Kudya mpweya wa injini: imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kuyambitsa kuyaka mu injini ya kutentha, zinthu ziwiri zofunika zimafunika: mafuta ndi oxidizer. Apa tiyang'ana kwambiri kuona momwe okosijeni imalowera mu injini, yomwe ndi mpweya womwe umapezeka mumlengalenga.

Chitsanzo cha mpweya wochokera ku injini yamakono

Kupereka mpweya: njira yanji yomwe oxidizer imatenga?

Mpweya womwe umalunjikitsidwa kuchipinda choyaka moto uyenera kudutsa dera, lomwe lili ndi zinthu zingapo zofotokozera, tiyeni tiwone.

1) Fyuluta ya mpweya

Chinthu choyamba chimene chimalowa mu injini ya oxidizer ndi fyuluta ya mpweya. Wotsirizirayo ali ndi udindo wogwira ndi kugwira tinthu tambirimbiri momwe tingathere kuti zisawononge zamkati mwa injini (chipinda choyaka). Komabe, pali zingapo zoikamo mpweya fyuluta / calibers. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa misampha ya fyuluta, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti mpweya udutse: izi zidzachepetsa mphamvu ya injini (yomwe idzakhala yocheperako pang'ono), koma imapangitsa mpweya wabwino kulowa mkati. injini. (tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta parasitic). Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, fyuluta yomwe imadutsa mpweya wambiri (kuthamanga kwapamwamba) idzawongolera ntchito koma imalola kuti tinthu tambiri tilowe.

Iyenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi chifukwa imatsekeka.

2) Air mass mita

Mu injini zamakono, sensa imeneyi ntchito kusonyeza mu injini ECU kuchuluka kwa mpweya kulowa injini, komanso kutentha kwake. Ndi magawo awa m'thumba lanu, kompyuta idziwa kuwongolera jakisoni ndi valavu yamoto (petroli) kuti kuyaka kumayendetsedwa bwino (kuchuluka kwa mpweya / mafuta).

Ikatsekeka, sichitumizanso deta yolondola ku kompyuta: dongle power off.

3) Carburetor (injini yakale yamafuta)

Okalamba injini mafuta (isanafike 90s) ndi carburetor kuti Chili ntchito ziwiri: kusakaniza mafuta ndi mpweya ndi kulamulira otaya mpweya kwa injini (mathamangitsidwe). Kusintha nthawi zina kumakhala kotopetsa ... Lero kompyuta yokhayo imayesa mpweya / mafuta osakaniza (ndicho chifukwa chake injini yanu tsopano imagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mlengalenga: mapiri, zigwa, ndi zina zotero).

4) Turbocharger (ngati mukufuna)

Amapangidwa kuti awonjezere magwiridwe antchito a injini polola kuti mpweya wochulukirapo ulowe mu injini. M'malo mochepetsa mphamvu ya injini (kuyenda kwa pistoni), tikuwonjezera makina omwe "adzawomba" mpweya wambiri mkati. Mwanjira imeneyi, titha kuwonjezeranso kuchuluka kwamafuta motero kuyaka (kuyaka kwambiri = mphamvu zambiri). Turbocharger imagwira ntchito bwino pama revs apamwamba chifukwa imayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya (makamaka pama revs apamwamba). Compressor (supercharger) ndi yofanana ndi turbo, kupatula kuti imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya injini (mwadzidzidzi imayamba kupota pang'onopang'ono, koma imathamanga kale pa RPM: torque ili bwino pa RPM yochepa).

Pali ma turbine a static ndi ma geometry turbines osinthika.

5) kutentha exchanger / intercooler (ngati mukufuna)

Pankhani ya injini ya turbo, timaziziritsa mpweya woperekedwa ndi kompresa (kotero turbo), chifukwa chotsiriziracho chimatenthedwa pang'ono panthawi yoponderezedwa (gasi woponderezedwayo amawotcha mwachilengedwe). Koma koposa zonse, kuziziritsa mpweya kumakulolani kuti muyike zambiri mu chipinda choyaka moto (gasi wozizira amatenga malo ochepa kuposa mpweya wotentha). Choncho, ndi chotenthetsera kutentha: mpweya woziziritsidwa umadutsa mu chipinda chozizira (chomwe chimakhazikika ndi mpweya wabwino wakunja [mpweya / mpweya] kapena madzi [mpweya / madzi]).

