Mafunde a kusatsimikizika

Mu Januware chaka chino, zidanenedwa kuti owonera a LIGO adalemba chomwe chingakhale chochitika chachiwiri pakuphatikizana kwa nyenyezi ziwiri za nyutroni. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chikuwoneka kukhala chabwino m’zoulutsira nkhani, koma asayansi ambiri ayamba kukhala ndi chikayikiro chachikulu ponena za kudalirika kwa zopezedwa za “kuthambo kwa mafunde amphamvu yokoka” kumene kunangoyamba kumene.

Mu Epulo 2019, chowunikira cha LIGO ku Livingston, Louisiana, chidapeza zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapezeka pafupifupi zaka 520 miliyoni zopepuka kuchokera ku Earth. Kuwona uku, komwe kunapangidwa pa chojambulira chimodzi chokha, ku Hanford, kunali kolemala kwakanthawi, ndipo Virgo sanalembetse chodabwitsacho, komabe adawonedwa ngati chizindikiro chokwanira cha chochitikacho.

Kusanthula kwazizindikiro GW190425 zimasonyeza kugunda kwa dongosolo la binary ndi kulemera kwa 3,3 - 3,7 kuchulukitsa kwa Dzuwa (1). Izi ndizokulirapo kwambiri kuposa unyinji womwe umawonedwa pamakina a nyenyezi za neutron mu Milky Way, zomwe zimachokera pa 2,5 mpaka 2,9 ma solar. Zanenedwa kuti zomwe zapezedwazi zitha kuyimira kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi zamanyutroni zomwe sizinawonekerepo. Sikuti aliyense amakonda kuchulukitsa kwa zolengedwa mopitilira kufunikira.

1. Kuwoneka kwa kugunda kwa nyenyezi ya nyutroni GW190425.

Point ndi kuti GW190425 idatengedwa ndi chojambulira chimodzi zikutanthauza kuti asayansi sanathe kudziwa malowo, ndipo palibe siginecha yowonera mumtundu wamagetsi amagetsi, monga momwe zinalili ndi GW170817, kuphatikiza koyamba kwa nyenyezi ziwiri za nyutroni zomwe zawonedwa ndi LIGO (yomwe ilinso yokayikitsa, koma zambiri pa izi pansipa). N'kutheka kuti izi sizinali nyenyezi ziwiri za nyutroni. Mwina chimodzi mwa zinthu Bowo lakuda. Mwina onse anali. Koma ndiye kuti adzakhala mabowo ang'onoang'ono akuda kuposa mabowo akuda omwe amadziwika, ndipo zitsanzo za mapangidwe a mabowo akuda ayenera kumangidwanso.

Pali zambiri zamitundu iyi ndi malingaliro omwe mungasinthire. Kapena mwina “kuthambo kwa mafunde amphamvu yokoka” kudzayamba kuzoloŵerana ndi kukhwima kwa sayansi m’magawo akale a kupenda mlengalenga?

Zambiri zabodza

Alexander Unsicker (2), German theoretical physicist and respected author of popular science texts, analemba mu February pa webusaiti ya Medium kuti, ngakhale akuyembekezera kwakukulu, zowunikira mphamvu yokoka LIGO ndi VIRGO (3) sanasonyeze chilichonse chosangalatsa m'chaka chimodzi, kupatula zongopeka mwachisawawa. Malinga ndi wasayansi, izi zimabweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pa njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndi mphotho ya Nobel Prize mu Physics mu 2017 kwa Rainer Weiss, Barry K. Barish ndi Kip S. Thorne, funso loti mafunde amphamvu yokoka angadziwike akuwoneka kuti akhazikika kamodzi kokha. Chigamulo cha Komiti ya Nobel chikukhudzidwa kuzindikira kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa GW150914 zomwe zidaperekedwa pamsonkhano wa atolankhani mu February 2016, ndi chizindikiro chomwe chatchulidwa kale GW170817, chomwe chidachitika chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa nyenyezi ziwiri za nyutroni, popeza ma telesikopu ena awiri adalemba chizindikiro chosinthira.

