Masomphenya kwa zaka mazana ambiri, osati zaka zambiri

Kodi tiyende mlengalenga? Yankho lothandiza ndilo ayi. Komabe, chifukwa cha zonse zomwe zimatiwopseza ife monga umunthu ndi chitukuko, sikungakhale kwanzeru kusiya kufufuza malo, maulendo apandege oyendetsedwa ndi anthu ndipo, potsirizira pake, kuyang'ana malo ena okhalamo kuposa Dziko lapansi.

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, NASA idalengeza mwatsatanetsatane National Space Exploration Plankuti akwaniritse zolinga zapamwamba zomwe zafotokozedwa mu malangizo a Pulezidenti Trump mu December 2017. Zolinga zazikuluzikuluzi zikuphatikizapo: kukonzekera kutera kwa mwezi, kutumizidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kwa anthu pa mwezi ndi kuzungulira, kulimbikitsa utsogoleri wa US mumlengalenga, ndi kulimbikitsa makampani oyendetsa malo achinsinsi. ndikupanga njira yofikira oyenda mumlengalenga aku America pamtunda wa Mars.

Zilengezo zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Martian walks pofika 2030 - monga momwe zalembedwera mu lipoti latsopano la NASA - ndizosinthika ndipo zimatha kusintha ngati china chake chikachitika chomwe asayansi sanazindikire pakadali pano. Chifukwa chake, musanayambe kukonza bajeti ya ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi anthu, zimakonzedwa, mwachitsanzo, kuganizira zotsatira. Mission Mars 2020, momwe rover ina idzasonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula zitsanzo kuchokera pamwamba pa Red Planet,

Lunar spaceport

Dongosolo la NASA liyenera kuthana ndi zovuta zandalama zomwe zimafanana ndi pulezidenti watsopano waku US. Pakalipano, akatswiri a NASA a pa Kennedy Space Center ku Florida akusonkhanitsa chombo chomwe chidzatengere anthu ku mwezi ndi ku Mars zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Imatchedwa Orion ndipo imawoneka ngati kapisozi komwe openda zakuthambo a Apollo adawulukira kumwezi pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi zapitazo.

Pamene NASA ikukondwerera zaka 60, tikuyembekeza kuti mu 2020 kuzungulira Mwezi, ndipo mu 2023 ndi astronaut omwe ali nawo, idzatumizanso mumayendedwe athu a satellite.

Mwezi watchukanso. Ngakhale olamulira a Trump adatsimikiza kale mayendedwe a NASA ku Mars, dongosololi ndikumanga kaye malo ozungulira mwezi, zomwe zimatchedwa chipata kapena doko, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi International Space Station, koma akutumikira ndege pamwamba pa mwezi ndipo, pamapeto pake, ku Mars. izi zilinso m'mapulani maziko okhazikika pa satelayiti yathu yachilengedwe. NASA ndi oyang'anira adzikhazikitsira cholinga chothandizira ntchito yomanga mwezi wamalonda wa robotic osayendetsedwa pasanafike 2020.

Chombo cha m'mlengalenga cha Orion chikuyandikira siteshoni mozungulira mwezi - kuwonera

 Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Mike Pence adalengeza izi mu Ogasiti ku Johnson Space Center ku Houston. Pence ndi wapampando wa zomwe zasinthidwa kumene National Space Council. Oposa theka la bajeti yomwe NASA ikulingalira ya $ 19,9 biliyoni ya chaka chamawa ikubwera yaperekedwa kuti ifufuze za mwezi, ndipo Congress ikuwoneka kuti ivomereza izi.

Bungweli lapempha malingaliro ndi mapangidwe a malo olowera pachipata mozungulira mwezi. Zongoganizirazi zimatanthawuza mutu wamlatho wama probes mlengalenga, ma relay olumikizirana, komanso maziko ogwiritsira ntchito zida zomwe zili pamtunda wa mwezi. Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Airbus, Bigelow Aerospace, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Orbital ATK, Northrop Grumman ndi Nanoracks apereka kale mapangidwe awo ku NASA ndi ESA.

NASA ndi ESA akulosera kuti adzakwera Lunar spaceport oyenda mumlengalenga atha kukhala komweko mpaka masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Malowa akuyenera kukhala ndi zotchingira zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimalola onse oyenda m'mlengalenga ndi kuyikira ndege zapayekha zomwe zikuchita nawo ntchito zamigodi, kuphatikiza, monga ziyenera kumveka, zamalonda.

Ngati si radiation, ndiye kuti kunenepa kwambiri

Ngakhale titamanga maziko awa, mavuto omwewo okhudzana ndi maulendo ataliatali a anthu omwe ali mumlengalenga sadzatha. Mitundu yathu ikupitiriza kulimbana ndi kulemera. Njira zowonetsera malo zimatha kubweretsa mavuto akulu azaumoyo komanso otchedwa. matenda a danga.

