphamvu ya dzuwa - kuchokera ku infrared, kudzera mumtundu wowoneka, kupita ku ultraviolet - kwenikweni amakhala ndi maselo amodzi, koma anayi.

Zigawo za semiconductor zimayikidwa pamwamba pa wina ndi mzake. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi udindo wopeza mafunde osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku sipekitiramu. Tekinoloje iyi ndi chidule cha CPV (concentrator photovoltaics) ndipo idayesedwa kale mumlengalenga.

Chaka chatha, mwachitsanzo, mainjiniya ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) adapanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi ma graphite flakes omwe amaikidwa pa thovu la kaboni (4). Ukaikidwa m’madzi ndi kuunjikizidwa ndi cheza cha dzuŵa, umapanga nthunzi wamadzi, kutembenuza 85 peresenti ya mphamvu zonse za dzuŵa kukhala mmenemo.

Zatsopano zatsopano zimagwira ntchito mophweka - porous graphite kumtunda kwake kumatha kuyamwa bwino komanso sungani mphamvu ya dzuwandipo pansi pali mpweya wosanjikiza, wodzazidwa pang'ono ndi thovu la mpweya (kotero kuti zinthuzo zitha kuyandama pamadzi), kuteteza mphamvu ya kutentha kuthawira m'madzi.

5. Minyanga ya Photovoltaic m'munda wa mpendadzuwa

Zida zopangira mphamvu za solar zam'mbuyomu zinkafunika kuyang'ana kwambiri kuwala kwadzuwa kambirimbiri kuti zigwire ntchito.

Yankho latsopano la MIT limangofunika kuchulukitsa kakhumi, kupangitsa kukhazikitsidwa konseko kukhala kotsika mtengo.

Kapena mwina yesani kuphatikiza mbale ya satana ndi mpendadzuwa muukadaulo umodzi? Mainjiniya ku Airlight Energy, kampani yaku Swiss yochokera ku Biasca, akufuna kutsimikizira kuti ndizotheka.

Adapanga mbale zamamita 5 zokhala ndi zida zoyendera dzuwa zomwe zimafanana ndi tinyanga ta satellite ta TV kapena ma telescope a wailesi ndikuwunika kuwala kwa dzuwa ngati mpendadzuwa (XNUMX).

Amayenera kukhala osonkhanitsa mphamvu zapadera, osapereka magetsi ku maselo a photovoltaic okha, komanso kutentha, madzi oyera komanso ngakhale, atatha kugwiritsa ntchito pampu yotentha, akuyendetsa firiji.

Magalasi amwazikana pamwamba pawo amatumiza ma radiation adzuwa ndikuwunikira pamapanelo, mpaka ka 2. Iliyonse mwa mapanelo asanu ndi limodzi ogwirira ntchito imakhala ndi tchipisi 25 za photovoltaic zoziziritsidwa ndi madzi oyenda kudzera mu ma microchannel.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, ma module a photovoltaic amagwira ntchito kanayi moyenera. Pokhala ndi makina ochotsera mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja, chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha kupanga malita 2500 amadzi abwino patsiku.

Kumadera akutali, zida zosefera madzi zitha kuyikidwa m'malo mwazopangira zochotsa mchere. Mtundu wonse wa mlongoti wamaluwa wa 10m ukhoza kupindika ndikunyamulidwa mosavuta ndi galimoto yaying'ono. Lingaliro latsopano la kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa m'madera osatukuka kwambiri ndi Solarkiosk (6).

Mayunitsi amtunduwu ali ndi rauta ya Wi-Fi ndipo amatha kulipiritsa mafoni opitilira 200 patsiku kapena kuyatsa mini-firiji momwe, mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ofunikira amatha kusungidwa. Ma kiosks ambiri otere akhazikitsidwa kale. Iwo amagwira ntchito makamaka ku Ethiopia, Botswana ndi Kenya.

7. Ntchito ya Pertamina skyscraper

Zomangamanga zamphamvu

Nyumba yosanja yosanja ya nsanjika 99 yotchedwa Pertamina (7), yomwe ikukonzekera kumangidwa ku Jakarta, likulu la dziko la Indonesia, ikuyenera kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri monga momwe imawonongera. Iyi ndi nyumba yoyamba ya kukula kwake padziko lapansi. Zomangamanga za nyumbayi zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi malo - zimalola kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kuyenera kulowa, kukulolani kuti mupulumutse mphamvu zonse za dzuwa.