Kuyambira pamenepo alowa mu dongosolo lasayansi la physics. Zomwe zapezedwazo zinadzetsa mayankho achangu, ndipo nyengo yatsopano ya zakuthambo inali kuyembekezera. Mafunde amphamvu yokoka anayenera kukhala “zenera latsopano” la m’Chilengedwe Chonse, kuonjezera nkhokwe ya matelesikopu odziŵika kale ndi kutsogolera ku mitundu yatsopano kotheratu ya kupenyerera. Ambiri anayerekezera zimene anapezazi ndi telesikopu ya mu 1609 ya Galileo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokoka ya mafunde amphamvu yokoka. Chiyembekezo chinali chokwera pazomwe zapezedwa komanso zopezedwa zambiri panthawi ya O3 yomwe idayamba mu Epulo 2019. Komabe, pakadali pano, Unzicker amalemba, tilibe kalikonse.

Kunena zowona, palibe chizindikiro chilichonse champhamvu yokoka chomwe chapezeka m'miyezi ingapo yapitacho chomwe chatsimikiziridwa paokha. M'malo mwake, panali chiwerengero chosadziwika bwino cha zizindikiro zabodza ndi zizindikiro zomwe zinachepetsedwa. Zochitika khumi ndi zisanu zidalephera kuyesa kutsimikizira ndi ma telescope ena. Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikiro za 19 zidachotsedwa pakuwunika.

Ena mwa iwo poyamba ankaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, GW191117j inali ndi chochitika chimodzi mu 28 biliyoni chaka chotheka, GW190822c inali ndi imodzi mwa zaka 5 biliyoni, ndipo GW200108v inali ndi 1 mu zaka 100 biliyoni. zaka. Poganizira kuti nthawi yowunikira yomwe ikufunsidwayo sinali ngakhale chaka chonse, pali zambiri zabodza. Pakhoza kukhala chinachake cholakwika ndi momwe zizindikiro zimafotokozedwera, ndemanga za Unzicker.

Njira zoyika chizindikiro ngati "zolakwika," mwa lingaliro lake, sizowonekera. Izi si maganizo ake chabe. Sabine Hossenfelder, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo, yemwe adanenapo kale zolakwika mu njira zowunikira deta za LIGO, adanena pa blog yake: "Izi zikundipweteka mutu, anyamata. Ngati simukudziwa chifukwa chake chowunikira chanu chikuwona china chake chomwe sichikuwoneka kuti ndi chomwe mukuyembekezera, mungakhulupirire bwanji kuti muwone zomwe mukuyembekezera?"

Kutanthauzira kolakwika kumaganiza kuti palibe njira yolekanitsira zizindikiro zenizeni kuchokera kwa ena, kupatulapo kupewa zotsutsana momveka bwino ndi zowonera zina. Tsoka ilo, milandu yokwana 53 ya "zodziwikiratu" ili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana - palibe amene adazizindikira kupatula yekhayo.

Makanema amakonda kukondwerera msanga zomwe zapezedwa za LIGO/VIRGO. Pamene kusanthula kotsatira ndi kufufuza kwa chitsimikiziro sikulephera, monga momwe zakhalira kwa miyezi yambiri, palibenso chidwi kapena kuwongolera muzofalitsa. Oulutsa nkhani sawonetsa chidwi konse mu gawo losagwira ntchitoli.

Kuzindikira kumodzi kokha ndikosakayikitsa

Malinga ndi Unzicker, ngati takhala tikutsatira zomwe zikuchitika kuyambira chilengezo chachikulu cha kutsegulidwa kwa 2016, kukayikira komwe kulipo sikuyenera kudabwitsa. Kuwunika koyamba kodziyimira pawokha kwa data kunachitika ndi gulu lochokera ku Niels Bohr Institute ku Copenhagen, motsogozedwa ndi Andrew D. Jackson. Kusanthula kwawo deta kunavumbula kulumikizana kwachilendo m'masigino otsalawo, komwe komwe sikunadziwikebe, ngakhale akuti gululi likunena kuti. anomalies onse kuphatikizapo. Zizindikiro zimapangidwa pamene deta yaiwisi (pambuyo pa kukonzanso kwakukulu ndi kusefa) ikufanizidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ma templates, ndiko kuti, zizindikiro zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha mafunde amphamvu yokoka.

