Malingaliro ndi mawonekedwe obiriwira

Zomangamanga, zomangamanga, zomanga m'misewu ya mizinda ndi midzi yathu nthawi zonse zakhala zikuwonetseratu zochitika zamakono zamakono ndi zamakono. Kodi chiwonetsero chazaka za zana la XNUMX ndi chiyani?

Masiku ano ndizovuta kunena za kalembedwe kamodzi kapena njira imodzi. Mwina izi ndizofala kwambiri. kuyesetsa kupanga eco-friendly design, koma zimamveka m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina zomwe ena amaganiza kuti ntchito zobiriwira, kwa ena ngakhale anti-eco. Kotero palibe kumveka ngakhale muzochitika zamphamvu kwambiri zomangamanga.

Izi nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa. Bungwe la World Green Building Council linati mphamvu zimene zimafunika pomanga ndi kugwilitsila nchito nyumbazi zimatenga pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya mphamvu zonse. mpweya woipa wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi waukulu kuposa magalimoto, ndege ndi magalimoto ena onse padziko lapansi.

Makampani a simenti akadakhala kuti ndi boma, ndiye kuti akanakhala gwero lachitatu lalikulu la CO.₂ kuzungulira China ndi US. Konkire, chinthu chopangidwa ndi anthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chimakhala ndi mpweya wochuluka modabwitsa: kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cubic meter kumatulutsa mpweya woipa wokwanira kudzaza nyumba yonse ya banja limodzi.

Okonza obiriwira akuyang'anabe mayankho omwe ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe kuposa njira zachikhalidwe, ndi mpweya wotsika kwambiri komanso "kukonza" kwa CO.₂.

Zomanga nyumba zopangidwa ndi cork kapena bowa zouma. Pali zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimagwira carbon dioxide ndikuzimanga ndi zipangizo zina monga njerwa, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimapangidwira. nyumba za eco. Komabe, zikuwoneka ngati njira yowona komanso yokakamiza kwambiri ndi Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), mtundu wa plywood ya mafakitale yokhala ndi matabwa okhuthala omwe amamatiridwa pamakona abwino kuti apeze mphamvu.

Ngakhale CLT imadula mitengo, imagwiritsa ntchito kachigawo kakang'ono ka kaboni wotulutsidwa ndi simenti ndipo imatha kusintha zitsulo m'nyumba zotsika komanso zapakati (komanso chifukwa mitengo imatenga CO.₂ kuchokera mumlengalenga, nkhuni zimatha kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino). Nyumba yayitali kwambiri ya CLT padziko lonse lapansi idamangidwa posachedwa ku Norway., ndi ntchito zambiri, zogona komanso hotelo. Pamtunda wa 85m ndi 18 pansi, kumalizidwa mokongola ndi spruce wamba, zikuwoneka ngati njira yeniyeni yopangira konkriti ndi zitsulo. Tidapereka lipoti lambiri pazomangamanga zamatabwa zomwe zikukula nthawi zonse ndi CLT, lofalitsidwa ku MT chaka chapitacho.

Ntchito za Green offshore

Ntchito ndi malingaliro olimba mtima "obiriwira", omwe amafalitsidwa mofunitsitsa m'ma TV, nthawi zina amamveka ngati amphamvu komanso osangalatsa. M'malo mwake, tisanawone biocities zam'tsogolo, nyumba zambiri zidzamangidwa zomwe zimawoneka ngati kampasi yatsopano ya Apple ku California. Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya madera ozungulira malo ozungulira, ofanana ndi galimoto ya UFO, yasinthidwa kukhala paki pano.

