Nkhondo ya ufulu wodzilamulira wa Ukraine 1914-1922.
M'chilimwe cha 1914, Russia inatumiza asilikali asanu (3, 4, 5, 8, 9) ku Austria-Hungary, awiri (1 ndi 2) motsutsana Germany, amenenso anachoka m'dzinja ku Austria, kusiya 10 Army pa. Germany kutsogolo. (6. A anateteza Nyanja ya Baltic, ndi 7. A - Black Sea).
Ukraine idamenya nkhondo yayikulu yofuna ufulu zaka zana zapitazo. Nkhondo yotayika komanso yosadziwika, chifukwa iyenera kuiwalika - pambuyo pake, mbiri yakale imalembedwa ndi opambana. Komabe, inali nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri, imene inamenyedwa ndi kuumitsa ndi kupirira zosachepera zoyesayesa za Poland pomenyera ufulu ndi malire.
Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa dziko la Ukraine chinayamba m’zaka za zana la 988, ndipo zaka zana pambuyo pake, mu 1569, Kalonga Volodymyr Wamkulu anabatizidwa. boma limeneli ankatchedwa Kievan Rus. Mu XNUMX, Rus anagonjetsedwa ndi Atatars, koma pang'onopang'ono maikowa anamasulidwa. Mayiko awiri adamenyana ndi Rus, mayiko omwe ali ndi chinenero chimodzi, chipembedzo chimodzi, chikhalidwe chimodzi ndi miyambo yomwe kale inali Kievan Rus: Grand Duchy wa Moscow ndi Grand Duchy wa Lithuania. Mu XNUMX, Korona wa Ufumu wa Poland adatenganso nawo mbali pazandale za Rus. Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pa Kievan Rus, maiko atatu omwe adalowa m'malo adawuka: komwe kunali chikoka champhamvu cha Grand Duchy wa Lithuania, Belarus idakhazikitsidwa, komwe kunali chikoka champhamvu cha Moscow, Russia idawuka, komanso komwe kunali zikoka - sichoncho. wamphamvu - Ukraine idapangidwa kuchokera ku Poland. Dzinali linawonekera chifukwa palibe mayiko atatu omwe anali nawo mu Dnieper omwe ankafuna kupereka ufulu kwa anthu a m'mayikowo kutchedwa Rusyns.
Kulengeza kwa Third Universal of the Ukraine Central Rada, i.e. Kulengeza kwa Republic of Ukraine People's Republic pa November 20, 1917 ku Kyiv. Pakatikati mukhoza kuona khalidwe la kholo lakale Mihail Khrushevsky, pafupi ndi iye Simon Petliura.
The solstice chinachitika mu 1772. Gawo loyamba la Republic of Polish silinaphatikizepo Poland ndi Grand Duchy ya Lithuania pamasewera andale. Dziko la Chitata ku Crimea linataya chitetezo cha Turkey ndipo posakhalitsa linalandidwa ndi Moscow, ndipo maiko ake anakhala gawo la atsamunda a Russia. Potsirizira pake, Lviv ndi madera ozungulira ake anakhala pansi pa chisonkhezero cha Austria. Zimenezi zinakhazikitsa bata ku Ukraine kwa zaka pafupifupi 150.
Chiyukireniya m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi chinali makamaka nkhani ya zilankhulo, choncho ndi malo, ndipo kenako ndale. Zinakambidwa ngati pali chinenero china cha Chiyukireniya kapena ngati ndi chinenero cha Chirasha. M'dera ntchito chinenero Chiyukireniya motero ankatanthauza gawo la Ukraine: kuchokera Carpathians kumadzulo Kursk kum'mawa, ku Crimea kum'mwera kwa Minsk-Lithuanian kumpoto. Akuluakulu a ku Moscow ndi St. Komanso, anthu ambiri a ku Ukraine ankaona kuti chinenero chawo n’chosiyana, ndipo chifundo chawo chinali chovuta kwambiri pa ndale. Anthu ena a ku Ukraine ankafuna kukhala mu "Russia Yaikulu ndi Yosagawanika", ena a ku Ukraine ankafuna kudzilamulira mu Ufumu wa Russia, ndipo ena ankafuna dziko lodziimira. Chiwerengero cha omwe amathandizira paodziyimira pawokha chinakula mwachangu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zomwe zidalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale ku Russia ndi Austria-Hungary.
Kulengedwa kwa Republic of Ukraine People's Republic mu 1917.
Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba m’chilimwe cha 1914. Chifukwa chake chinali imfa ya wolowa ufumu wa Austrian ndi Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Anakonza zosintha dziko la Austria-Hungary zomwe zidzapatse anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe anali oponderezedwa kale kukhala ndi ufulu wandale. Anafera m'manja mwa Aserbia, omwe ankawopa kuti kusintha kwa malo a ochepa a ku Serbia ku Austria kungasokoneze kulengedwa kwa Serbia yaikulu. Akhozanso kugwidwa ndi anthu aku Russia, omwe akuwopa kuti kusintha kwa anthu ochepa ku Ukraine ku Austria, makamaka ku Galicia, kudzalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Russia yaikulu.
Cholinga chachikulu cha asilikali a Russia mu 1914 chinali kugwirizana kwa "Russian" onse, kuphatikizapo Przemysl ndi Uzhgorod, kulankhula chinenero cha Chiyukireniya, m'malire a dziko limodzi: Great and Undivided Russia. Asilikali a ku Russia anaika asilikali ake ambiri kumalire ndi Austria ndipo anayesa kupambana kumeneko. kupambana kwake kunali tsankho: anakakamiza asilikali Austro-Hungary kusiya gawo, kuphatikizapo Lvov, koma analephera kuwononga izo. Komanso, chithandizo cha asilikali a ku Germany monga mdani wosafunika kwenikweni chinachititsa kuti anthu a ku Russia apambane motsatizanatsatizana. Mu May 1915, Austrians, Hungarians ndi Germany anatha kudutsa Gorlice kutsogolo ndi kukakamiza Russia kubwerera. M’zaka zingapo zotsatira, kutsogolo kwa kum’maŵa kwa Nkhondo Yaikulu kunayambira ku Riga pa Nyanja ya Baltic, kudutsa ku Pinsk chapakati, kukafika ku Chernivtsi pafupi ndi malire a Romania. Ngakhale kulowa kwa ufumu wotsiriza mu nkhondo - mu 1916 kumbali ya Russia ndi Entente limati - sanasinthe zinthu zankhondo.
Mkhalidwe wankhondo unasintha ndi kusintha kwa ndale. Mu March 1917, February Revolution inayambika, ndipo mu November 1917, October Revolution (kusiyana kwa mayina kumayambitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kalendala ya Julian ku Russia, osati - monga ku Ulaya - kalendala ya Gregorian). Revolution ya February inachotsa mfumu ku mphamvu ndikusintha Russia kukhala republic. Kuukira kwa October kunawononga dziko la Republic ndipo kunayambitsa Bolshevism ku Russia.
Dziko la Russia, lomwe linapangidwa chifukwa cha Revolution ya February, linayesa kukhala dziko lotukuka, lademokalase, kutsatira malamulo a chitukuko cha Kumadzulo. Mphamvu zimayenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu - omwe adasiya kukhala mutu wa tsarist ndikukhala nzika ya Republic. Mpaka pano, zisankho zonse zidapangidwa ndi mfumu, kapena m'malo mwake, olemekezeka ake, tsopano nzika zimatha kusankha tsogolo lawo m'malo omwe amakhala. Choncho, mkati mwa malire a Ufumu wa Russia, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhonsolo am'deralo inalengedwa, yomwe mphamvu zina zinaperekedwa. Panali demokalase ndi humanization wa asilikali Russian: mapangidwe dziko analengedwa, kuphatikizapo Chiyukireniya.
Pa Marichi 17, 1917, patatha masiku asanu ndi anayi chiyambireni Chisinthiko cha February, Chiyukireniya Chapakati Rada chinakhazikitsidwa ku Kyiv kuti chiyimire anthu aku Ukraine. Tcheyamani wake anali Mikhail Grushevsky, amene yonena mwangwiro zimasonyeza tsogolo la Chiyukireniya ganizo la dziko. Iye anabadwira ku Chelm, m'banja la mphunzitsi wa seminare ya Orthodox, adachokera kukuya kwa ufumuwo kupita ku Russia ku Poland. Anaphunzira ku Tbilisi ndi Kyiv, kenako anapita ku Lvov, kumene ku yunivesite ya Austria, kumene kuphunzitsa kunali Chipolishi, anaphunzitsa mu Chiyukireniya pa nkhani yotchedwa "History of Ukraine-Little Russia" (analimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito dzina " Ukraine" pa mbiri ya Kievan Rus ). Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Russia mu 1905, adalowa nawo moyo wa chikhalidwe ndi ndale wa Kyiv. Nkhondoyo inamupeza ku Lvov, koma "kupyolera m'malire atatu" anatha kufika ku Kyiv, koma anatumizidwa ku Siberia kuti agwirizane ndi anthu a ku Austria. Mu 1917 anakhala tcheyamani wa UCR, pambuyo pake anachotsedwa pa ulamuliro, pambuyo pa 1919 anakhala kwa kanthawi ku Czechoslovakia, kumene anachoka kupita ku Soviet Union kukakhala zaka zomalizira za moyo wake m’ndende.