8. Green Wall ku Barcelona

The truncated Tower imagwira ntchito ngati ngalande mphamvu yamphepo. Zithunzi za Photovoltaic zimayikidwa kumbali iliyonse ya malo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zizipangidwa tsiku lonse, nthawi iliyonse ya chaka.

Nyumbayi idzakhala ndi malo opangira magetsi a geothermal ogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo.

Panthawiyi, ofufuza a ku Germany ochokera ku yunivesite ya Jena akonzekera ntchito ya "smart facades" ya nyumba. Kutumiza kwa kuwala kungasinthidwe mwa kukanikiza batani. Sikuti ali ndi ma cell a photovoltaic okha, komanso kukula kwa algae kuti apange biofuel.

Pulojekiti ya Large Area Hydraulic Windows (LaWin) imathandizidwa ndi ndalama za ku Ulaya pansi pa pulogalamu ya Horizon 2020. Chozizwitsa cha teknoloji yamakono yobiriwira yomwe imamera pa facade ya Raval Theatre ku Barcelona sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mfundo yomwe ili pamwambayi (8).

Munda woyima wopangidwa ndi Urbanarbolismo umakhala wokhazikika. Zomera zimathiriridwa ndi njira yothirira yomwe mapampu ake amapangidwa ndi mphamvu yopangidwa mapanelo a photovoltaic zimagwirizana ndi dongosolo.

Madzi nawonso amachokera ku mvula. Madzi a mvula amatsikira m’ngalande n’kupita m’thanki yosungiramo zinthu, kumene amakawapopa ndi mapampu oyendera mphamvu ya dzuŵa. Palibe magetsi akunja.

Dongosolo lanzeru limathirira mbewu molingana ndi zosowa zawo. Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zamtunduwu zikuwonekera pamlingo waukulu. Chitsanzo ndi sitediyamu ya Solar Powered National Stadium ku Kaohsiung, Taiwan (9).

Wopangidwa ndi wojambula waku Japan Toyo Ito ndipo adatumizidwa ku 2009, ali ndi ma cell 8844 a photovoltaic ndipo amatha kupanga mphamvu mpaka 1,14 gigawatt-maola pachaka, kupereka 80 peresenti ya zosowa zaderalo.

9. Bwalo la Dzuwa ku Taiwan

Kodi mchere wosungunuka udzapeza mphamvu?

Kusungirako mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mchere wosungunuka sichidziwika. Tekinolojeyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu amagetsi adzuwa monga Ivanpah yotsegulidwa posachedwa m'chipululu cha Mojave. Malinga ndi kampani yosadziwikabe ya Halotechnics ku California, njira iyi ndi yodalirika kwambiri kuti ntchito yake ikhoza kufalikira ku mafakitale onse amphamvu, makamaka zongowonjezwdwa, kumene, kumene nkhani yosungiramo zochulukirapo pamaso pa kusowa kwa mphamvu ndi vuto lalikulu.

Kampaniyo imanena kuti kusunga mphamvu motere ndi theka la mtengo wa mabatire, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabatire akuluakulu. Pankhani ya mtengo, imatha kupikisana ndi makina osungira madzi opopera, omwe, monga mukudziwa, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha pamikhalidwe yabwino. Komabe, luso limeneli lili ndi zovuta zake.

Mwachitsanzo, 70 peresenti yokha ya mphamvu yosungidwa mumchere wosungunuka ingagwiritsiridwenso ntchito monga magetsi (90 peresenti m’mabatire). Ma Halotechnics pakali pano akugwira ntchito yoyendetsera bwino machitidwewa, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu otentha ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zamchere.

10. Matanki a mchere osungunula kuti asunge mphamvu

Malo owonetserawa adatumizidwa ku Sandia National Laboratories ku Arbuquerque, New Mexico, USA. kusungirako mphamvu ndi mchere wosungunuka. Amapangidwa makamaka kuti azigwira ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa CLFR, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito magalasi omwe amasunga mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti atenthetse madzi opopera.

Ndi mchere wosungunuka mu thanki. Dongosololi limatenga mchere kuchokera ku tanki lozizira (290 ° C), limagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa magalasi ndikuwotcha madziwo mpaka kutentha kwa 550 ° C, kenako amasamutsira ku thanki ina (10). Pakafunika, mchere wosungunuka wotentha kwambiri umadutsa muchotenthetsera kuti upange nthunzi yopangira mphamvu.

Potsirizira pake, mchere wosungunukawo umabwereranso kumalo ozizira ndipo ndondomekoyi imabwerezedwa motsekedwa. Kafukufuku wofananitsa wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wosungunuka monga madzi ogwirira ntchito amalola kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mchere wofunikira kuti asungidwe, ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwa magulu awiri osinthanitsa kutentha mu dongosolo, kuchepetsa mtengo wa dongosolo ndi zovuta.