Apple idalemba ganyu akatswiri amitengo yakuyunivesite kuti abzale mitundu yapadera yaderali. Kampasiyo inamangidwa mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kutalika kwa nyumbazo. Nyumba zonse zisapitirire nsanjika zinayi. Ngakhale nyumba yayikulu iyenera kukhala yayikulu kukula kwake, sidzakwera pamwamba pa skyscraper. Kampasiyo ili ndi gwero lamagetsi, lomwe, malinga ndi Steve Jobs mwiniwake, pamapeto pake lidzakhala gwero lalikulu, monga Apple ikufuna kupanga mphamvu ya dzuwazomwe zidzakhala zoyera komanso zotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi maukonde ndikugwiritsa ntchito yotsirizirayi ngati kubwereranso.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2015, Google ikubweretsanso pulojekiti ya eco-shelf yokhala ndi mapangidwe atsopano a likulu lawo ku Mountain View, California. Mapangidwe a kampasi yatsopano ya Google adapangidwa ndi akatswiri omanga awiri - Bjarke Ingels ndi Thomas Heatherwick. Zimaphatikizaponso nyumba zogona zamaofesi, mayendedwe apanjinga, malo obiriwira obiriwira, ndi mayendedwe oyenda. Mosakayikira, pulojekiti ya Google ndiyoyankhanso ku Apple's Campus 2.

Zomangamanga zing'onozing'ono sizokwanira kwa opanga ambiri amakono. Akufuna kumanga ndi kumanganso madera onse ndi mizinda yobiriwira. Vincent Callebaut, katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku France komanso wokonza mizinda, awonetsa ntchito yosintha Paris kukhala mzinda wobiriwira komanso wanzeru wamtsogolo.

Lingaliro, lomwe Callebaut amachitcha "Smart City", limaphatikiza lingaliro lobiriwira lamakono ndi mayankho apamwamba aukadaulo. Ndondomekoyi ndikusintha mzinda wowala kukhala wochezeka, mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, ndikusunga mbiri yake.

Zithunzi za Vincent Callebaut ndizodzaza ndi "nyumba zobiriwira" zogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amagetsi osagwira ntchito, kubwezeretsanso madzi okwanira, makoma obiriwira ndi minda ngakhale pamalo okwera kwambiri. Makoma a nyumba zomangidwa ndi ma cell a uchi ndi amene ali ndi udindo wotulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta achilengedwe. skyscrapers zobiriwira Ayenera kuphatikiza ntchito zogona ndi zamalonda, zomwe ziyenera kuchepetsa kufunikira koyenda ndikumasula misewu kumayendedwe ochulukirapo.

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti njira yobiriwira yoganizira muzomangamanga imalimbikitsidwanso kwambiri ndi maulamuliro amakono ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa. mwachitsanzo, ku France, lamulo lopangira denga lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira 2015. Kuyambira pano, madenga a malo opangira malonda omwe angomangidwa kumene ayenera kukutidwa pang'ono ndi zobiriwira, apo ayi. Izi ziyenera kuthandiza kuti nyumbayo ikhale yotsekereza, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti kutentha kwa m'nyengo yachisanu kukhale kochepa komanso kuzizirirako mitengo ya m'chilimwe, kuchulukirachulukira kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa kutha kwa madzi chifukwa chosunga madzi amvula, ndi kuletsa phokoso. France si dziko loyamba kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya denga lobiriwira. Izi zachitika kale ku Canada ndi ku Lebanon Beirut.

Akatswiri a zomangamanga akuyesera kubweretsa chilengedwe ku mizinda. Kuphatikizira zinthu zamoyo ndi nzeru zathu kungasokoneze kusiyana pakati pa zachilengedwe ndi zopangapanga. Ndipo moyo wathu udzasintha kukhala wabwino. Apainiyawa akufunafuna njira zogwetsera mpanda umene tatchinga n’kuikamo “makoma amoyo” ophimbidwa ndi nthaka ndi zomera ndi magalasi odzaza ndere. Motero, akanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuza mpweya ndi kupanga mphamvu. Ngakhale njira zosavuta kwambiri zamoyo zimatha kuyamwa madzi amvula, kuthandizira zamoyo m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kutsekereza zowononga, ndi kuwongolera kutentha kwa mpweya.