6) valavu mpweya (mafuta opanda carburetor)

Ma injini a petulo amagwira ntchito mosakanikirana bwino kwambiri ndi mpweya ndi mafuta, motero chotsitsa cha butterfly chimafunika kuti chiwongolere mpweya wolowa mu injini. Injini ya dizilo yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi mpweya wochulukirapo sichifunikira (ma injini amasiku ano a dizilo ali nawo, koma pazifukwa zina, pafupifupi zosawerengeka).

Pamene imathandizira ndi injini ya petulo, mpweya ndi mafuta ziyenera kuyikidwa: osakaniza a stoichiometric ndi chiŵerengero cha 1 / 14.7 (mafuta / mpweya). Chifukwa chake, pamayendedwe otsika, pakafunika mafuta pang'ono (chifukwa timafunikira mpweya wocheperako), tiyenera kusefa mpweya womwe ukubwera kuti usawonjezeke. Kumbali inayi, mukamathamanga pa dizilo, jekeseni wamafuta okha m'zipinda zoyaka moto amasintha (pamitundu ya turbocharged, mphamvuyo imayambanso kutumiza mpweya wochulukirapo m'masilinda).

7) kudya mochuluka

Kuchuluka kwa madyedwe ndi imodzi mwamasitepe omaliza munjira yolowera mpweya. Apa tikukamba za kugawa mpweya umene umalowa pa silinda iliyonse: njirayo imagawidwa m'njira zingapo (malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma silinda mu injini). Kupanikizika ndi sensa ya kutentha kumapangitsa kompyuta kulamulira injini molondola. Kuthamanga kochulukirachulukira kumakhala kocheperako pamafuta omwe ali ndi katundu wochepa (kuthamanga sikutsegula, kusathamanga bwino), pomwe ma dizilo amakhala abwino (> 1 bar). Kuti mumvetse, onani zambiri m'nkhani ili pansipa.

Pa petulo ndi jekeseni wosadziwika, majekeseniwo amakhala pamitundu yambiri kuti asungunuke mafuta. Palinso mitundu ya mfundo imodzi (yakale) ndi mitundu yambiri: onani apa.

Zinthu zina zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kudya:

• Valve ya Kutulutsa kwa Gasi: Injini zamakono zili ndi valve ya EGR, yomwe imalola kuti mpweya wina ubwerenso. kudya zambiri kotero kuti adutsenso mu masilindala (amachepetsa kuipitsa: NOx poziziritsa kuyaka. Kuchepa kwa oxygen).
• Mpweya: Nthunzi yamafuta yomwe ikutuluka mu crankcase imabwerera kumalo olowera.

8) Valavu yolowera

Pa sitepe yomaliza, mpweya umalowa mu injini kudzera pachitseko chaching'ono chotchedwa valavu yolowetsa yomwe imatsegula ndi kutseka mosalekeza (malinga ndi 4-stroke cycle).

Kodi chowerengera chimasokoneza bwanji molondola?

ECU ya injini imakulolani kuti muyese molondola "zosakaniza" zonse chifukwa cha chidziwitso choperekedwa ndi masensa / ma probes osiyanasiyana. Mayendedwe a mita akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya ukubwera ndi kutentha kwake. Kupanikizika kwa sensor muzochulukira kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kuthamanga kwamphamvu (turbo) posintha chomalizacho ndi chiwonongeko. Kufufuza kwa lambda mu utsi kumapangitsa kuti muwone zotsatira za kusakaniza pophunzira mphamvu ya mpweya wotulutsa mpweya.

Topology / Mitundu Yamisonkhano

Nawa misonkhano yamafuta (mafuta / dizilo) ndi zaka (mainjini ocheperako kapena ocheperako).