Komabe, posanthula deta, njira yotereyi ndi yoyenera pokhapokha ngati chizindikirocho chilipo ndipo mawonekedwe ake amadziwika bwino. Apo ayi, kusanthula chitsanzo ndi chida chosocheretsa. Jackson adachita izi mogwira mtima pofotokoza zake, kufanizitsa njirayo ndi kuzindikira kwazithunzi zamalaisensi. Inde, palibe vuto pakuwerenga molondola kuchokera pachithunzi chosawoneka bwino, koma pokhapokha ngati magalimoto onse omwe akudutsa pafupi ali ndi ziphaso zamalayisensi zofanana ndendende ndi kalembedwe. Komabe, ngati algorithm idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi "zamtchire", zitha kuzindikira laisensi kuchokera ku chinthu chilichonse chowala chokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Izi ndi zomwe Unzicker akuganiza kuti zitha kuchitika ndi mafunde okoka.

3. Network of gravitational wave detectors padziko lapansi

Panalinso zodetsa nkhawa zina za njira yodziwira ma sigino. Poyankha kutsutsidwa, gulu la Copenhagen linapanga njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zokhazokha kuti zizindikire zizindikiro popanda kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe. Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira zake zikuwonetseratu momveka bwino chochitika choyamba cha September 2015, koma ... ichi chokha pakali pano. Mphamvu yokoka yotereyi ikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi "mwayi" patangotha ​​​​chowunikira choyamba, koma patatha zaka zisanu, kusowa kwa zodziwikiratu zotsimikizika kukukhala chifukwa chodetsa nkhawa. Ngati palibe chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, padzakhala kuzindikira koyamba kwa GW150915 amaonedwa kuti ndi enieni?

Ena anganene kuti zinali mtsogolo kuzindikira GW170817, ndiko kuti, chizindikiro cha thermonuclear chochokera ku nyenyezi ya binary neutroni, yogwirizana ndi kuwonera kwa zida m'chigawo cha gamma ray ndi ma telescope a kuwala. Tsoka ilo, pali zosagwirizana zambiri: Kuzindikira kwa LIGO kudadziwika patangotha ​​​​maola ochepa ma telescope ena atazindikira chizindikirocho.

Laborator ya VIRGO, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa masiku atatu m'mbuyomu, sinapange chizindikiro chilichonse chodziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, LIGO/VIRGO ndi ESA adakumana ndi zolephera zama network tsiku lomwelo. Panali zokayikitsa za kugwirizana kwa chizindikiro ndi kuphatikiza kwa nyenyezi ya nyutroni, chizindikiro chofooka kwambiri cha kuwala, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, asayansi ambiri omwe amaphunzira mafunde amphamvu yokoka amanena kuti chidziwitso chotsogoleredwa ndi LIGO chinali cholondola kwambiri kuposa china. matelesikopu awiri, ndipo amanena kuti kupezako sikungakhale kwangozi.

Kwa Unziker, ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti zidziwitso za GW150914 ndi GW170817, zochitika zoyambirira zamtundu wawo zomwe zidawonetsedwa pamisonkhano ikuluikulu ya atolankhani, zidapezedwa pansi pazikhalidwe "zachilendo" ndipo sizikanatha kupangidwanso pansi pamikhalidwe yabwinoko miyeso ya nthawi yayitali.

Izi zimatsogolera ku nkhani monga kuphulika kwa supernova (komwe kunakhala chinyengo), kugundana kwapadera kwa nyenyezi ya neutronikukakamiza asayansi kuti "aganizirenso zaka za chidziwitso chovomerezeka" kapena dzenje lakuda la 70-solar-mass, lomwe gulu la LIGO lidatcha kutsimikizira kwachangu kwa malingaliro awo.

Unzicker akuchenjeza za momwe zakuthambo zakuthambo zokokera zimatengera mbiri yopereka "zinthu zosawoneka" zakuthambo. Kuti izi zisachitike, akupereka kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu kwa njira, kufalitsa ma templates ogwiritsidwa ntchito, miyezo ya kusanthula, ndikuyika tsiku lomaliza la zochitika zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe paokha.