Mawonekedwe amatsatira chilengedwe

Ma Radical Eco-Projects akadali osangalatsa kwambiri. Chowonadi cha zomangamanga zamakono ndikugogomezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu za zomangamanga zomangidwa, kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri pazachuma ndi ntchito. Izi ndi ziwiri "eco" - zachilengedwe ndi chuma. Nyumba zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zimadziwika ndi nyumba zazing'ono, momwe chiopsezo cha milatho yotentha ndipo chifukwa chake kutentha kumachepetsedwa. Izi ndizofunikira pakupeza magawo abwino ocheperako pokhudzana ndi gawo la magawo akunja, omwe amaganiziridwa pamodzi ndi pansi pansi, mpaka kuchuluka kwamoto wonse.

Mu Meyi 2019, gulu lamakampani opanga zomangamanga aku Britain otchedwa "Architects Declare" adasindikiza chikalata chomwe, limodzi ndi zofunikira zochepa (kuchepetsa zinyalala zomanga, kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu), zimakhala ndi malingaliro olakalaka kwambiri, monga kuchepetsa "moyo". kuzungulira” - pa kuchuluka kwa CO₂ zofunikira pakupanga konkire kapena mwala wa mgodi kuti uwononge mphamvu. Lingaliro limodzi lomwe linali lokangana makamaka kwa makampani omwe amazolowera kuchotsa nyumba zakale ndikuyambanso linali lakuti nyumba zomwe zilipo zikuyenera kusinthidwa ndikukwezedwa m'malo mogwetsedwa.

Komabe, monga ambiri anenera, palibe mgwirizano kwenikweni pa zomwe "zokhazikika" zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zikutanthauza. Tikamakambirana pamutuwu, mosakayika timapeza kuti tili ndi malingaliro ndi matanthauzidwe ambiri. Ena adzaumirira kubwereranso ku zomangira zakale zakale monga kusakaniza kwa dothi ndi udzu, ena adzalozera ku nyumba monga hotelo yapamwamba ku Amsterdam, yomangidwa pang'ono kuchokera ku konkire yobwezeretsedwanso komanso ndi façade "yanzeru" yomwe imayang'anira zamkati. kutentha. monga chitsanzo cha njira yoyenera.

Kwa ena, nyumba yokhazikika ndi yomwe imakhala yogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chake, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zam'deralo, matabwa, matope okhala ndi mchenga wogulidwa m'deralo, miyala yam'deralo. Kwa ena, palibe kamangidwe kachilengedwe kopanda ma solar ndi kutentha kwa geothermal. Akatswiri akudzifunsa kuti nyumba zokhazikika ziyenera kukhala zokhazikika kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu zomanga, kapena zikuyenera kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono pakasowa?

Mpainiya wa ecodesign muzomangamanga ndi zomangamanga ndi mmisiri wotchuka Frank Lloyd Wright, yemwe m'zaka za m'ma 60 adalimbikitsa zomanga zomwe zimatuluka ndikugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, komanso nyumba yodziwika bwino ya cascading villa yomwe idapangidwa ku Pennsylvania idakhala chiwonetsero chowoneka chazokhumbazi. Komabe, m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX m’pamene akatswiri a zomangamanga anayamba kuganizira mozama za mmene angapangire zinthu mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe m’malo moyesa kuzidziwa bwino. M'malo mwa mfundo yamasiku ano ya "mawonekedwe amatsatira ntchito", katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Norway Kjetil Tredal Thorsen anapereka mawu atsopano: "mawonekedwe amatsatira chilengedwe".

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, Wolfgang Feist, pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Innsbruck, adapanga lingaliro la "nyumba yokhazikika", nyumba yokhazikika yomwe yakhala ikufalikira ku Ulaya kwa zaka zambiri, ngakhale kuti sikunganene kuti inali yochuluka. -opangidwa. Ndizokhudza kupanga nyumba kukhala "zopanda pake" pochepetsa kudalira "yogwira" magetsi otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa m'malo mwake kugwiritsa ntchito bwino dzuwa, kutentha kwa thupi la anthu okhalamo komanso kutentha kochokera ku zida zapakhomo. Nyumba yachitsanzo inamangidwa ku Darmstadt, Germany mu 1991. Feist ndi banja lake anali m'gulu la anthu oyambirira kupanga lendi.

