Chonyamulira chochuluka cha haidrojeni, sitima yapamadzi yoyendetsedwa ndi batire

Kukakamizika kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi mpweya woipa wafalikira kumakampani oyendetsa sitima. Malo oyamba opangidwa ndi magetsi, gasi kapena haidrojeni akumangidwa kale.

Akuti mayendedwe apanyanja ndi omwe amachititsa 3,5-4% ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, makamaka mpweya woipa, komanso kuipitsa kwambiri. Potsutsana ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zowononga zowononga, kutumiza "kumapanga" 18-30% ya nitrogen oxides ndi 9% ya sulfure oxides.

Sulfure mu mawonekedwe a mpweya asidi mvulazomwe zimawononga mbewu ndi nyumba. Sulfur inhalation zimayambitsa mavuto ndi kupuma dongosolokomanso kuchuluka chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima. Mafuta am'madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala tizigawo tambiri ta mafuta osapsa (1), wokhala ndi sulfure wambiri.

akutero Irene Blooming, mneneri wa European Environmental Coalition Seas in Risk.

akufanana ndi Nerijus Poskus wa kampani yaukadaulo yotumizira Flexport.

1. Traditional heavy mafuta m'madzi injini

Mu 2016, bungwe la United Nations ndi International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adaganiza zokhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zowononga. Malamulo oyika malire ochuluka pa kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa sulfure kuchokera ku zombo zomwe zili pafupi ndimtunda ayamba kugwira ntchito kwa eni zombo kuyambira Januware 2020. IMO yawonetsanso kuti pofika chaka cha 2050 makampani oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi akuyenera kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha pachaka ndi 50%.

Mosasamala kanthu za zolinga zatsopano zotulutsa mpweya ndi malamulo, zothetsera zowonjezereka zikupangidwa kale kapena zikuperekedwa padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zingasinthe kwambiri chilengedwe cha kayendedwe ka panyanja.

mtsinje wa haidrojeni

Opanga ma cell amafuta a Bloom Energy akugwira ntchito ndi Samsung Heavy Industries kupanga zombo zoyendetsedwa ndi haidrojeni, Bloomberg inanena posachedwapa.

Preeti Pande, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Bloom Energy wa Strategic Market Development, adatero m'mawu ake ku bungweli.

Mpaka pano, zinthu za Bloom zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa nyumba ndi ma data. Maselo anadzazidwa ndi dziko lapansi, koma tsopano akhoza kusinthidwa kuti asunge haidrojeni. Poyerekeza ndi mafuta a dizilo wamba, iwo amatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera wowonjezera kutentha ndipo samatulutsa mwaye kapena utsi.

Eni zombo amalengeza za kusintha kwaukadaulo woyendetsa sitima. Kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yotumizira ziwiya, Maersk, idalengeza mu 2018 kuti ikufuna kusokoneza ntchito zake pofika chaka cha 2050, ngakhale sananene momwe akufuna kuchitira. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zombo zatsopano, injini zatsopano komanso, koposa zonse, mafuta atsopano adzafunika kuti apambane.

Kusaka mafuta oyeretsera komanso ogwirizana ndi nyengo potumiza pano akuzungulira njira ziwiri: gasi wachilengedwe wokhala ndi liquefied ndi hydrogen. Kafukufuku wa US Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories mmbuyomo mu 2014 adapeza kuti haidrojeni ndiyomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale njira ziwirizi.

Leonard Klebanoff, wofufuza wa Sandia, adayamba kusanthula ndi mnzake panthawiyo Joe Pratt ngati zombo zamakono zitha kuyendetsedwa ndi ma cell amafuta a haidrojeni m'malo mozigwiritsa ntchito pamafuta. Ntchito yawo idakhazikitsidwa pomwe woyendetsa bwato la San Francisco Bay adafunsa Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ngati zombo zake zitha kusinthidwa kukhala haidrojeni. Ngakhale kuti teknoloji ya hydrogen fuel cell yakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, palibe amene ankaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito pazombo panthawiyo.