Yankho lomwe limapereka kusungirako mphamvu pamlingo wocheperako, ndizotheka kukhazikitsa batire ya parafini yokhala ndi osonkhanitsa dzuwa padenga. Iyi ndi ukadaulo wopangidwa ku Spanish University of the Basque Country (Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Uniberstitatea).

Amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu apabanja. Thupi lalikulu la chipangizocho limapangidwa ndi mbale za aluminiyamu zomizidwa mu parafini. Madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotumizira mphamvu, osati ngati malo osungira. Ntchitoyi ndi ya parafini, yomwe imatenga kutentha kuchokera ku mapanelo a aluminiyamu ndipo imasungunuka pa kutentha kwa 60 ° C.

Pachiyambi ichi, mphamvu yamagetsi imatulutsidwa ndi kuzizira sera, zomwe zimapereka kutentha kwa mapanelo owonda. Asayansi akuyesetsa kupititsa patsogolo luso la ntchitoyi mwa kusintha parafini ndi chinthu china, monga mafuta a asidi.

Mphamvu zimapangidwa panthawi ya kusintha kwa gawo. Kuyikako kungakhale ndi mawonekedwe osiyana malinga ndi zofunikira zomanga nyumba. Mukhozanso kumanga zotchedwa denga zabodza.

Malingaliro atsopano, njira zatsopano

Magetsi a mumsewu, opangidwa ndi kampani ya Dutch Kaal Masten, akhoza kuikidwa kulikonse, ngakhale m'madera opanda magetsi. Safuna maukonde amagetsi kuti agwire ntchito. Amawala chifukwa cha mapanelo adzuwa.

Nsanamira za nyali zimenezi zaphimbidwa ndi mapanelo adzuŵa. Wopangayo amanena kuti masana amatha kudziunjikira mphamvu zambiri kotero kuti amawala usiku wonse. Ngakhale nyengo ya mitambo simazimitsa. Mulinso mabatire opatsa chidwi nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu DIODE WOYERA.

Mzimu (11), monga momwe nyaliyi idatchulidwira, iyenera kusinthidwa zaka zingapo zilizonse. Chochititsa chidwi, kuchokera ku chilengedwe, mabatire awa ndi osavuta kugwiritsira ntchito.

Pakali pano, mitengo ya dzuwa ikubzalidwa ku Israel. Sipakanakhala chinthu chachilendo mu izi ngati sikunali chifukwa chakuti m'malo mwa masamba, mapanelo a dzuwa amaikidwa m'zomera izi, zomwe zimalandira mphamvu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira zipangizo zam'manja, madzi ozizira ndikuwulutsa chizindikiro cha Wi-Fi.

Mapangidwe, otchedwa eTree (12), amakhala ndi "thunthu" lachitsulo lomwe limatuluka, ndi panthambi. mapanelo a dzuwa. Mphamvu zomwe zimalandiridwa ndi chithandizo chawo zimasungidwa kwanuko ndipo zimatha "kutumizidwa" ku mabatire a mafoni kapena mapiritsi kudzera pa doko la USB.

12. Mtengo wamtengo wamagetsi

Adzagwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira madzi a nyama ngakhalenso anthu. Mitengo iyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyali usiku.

Zitha kukhala ndi chidziwitso chamadzimadzi akristalo. Nyumba zoyamba zamtunduwu zidawonekera ku Khanadiv Park, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Zikhron Yaakov.

Mtundu wamagulu asanu ndi awiri umapanga mphamvu ya 1,4 kilowatts, yomwe imatha kupatsa mphamvu ma laputopu pafupifupi 35. Pakali pano, mphamvu ya mphamvu zongowonjezereka ikupezekabe m’malo atsopano, monga kumene mitsinje imathira m’nyanja ndikuphatikizana ndi madzi amchere.

Gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) adaganiza zophunzira zochitika za reverse osmosis m'malo omwe madzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana amasakanikirana. Pali kusiyana kokakamiza pamalire a malowa. Madzi akamadutsa malirewa, amathamanga kwambiri, zomwe ndi gwero lamphamvu kwambiri.

Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Boston sanapite patali kuti ayese chodabwitsa ichi pochita. Iwo anawerengetsera kuti madzi a mumzindawu, amene amayenda m’nyanja, atha kupanga mphamvu zokwanira kuti akwaniritse zosowa za anthu a m’deralo. malo opangira chithandizo.