M'nyumba zopanda pake, zomwe zimatsindika kwambiri ndikuteteza bwino. Izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira bwino zopangira matenthedwe, zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino momwe zingathere, ndi kutentha kwamkati komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi makina opangira mpweya wabwino komanso machitidwe obwezeretsa kutentha. Mapangidwe abwino kwambiri okhazikika amapereka kutsika kwa 95% pamitengo yotenthetsera, kuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya. Zomangamanga zapamwamba zimathetsedwa ndi kutsika kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

Komabe, omanga ambiri okonda zachilengedwe amakhala ndi kukayikira kwakukulu ngati nyumba yokhala chete ndi ntchito yoganiza zobiriwira. Ngati cholinga chake n’chakuti mukhale ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, n’chifukwa chiyani mungamange malo otchingidwa ndi mpweya okhala ndi mazenera onyezimira patatu pomwe mazenera otsegula kuti mumve kulira kwa mbalame kumasokoneza mphamvu ya nyumbayo? Kuphatikiza apo, zomanga zokhazikika zimakhala zomveka makamaka m'nyengo yomwe nyengo yozizira imakhala yozizira kwambiri komanso nyengo yotentha nthawi zina imakhala yotentha, monga ku Central Europe, Scandinavia. Mosiyana ndi izi, ku Britain komwe kumakhala kozizira kwambiri kumakhala kosavuta.

Ndipo ngati osati kunyumba kusunga mphamvu, komanso, mwachitsanzo, kuyeretsa mpweya? Ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya California, Riverside ayesa mtundu watsopano wa matailosi a padenga omwe amanena kuti amatha kuwononga ma oxide owopsa a nayitrogeni m'mlengalenga monga momwe galimoto imatulutsira chaka chimodzi. Kuyerekeza kwina kumanena kuti madenga miliyoni imodzi okhala ndi matailosi oterowo amachotsa matani 21 miliyoni a zinthu zimenezi mumlengalenga tsiku lililonse.

Chinsinsi cha denga latsopano ndi kusakaniza kwa titaniyamu woipa. Anapopera mankhwala owopsa a nayitrogeni mu "chipinda chamlengalenga" ndikuyatsa matayala ndi cheza cha ultraviolet, chomwe chinayambitsa titanium dioxide. Pazitsanzo zosiyanasiyana, zokutira zogwira ntchito zidachotsedwa pa 87 mpaka 97 peresenti. zinthu zoipa. titaniyamu dioxide. Opangawo akuganiziranso kuthekera "kodetsa" pamwamba pa nyumba ndi chinthu ichi, kuphatikiza makoma ndi zinthu zina zomanga.

Ngakhale kusagwirizana kwa malingaliro okhudza nyumba zogona, funde lobiriwira lakukonzanso padziko lonse lapansi likufuna kulowa m'malo onse oyandikana nawo, malo ndi chilengedwe. Masiku ano imagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe achilengedwe apakompyuta, i.e. CAED (). Pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a PermaGIS (), mukhoza kupanga ndi kupanga minda yodzichiritsa nokha, minda, midzi, matauni ndi mizinda.

Sindikizani ndi mapepala

Osati kukula kwa mapangidwe akusintha, komanso ntchito. Mu Marichi 2017, zidadziwika kuti ku United Arab Emirates akufuna kumanga nyumba yosanja yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yomwe idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D. Zolingazo zidalengezedwa ndi Cazza Construction, yoyambira ku Dubai.

"Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kudzachepetsa ndalama zomanga ndi 80 peresenti, kupulumutsa mpaka 70 peresenti ya nthawi ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 50 peresenti," adatero injiniya Munira Abdul Karim, mkulu wa bungwe la Infrastructure Development Projects Implementation Department. M'mbuyomu, akuluakulu a ku Dubai adalengeza mapulani a njira zamakono zosindikizira za 3D, zomwe pofika chaka cha 2030 nyumba zonse ku Dubai zidzapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 25D.

Kale mu Marichi 2016, nyumba yoyamba yomangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu idamangidwa ku Dubai. Malo ake othandiza anali 250 m.². Chinthucho chinapangidwa mogwirizana ndi kampani yaku China Winsun, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndiyo nyumba yoyamba yosindikizira ya 3D. Kumapeto kwa 2019, nyumba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya 3D idamangidwa ku Dubai (1).