Asayansi onsewa anali ndi chidaliro kuti kugwiritsa ntchito maselo kunali kotheka, ngakhale, zowonadi, zovuta zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kugonjetsedwera izi. pagawo la mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa pafupifupi kanayi wamadzimadzi wa hydrogen kuposa mafuta wamba dizilo. Akatswiri ambiri amaopa kuti mwina alibe mafuta okwanira opangira zombo zawo. Vuto lofananalo liripo ndi m'malo mwa hydrogen, gasi wachilengedwe wa liquefied, yemwenso alibe mulingo wotulutsa ziro.

2. Kumanga bwato loyamba la haidrojeni pamalo osungiramo zombo za Auckland.

Kumbali ina, mphamvu yamafuta a hydrogen imakhalabe kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mafuta wamba, motero kufunika kawiriosati anayi. Kuphatikiza apo, makina oyendetsa ma hydrogen ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa ma injini wamba am'madzi. Choncho Klebanoff ndi Pratt potsirizira pake anaganiza kuti zinali zotheka kusintha zombo zambiri zomwe zinalipo kukhala haidrojeni komanso kuti zingakhale zosavuta kupanga sitima yatsopano yamafuta.

Mu 2018, Pratt adachoka ku Sandia Labs kuti akapezekenso Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine, yomwe idapanga mapulani atsatanetsatane achombo cha haidrojeni ndikupangitsa boma la California kuti lipereke $3 miliyoni kuti lithandizire ntchito yoyendetsa. Pamalo ochitira zombo zapamadzi ku Oakland, California, pakali pano ntchito yomanga mayunitsi oyambirira amtundu umenewu ikuchitika (2). Sitima yonyamula anthu, yomwe ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino, ikhala sitima yoyamba yamagetsi ku United States. Idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula anthu kudutsa San Francisco Bay Area ndikuphunzira za derali, ndipo gulu la Sandia National Laboratory lidzafufuza chipangizocho motalika.

Zosintha zaku Norway

Ku Europe, dziko la Norway limadziwika ndi luso lake pankhani yazanyumba zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi njira zina.

Mu 2016, mwini zombo za Fjords adakhazikitsa ntchito yomwe idakonzedweratu pakati pa Flåm ndi Gudvangen ku Norwegian Midwest pogwiritsa ntchito Vision of the fjords hybrid engine yochokera ku Brødrene Aa. Akatswiri a Brødrene Aa, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lomanga Vision of the fjords, adamanga Future of the Fjords popanda mpweya woipa. Injini iyi pafupifupi yamphamvu ziwiri inali ndi ma motors amagetsi a 585 hp. aliyense. Fiberglass catamaran imatha kukwera mpaka okwera 16 nthawi imodzi, ndipo liwiro lake ndi mfundo 20. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi nthawi yolipira mabatire omwe amayendetsa chipangizocho, chomwe ndi mphindi XNUMX zokha.

Mu 2020, sitima yapamadzi yodziyimira yokha yamagetsi iyenera kulowa m'madzi aku Norway - Yara Birkeland. Magetsi opatsa mphamvu mabatire a sitimayo adzachokera ku mafakitale opangira magetsi amadzi. Chaka chatha, AAB idalengeza mapulani ogwirizana ndi Norwegian Research Center pakugwiritsa ntchito makola pamagawidwe oyendera ndi okwera.

Akatswiri akugogomezera kuti njira yosinthira makampani apanyanja kukhala njira zina komanso zokometsera zachilengedwe (3) adzakhala kwa zaka zambiri. Kuzungulira kwa zombo zapamadzi ndikwanthawi yayitali, ndipo kukhazikika kwamakampani kumakhalabe kocheperako kuposa mamita mazana angapo odzaza mpaka mphepete.