Kutali kwambiri ndi cocoon yotetezeka yamlengalenga ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yapadziko lapansi, ndipamenenso vuto la radiation - chiopsezo cha khansa chimakula pamenepo ndi tsiku lililonse lowonjezera. Kupatula khansa, imatha kuyambitsa ng'ala komanso mwina Matenda a Alzheimer. Komanso, tinthu ting'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa ma radioactive tikakhala pa maatomu a aluminiyamu m'mabowo a zombo, tinthu ting'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri tambiri.

Yankho lingakhale mapulasitiki. Ndiwopepuka komanso amphamvu, odzaza ndi maatomu a haidrojeni omwe tinthu ting'onoting'ono tawo sipanga ma radiation achiwiri. NASA ikuyesa mapulasitiki omwe amatha kuchepetsa ma radiation mumlengalenga kapena masuti. Lingaliro lina anti-radiation zowonetsera, mwachitsanzo, maginito, kupanga cholowa m'malo mwa munda umene umatiteteza Padziko Lapansi. Asayansi ku European Space Radiation Superconducting Shield akugwira ntchito yopangira magnesium diboride superconductor yomwe, popanga mphamvu ya maginito, imawonetsa tinthu tambiri tambiri tomwe tili kutali ndi sitima. Chishango chimagwira ntchito pa -263 ° C, zomwe sizikuwoneka ngati zambiri, chifukwa chazizira kale mumlengalenga.

Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa kuti ma radiation a solar akukwera ndi 10% mwachangu kuposa momwe amaganizira kale, komanso kuti malo opangira ma radiation mumlengalenga adzaipiraipira pakapita nthawi. Kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa data kuchokera ku chida cha CRaTER pa LRO mwezi opita ku orbiter kunawonetsa kuti momwe ma radiation pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndi Dzuwa aipiraipira pakapita nthawi komanso kuti woyenda mumlengalenga wosadzitchinjiriza atha kulandira milingo 20% yochulukirapo kuposa momwe amaganizira kale. Asayansi akuwonetsa kuti zambiri mwazowopsa zowonjezerazi zimachokera ku tinthu tating'ono tambiri tambiri tokhala ndi mphamvu ya cosmic ray. Komabe, akukayikira kuti 10% yowonjezera iyi ikhoza kukhazikitsa ziletso zazikulu pakufufuza malo mtsogolomo.

Kusalemera kumawononga thupi. Mwa zina, izi zimatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti maselo ena a chitetezo cha mthupi sangathe kugwira ntchito yawo, ndipo maselo ofiira a magazi amafa. Zimayambitsanso miyala ya impso ndikufooketsa mtima. Oyenda mumlengalenga pa ISS amalimbana ndi kufooka kwa minofu, kutsika kwamtima, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafupa komwe kumatha maola awiri kapena atatu patsiku. Komabe, amatayabe mafupa pamene ali m'ngalawa.

Astronaut Sunita Williams panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi pa ISS

Yankho lingakhale mphamvu yokoka yochita kupanga. Ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology, yemwe kale anali wa zakuthambo Lawrence Young akuyesa centrifuge yomwe imakumbutsa masomphenya a kanema. Anthu amagona cham'mbali, pa nsanja, akukankhira kamangidwe ka inertial kamene kamazungulira. Njira ina yodalirika ndi polojekiti ya Canadian Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP). Chipangizocho chokha chimapanga ballast kuzungulira m'chiuno mwa munthuyo, kupanga kumverera kwa kulemera m'munsi mwa thupi.

Chiwopsezo chathanzi chodziwika pa ISS ndi zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimayandama m'nyumba. Zimakhudza maso a astronaut ndipo zimayambitsa mabala. Komabe, ili si vuto lalikulu kwambiri kwa maso akunja. Kupanda kulemera kumasintha mawonekedwe a diso ndikumakhudza kuchepa kwa masomphenya. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe silinathebe.

Thanzi nthawi zambiri limakhala nkhani yovuta pachombo. Ngati tigwira chimfine Padziko Lapansi, tidzakhala kunyumba ndipo ndi momwemo. M'malo odzaza kwambiri, otsekedwa odzaza ndi mpweya wobwerezabwereza komanso malo ambiri okhudzidwa omwe amagawana nawo, komwe kumakhala kovuta kuyeretsa bwino, zinthu zimawoneka mosiyana kwambiri. Panthawi imeneyi, chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu sichigwira ntchito bwino, choncho otenga nawo mbali mu mishoni amadzipatula masabata angapo asananyamuke kuti adziteteze ku matenda. Sitikudziwa chifukwa chake, koma mabakiteriyawo akukhala oopsa kwambiri. Komanso, ngati muyetsemula m’mlengalenga, madontho onse amaulukira kunja ndikupitiriza kuulukabe. Munthu akakhala ndi chimfine, aliyense amene ali m’sitimayo amakhala nacho. Ndipo njira yopita kuchipatala kapena kuchipatala ndi yayitali.