1. Nyumba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya 3D ku Dubai.

Nyumba zoyamba zodziwika padziko lonse lapansi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi zidamangidwa zaka 5 m'mbuyomu ku China. Izi zidachitidwa ndi kampani yomwe tatchulayi Winsun. Pa nthawiyo, nyumba ya nsanjika ziwiri ndi nyumba ya nsanjika zambiri inamangidwa. Ntchito yonse yomangayo inatenga masiku 17 ndipo inayenda bwino. Chisakanizo cha konkire, pulasitiki ndi fiberglass yolimbidwa ndi pulasitala idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza nyumbayo. Mtengo wokhazikitsidwa unakhala wotsika kawiri kuposa mtengo womwe ukanagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga malo ofananirako pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje achikhalidwe.

Mu Marichi 2017, kampani yaku America Apis Cor idapereka nyumba yoyamba yokhalamo, yomwe idamangidwa m'maola 24 okha. Nyumbayi inamangidwa ku Stupino (Moscow dera). Zomangamanga sizinapangidwe m'sitolo yopanga. Chosindikizira cha 3D chinawasindikiza pamalo omanga. Choyamba, khoma lathunthu linapangidwa. Kenako wosindikizayo anatuluka m’nyumbayo n’kusindikiza denga, lomwe linaikidwa ndi antchito. Zipinda sizinkafuna pulasitala. Zomwe zinapangidwa kunja kwa malo omangawo zinali zitseko ndi mazenera. Dera la nyumba yosindikizidwa ndi Apis Cor linali laling'ono - 38 mXNUMX yokha.². Apis Cor akuti ndalama zonse zomanga zinali $10. Ndalama zazikulu kwambiri zinali zogulira zitseko ndi mazenera. Kenako, zambiri zamapulojekiti opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosindikizira ya 3D zidayamba kuchuluka.

Komanso, kusindikiza si kunyumba. Yoyamba padziko lapansi idakhazikitsidwa ku Netherlands m'dzinja Mlatho wanjinga wa konkriti wa 3D. Mapangidwewo ndi chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa Eindhoven University of Technology ndi kampani yomanga BAM. Mlathowu, kapena kuti mlatho wapansi pamtsinje wa Pelse Loup ku Gemerte, ndi wautali mamita 8 ndi 3,5 m'lifupi mwake. Mlatho wapansiwu unasindikizidwanso ku Spain.

Ukadaulo wa nyumba zosindikizidwa za 3D, kuwonjezera pa liwiro la kupha komanso mtengo wotsika, umapereka mwayi wambiri womwe sudziwika kale. Nyumba zosindikizidwa zimatha kukhala zamtundu uliwonse wosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimamangidwa ndi njira zachikhalidwe. Kukhazikika ndi kutonthoza kwa nyumba za okhalamo ndizo zomwe zikufunsidwa. Nyumba zosindikizira zidawonekera zaka zingapo zapitazo. Palibe amene adachita mayeso athunthu aukadaulo wanyumba zosindikizira zanthawi yayitali.

Kuphatikiza apo, njira yopangira ma modular ikukula. Maloto a nyumba, kaya zogona kapena zamalonda, zomangidwa mosavuta ndi njerwa, monga LEGO, sizikutaya kutchuka kwake. Sizinthu zopangidwa kale komanso "slab yayikulu" yomwe ingakhale yatikankhira kutali ndi njira yamtunduwu. Njira yowonjezereka yoganizira ikuwonekera yomwe ikugogomezera kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe osiyanasiyana omangira.