Injini yakale zenizeni mumlengalenga à

carburetor

Nayi injini yamafuta yakale yokongola yakale (80s / 90s). Mpweya umadutsa mu fyuluta ndipo kusakaniza kwa mpweya / mafuta kumatengedwa ndi carburetor.

Injini yakale zenizeni Turbo à carburetor

magalimoto zenizeni jekeseni wamakono wa mumlengalenga osalunjika

Apa carburetor m'malo ndi valavu throttle ndi injectors. Modernism amatanthauza kuti injini imayendetsedwa ndi magetsi. Chifukwa chake, pali masensa kuti kompyuta ikhale yatsopano.

magalimoto zenizeni jekeseni wamakono wa mumlengalenga wotsogolera

Jekeseniyo ndi yolunjika apa chifukwa jekeseni amalowetsedwa mwachindunji mu zipinda zoyaka moto.

magalimoto zenizeni jakisoni wamakono wa turbo wotsogolera

Pa injini yaposachedwa ya petulo

magalimoto dizilo jakisoni wotsogolera et osalunjika

Mu injini ya dizilo, majekeseni amayikidwa mwachindunji kapena molakwika m'chipinda choyaka (mosiyana ndi chipinda cholumikizira chipinda chachikulu, koma palibe jekeseni wolowera, monga pa petulo ndi jekeseni wosalunjika). Onani apa kuti mudziwe zambiri. Apa, chithunzichi chimatha kunena zamitundu yakale yokhala ndi jakisoni wosalunjika.

magalimoto dizilo jakisoni wotsogolera

Madizilo amakono amakhala ndi jakisoni wachindunji ndi ma supercharger. Anawonjezera gulu lonse la zinthu kuyeretsa (EGR valavu) ndi pakompyuta kulamulira injini (kompyuta ndi masensa)

Injini yamafuta: chopukutira cholowetsa

Monga mukudziwira kale, kuchuluka kwa injini ya petulo kumakhala pansi nthawi zambiri, ndiko kuti, kuthamanga kuli pakati pa 0 ndi 1 bar. 1 bar ndi (pafupifupi) kupanikizika kwa mlengalenga padziko lapansi pamlingo wapansi, kotero uku ndiye kupanikizika komwe tikukhalamo. Komanso dziwani kuti palibe kukakamiza koyipa, malire ndi ziro: vacuum mtheradi. Pankhani ya injini ya petulo, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa mpweya pa liwiro lotsika kuti chiŵerengero cha oxidizer / mafuta (kusakaniza kwa stoichiometric) chikhalebe. Komabe, samalani, ndiye kuti kupanikizika kumakhala kofanana ndi kupanikizika m'mlengalenga wathu wapansi (1 bar) pamene tadzaza kwathunthu (kutsekemera kodzaza: kutseguka mpaka kufika pamtunda). Idzadutsanso bala ndikufikira 2 bar ngati pali mphamvu (turbo yomwe imatulutsa mpweya ndipo pamapeto pake imakakamiza doko lolowera).

Kulembetsa kusukulu DIPO

Pa injini ya dizilo, kupanikizika kumakhala osachepera 1 bar, popeza mpweya umayenda momwe umafunira polowera. Choncho, ziyenera kumveka kuti kusintha kwa kayendedwe kake kumasintha (malingana ndi liwiro), koma kupanikizika kumakhalabe kosasintha.

Kulembetsa kusukulu KUYENERA

(Katundu wotsika)

Mukamathamangitsa pang'ono, thupi lopumira silimatseguka kwambiri kuti liletse kutuluka kwa mpweya. Izi zimayambitsa mtundu wamagalimoto. Injini imakoka mpweya kuchokera mbali imodzi (kumanja), pomwe valavu yampweya imalepheretsa kuyenda (kumanzere): chopuma chimapangidwa polowera, kenako kuthamanga kuli pakati pa 0 ndi 1 bar.

Pa katundu wathunthu (full throttle), valve throttle imatsegulidwa mpaka pazipita ndipo palibe kutseka. Ngati pali turbocharging, kupanikizika kumafika mpaka 2 bar (izi ndi pafupifupi kuthamanga komwe kuli m'matayala anu).

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