Ogwira ntchito paulendo 48 omwe ali mu ISS - zenizeni za moyo m'ndege

Vuto Lalikulu Lalikulu Lalikulu Lakuyenda Pamlengalenga Lathetsedwa palibe chitonthozo moyo. Kwenikweni, maulendo akunja kwa dziko lapansi amaphatikizapo kudutsa mumtsuko wopanda malire mumtsuko wopanikizika womwe umasungidwa ndi moyo ndi gulu la makina okonza mpweya ndi madzi. Pali malo ochepa ndipo mumakhala mwamantha nthawi zonse ndi ma radiation ndi ma micrometeorites. Ngati tili kutali ndi dziko lililonse, palibe mawonedwe kunja, koma mdima wandiweyani wa mlengalenga.

Asayansi akufunafuna malingaliro amomwe angatsitsimutsire monotony yoyipayi. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Chowonadi chenichenikumene oyenda mumlengalenga amatha kucheza. Chinthu chodziwika bwino, ngakhale pansi pa dzina lina, kuchokera m'buku la Stanisław Lem.

Kodi lift ndiyotsika mtengo?

Kuyenda mumlengalenga ndi mndandanda wopanda malire wazovuta zomwe anthu ndi zida zimawonekera. Kumbali imodzi, polimbana ndi mphamvu yokoka, yodzaza, ma radiation, mpweya, poizoni ndi zinthu zaukali. Komano, electrostatic discharges, fumbi, mofulumira kusintha kutentha mbali zonse za sikelo. Kuphatikiza apo, chisangalalo chonsechi ndi chokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Lero tiyenera za 20 zikwi. madola kutumiza kilogalamu ya misa mu kanjira kakang'ono ka dziko lapansi. Zambiri mwa ndalamazi zimagwirizana ndi mapangidwe ndi ntchito. boot system. Ma mission omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi komanso anthawi yayitali amafunikira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mafuta, zida zosinthira, ndi zina. Mu danga, kukonza ndi kukonza dongosolo ndi okwera mtengo komanso kovuta.

Space elevator - mawonekedwe

Lingaliro la chithandizo chandalama ndi, mwina mwa gawo, lingaliro chokwera mlengalengakugwirizana kwa malo enaake padziko lapansi lathu ndi siteshoni yopitira yomwe ili kwinakwake mumlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyesera kosalekeza kochitidwa ndi asayansi pa yunivesite ya Shizuoka ku Japan ndi koyamba kwa mtundu wake pa microscale. M'malire a polojekitiyi Space tethered autonomous robotic satellite (STARS) ma satellites awiri ang'onoang'ono a STARS-ME adzalumikizidwa ndi chingwe cha mita 10, chomwe chidzasuntha kachipangizo kakang'ono ka robotic. Ichi ndi choyambirira chaching'ono chaching'ono cha space crane. Ngati atapambana, akhoza kupita ku gawo lotsatira la ntchito yokwezera mlengalenga. Kupangidwa kwake kukanachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wonyamula anthu ndi zinthu kupita kumlengalenga.

Muyeneranso kukumbukira kuti palibe GPS mumlengalenga, ndipo danga ndi lalikulu ndipo kuyenda sikophweka. Deep Space Network - gulu la tinyanga tating'ono ku California, Australia ndi Spain - mpaka pano ichi ndiye chida chokhacho chapadziko lapansi chomwe tili nacho. Pafupifupi chilichonse, kuyambira ma satellites a ophunzira kupita ku New Horizons spacecraft yomwe tsopano ikuboola Kuiper Belt, imadalira dongosololi. Izi zadzaza, ndipo NASA ikuganiza zochepetsera kupezeka kwake ku mishoni zosafunikira kwenikweni.

Inde, pali malingaliro a GPS ina ya danga. Joseph Guinn, katswiri woyendetsa panyanja, adayambitsa njira yodziyimira yokha yomwe ingatolere zithunzi za zolinga ndi zinthu zapafupi, pogwiritsa ntchito malo awo achibale kuti azigwirizanitsa maulendo a ndegeyo - popanda kufunikira kuwongolera pansi. Amachitcha kuti Deep Space Positioning System (DPS) mwachidule.

Ngakhale chiyembekezo cha atsogoleri ndi masomphenya - kuchokera Donald Trump kwa Elon Musk - akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirirabe kuti chiyembekezo chenicheni cha kulamulira Mars si zaka zambiri, koma zaka mazana. Pali masiku ndi mapulani ovomerezeka, koma odziwa zenizeni ambiri amavomereza kuti zikhala bwino kuti anthu akhazikike pa Red Planet isanafike 2050. Ndipo maulendo ena omwe ali ndi anthu ndi zongopeka chabe. Zowonadi, kuwonjezera pamavuto omwe ali pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kuthetsa vuto lina lofunikira - palibe galimoto paulendo wachangu wa mlengalenga.