Kupanga ma module opangidwa okonzeka m'mabizinesi ogulitsa, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga ali ndi zabwino zoonekeratu. Palibe chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kusonkhanitsa zipangizo pamalo omangapo kapena kupereka misewu yoyendera kwa nthawi yaitali. Mafakitole nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo oyendera, ma terminals, madoko, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kunyamula zinthu ndikuchepetsa ndalama. Kuwonjezera apo, mafakitale, mosiyana ndi malo omanga, akhoza kupitiriza kugwira ntchito usana ndi usiku.

nyumba modular amapulumutsa nthawi. Patsamba, simuyenera kudikirira kuti siteji imodzi ithe musanayambe ina. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimatha kupangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, kenako ndikuperekedwa ndikusonkhanitsidwa malinga ndi dongosolo ndi dongosolo. Malinga ndi American Modular Institute, 30-50 peresenti yama projekiti amapangidwa. mwachangu kuposa zachikhalidwe. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala pakumanganso kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa zinyalala zochokera kumakampani opanga mafakitale zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso. Kupanga "njerwa" m'mafakitale ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira, chifukwa zinthu zopanga zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pa izi kuposa "mpumulo" komanso chitetezo chachikulu cha ogwira ntchito, chifukwa. msonkhanowu ndi wosavuta kuwongolera ndikuwongolera kuposa malo omangira mpweya.

Komabe, kumanga kuchokera ku midadada kumapereka zofunikira zatsopano, mwachitsanzo, pa kulondola kwa msonkhano. Mu mtundu uwu wa pulojekiti, makhazikitsidwe onse amagetsi ndi ma hydraulic ndi gawo la ma module opindika. Posonkhanitsa, mawaya kapena njira ziyenera kufanana bwino, kugwirizanitsa nthawi yomweyo, ngati "pamodzi". Kufalikira kwa njira zoterezi kudzafunanso milingo yatsopano yokhazikika.

Choncho, mu njira iyi, kufunikira kwa machitidwe monga BIM (Chingerezi) - kufotokozera zambiri za nyumba ndi zomangamanga, kumayamba kuwonjezeka. Chitsanzo ndi chithunzi chojambulidwa cha digito cha mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthu chomanga. Mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi makompyuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera. Chitsanzocho chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za XNUMXD monga khoma, denga, denga, denga, zenera, khomo, zomwe zimapatsidwa magawo oyenerera. Kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimapanga chitsanzo zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi zitatu zachitsanzo, m'ndandanda wa deta ya geometric ndi zinthu.

Komabe, zitsanzo zina za izo zimachepetsa chisangalalo cha nyumba zomangidwa kale. Zipinda ziwiri ndi theka, kupitirira mamita asanu ndi anayi patsiku - pa liwiro lotere, malinga ndi zolengeza mokweza, Skyscraper ya Sky City mumzinda wa Changsha wa China imayenera kukwera. Kutalika kwa nyumbayi kunali mamita 838, omwe ndi mamita 10 kuposa Burj Khalifa yemwe ali ndi mbiri ya Dubai.

Liwiro ili linalengezedwa ndi kampani ya Broad Sustainable Building, yomwe inamanga chinthucho kuchokera kuzinthu zowonongeka zomwe zidzangofunika kugwirizana wina ndi mzake zikaperekedwa kumalo omanga. Zinatenga miyezi inayi yokha kukonzekera prefabs yekha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa kamangidwe, ntchito inayimitsidwa atangomaliza kumanga nyumba yoyamba mu July 2013.

Kusakaniza masitayelo ndi malingaliro

Kuphatikiza pa nyumba zazitali, zomwe tidalemba kangapo ku MT, ndikusiya ma projekiti ambiri obiriwira omwe tafotokoza, ntchito zambiri zomanga zochititsa chidwi zikupangidwa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. M'munsimu muli zina zosankhidwa zosangalatsa.

Mwachitsanzo, m'tawuni yaku France ya Ouagny, holo yodabwitsa ya Metaphone (2) idapangidwa, yomwe opanga kuchokera kuofesi ya Herault Arnod Architectes adayipeza ngati chida choyimbira chodziyimira pawokha. Mapangidwe onse a nyumbayi ayenera "kugwirizana" pakupanga ndi kukulitsa zotsatira zamayimbidwe.

Nyumbayi imakhala ndi chimango chakuda cha konkriti. Pamwamba pamakhala zokutidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida, kuyambira chitsulo kapena chitsulo cha Corten chapamwamba mpaka magalasi ndi matabwa. Phokoso lopangidwa mkati mwa holoyo limaperekedwa kudzera m'mapangidwe kupita kumalo olandirira alendo komanso kunja. Osati ma acoustics okha omwe amasewera pano. Mapanelo akunjenjemera amalumikizidwa ndi mawaya ndikupita ku gulu lowongolera. Nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Metaphone zilinso ndi mawonekedwe a electro-acoustic. Mutha "kusewera" chida chachikulu ichi. Okonza mapulani anabweretsa woimba Louis Dandrel kuti apange nyumbayi. Denga la nyumbayo limakutidwa kwambiri ndi ma solar. Ndipo ngakhale amatumikira ngati resonators.

Palinso nyumba zina zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zomwe sizidziwika nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, Linked Hybrid (3) ndi nyumba zogona zisanu ndi zitatu zolumikizidwa zomwe zidamangidwa pakati pa 2003 ndi 2009 ku Beijing. Malowa ali ndi nyumba zisanu ndi zitatu zolumikizidwa zomwe zili ndi nyumba 664. M'magawo apakati pa nyumbazi, zomwe zili pakati pa khumi ndi ziwiri ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, pali, mwa zina, dziwe losambira, gulu lolimbitsa thupi, cafe ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Nyumbayi ili ndi zitsime zakuya zomwe zimapereka mwayi wopita ku akasupe otentha.

Dongosolo lina latsopano lachilendo ndi Absolute World (4), lopangidwa ndi nyumba zosanjikizana ziwiri zopitilira nsanjika makumi asanu ku Mississauga, tauni yaku Toronto. Kuzungulira kwa nyumbayo kumafika madigiri 206. Ngakhale kuti poyambirira ntchitoyi inkakonzedwa kuti ikhale nsanja imodzi, zipinda za ntchito yoyambirirayo zinagulitsidwa mofulumira kwambiri moti anakonza zoti amangidwenso. Nyumbayi imatchedwanso nsanja za Marilyn Monroe.

4. Mtendere weniweni ku Toronto

Pali ma projekiti ambiri osangalatsa a postmodern padziko lapansi omwe amatuluka m'mabokosi. mwachitsanzo, likulu la BMW Welt ku Germany, City of Arts and Sciences ku Valencia, lopangidwa ndi Santiago Calatrava wotchuka, Casa da Música ku Porto kapena Elbe Philharmonic ku Hamburg. Ndipo Disney Concert Hall (5), ngakhale idapangidwa ndi Frank Gehry m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, idapangidwa m'zaka za makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, zokumbutsa za Museum yotchuka ya Guggenheim ku Bilbao.

5. Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles

Mwachidziwitso, diamondi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zamamangidwe a nthawi yathu zimapangidwira ku Asia, osati ku Ulaya kapena ku America. Zaha Hadid Opera House ku Guangzhou (6) ndi Paula Andreu National Center for the Performing Arts ku Beijing (7) ndi ena mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri.

6. Nyumba ya Opera ya Guangzhou

7. National Center for the Performing Arts - Beijing.

, malo ochitirako konsati ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale. Opanga m'derali amapanga zida zonse zomwe zimatsutsana ndi tanthauzo. Izi zikuphatikizapo minda yochititsa chidwi ya ku Singapore (8) kapena ambulera ya Metropol (9), yomangidwa ndi matabwa a birch pafupifupi mamita 30 kuchokera pakati pa Seville.

8. Gardens by the Bay - Singapore

9. Metropol Umbrella - Seville

Okonza mapulani akusakaniza masitayelo, ndipo matekinoloje atsopano amawalola kuti azichita zambiri popanga zolimba ndi zolumikizira. Ndikokwanira kuyang'ana ntchito zingapo za nyumba zamakono zamakono (10, 11, 12, 13) kuti muwone zomwe mungakwanitse ndikuwona muzomangamanga lero.

10. Nyumba yogona m'zaka za zana la XNUMX I

11. Nyumba yogona m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX II

12. Nyumba yogona m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX III

13. Nyumba yogona m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX IV