Zinthu zomwe sizikuwoneka

Zinthu zomwe sayansi imadziwa ndi kuziwona ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la zomwe zilipo. Inde, sayansi ndi zamakono siziyenera kutenga "masomphenya" enieni. Ngakhale kuti maso athu sangazione, kwa nthawi yaitali sayansi yatha “kuona” zinthu monga mpweya ndi mpweya umene uli nawo, mafunde a wailesi, kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndi maatomu.

Timaonanso m’lingaliro lina antimatterpamene imachita mwachiwawa ndi nkhani wamba, ndipo kuti kawirikawiri ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale tidawona izi muzotsatira za kuyanjana, m'lingaliro lonse, monga kugwedezeka, zinali zovuta kwa ife mpaka 2015.

Komabe, ife, mwanjira ina, "sitikuwona" mphamvu yokoka, chifukwa sitinapeze chonyamulira chimodzi cha kuyanjana uku (ie, mwachitsanzo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa " graviton). Ndikoyenera kutchula apa kuti pali kufanana kwina pakati pa mbiri ya mphamvu yokoka ndi .

Timawona zochita za omalizawo, koma sitimayang'ana mwachindunji, sitidziwa chomwe chimaphatikizapo. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zochitika "zosaoneka" izi. Palibe amene anakayikirapo mphamvu yokoka. Koma ndi zinthu zakuda (1) n’zosiyana.

Momwe g mphamvu zakudazomwe akuti zili ndi zinthu zambiri kuposa zakuda. Kukhalapo kwake kunalingaliridwa monga lingaliro lozikidwa pa khalidwe la chilengedwe chonse. "Kuwona" kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuposa zinthu zamdima, ngati chifukwa chakuti zochitika zathu zomwe timakumana nazo zimatiphunzitsa kuti mphamvu, mwa chikhalidwe chake, imakhalabe chinthu chochepa kwambiri chopezeka ndi mphamvu (ndi zida zowonera) kuposa nkhani.

Malinga ndi malingaliro amakono, onse akuda ayenera kupanga 96% ya zomwe zili.

Choncho, kwenikweni, ngakhale thambo lenilenilo nthawi zambiri siliwoneka kwa ife, osanenapo kuti zikafika pa malire ake, timangodziwa zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kwaumunthu, osati zomwe zikanakhala zovuta zake zenizeni - ngati zilipo. konse.

Chinachake chikutikoka pamodzi ndi mlalang'amba wonsewo

Kusaoneka kwa zinthu zina za m’mlengalenga kungakhale kodetsa nkhaŵa, monga kuti milalang’amba 100 yoyandikana nayo ikupita mosalekeza kupita kumalo odabwitsa m’chilengedwe chonse otchedwa Chokopa chachikulu. Derali lili pamtunda wa zaka pafupifupi 220 miliyoni za kuwala kwa zaka ndipo asayansi amachitcha kuti ndi zovuta yokoka. Zimakhulupirira kuti Great Attractor ili ndi unyinji wa ma quadrillion a dzuwa.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti ikukulirakulira. Izi zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira Big Bang, ndipo liwiro lamakono la ndondomekoyi likuyerekeza makilomita 2,2 miliyoni pa ola. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mlalang'amba wathu ndi mlalang'amba woyandikana nawo wa Andromeda ziyeneranso kuyenda pa liwiro limenelo, sichoncho? Osati kwenikweni.

M'zaka za m'ma 70 tinapanga mamapu atsatanetsatane amlengalenga. Kumbuyo kwa Microwave (CMB) Chilengedwe ndipo tinawona kuti mbali imodzi ya Milky Way ndi yotentha kuposa ina. Kusiyana kwake kunali kochepera pa zana limodzi la digiri Celsius, koma zinali zokwanira kuti timvetsetse kuti tikuyenda pa liwiro la makilomita 600 pa sekondi kupita ku gulu la nyenyezi la Centaurus.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, tinapeza kuti osati ife tokha, komanso aliyense mkati mwa zaka zana limodzi zopepuka za kuwala kwa ife tinali kusuntha njira yomweyo. Pali chinthu chimodzi chokha chimene chingalepheretse kukula kwa mtunda wautali chonchi, ndicho mphamvu yokoka.

Andromeda, mwachitsanzo, ayenera kuchoka kwa ife, koma mu zaka mabiliyoni 4 tidzayenera ... kugundana nazo. Misa yokwanira imatha kukana kukulitsa. Poyamba, asayansi ankaganiza kuti liwiro limeneli linali chifukwa cha malo athu kunja kwa malo otchedwa Local Supercluster.

N’cifukwa ciani n’zovuta kuona Wokopa Wamkulu wodabwitsayu? Tsoka ilo, uwu ndi mlalang'amba wathu womwe umatchinga kuwona kwathu. Kupyolera mu lamba wa Milky Way, sitingathe kuwona pafupifupi 20% ya chilengedwe. Zimangochitika kuti amapita komwe kuli Wokopa Wamkulu. Ndizotheka kulowa chotchinga ichi ndi X-ray ndi ma infrared, koma izi sizimapereka chithunzi chomveka bwino.

Ngakhale kuti panali zovuta zimenezi, zinapezeka kuti m’chigawo china cha Great Attractor, pa mtunda wa zaka 150 miliyoni za kuwala, pali mlalang’amba. Cluster Norma. Kumbuyo kwake kuli gulu lalikulu kwambiri, lomwe lili pamtunda wa zaka 650 miliyoni, lomwe lili ndi unyinji wa 10. mlalang'amba, chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe zomwe timazidziwa.

Choncho, asayansi amanena kuti Great Attractor mphamvu yokoka magulu ambiri a milalang'amba, kuphatikizapo yathu - pafupifupi 100 zinthu zonse, monga Milky Way. Palinso malingaliro oti ndi gulu lalikulu la mphamvu zakuda kapena malo osakanikirana kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokoka.

Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti uku ndi kulawa chabe kwa mapeto a ... mapeto a chilengedwe. Kuvutika Kwakukulu kudzatanthawuza kuti chilengedwe chidzakhuthala muzaka zingapo thililiyoni, pamene kufalikira kumachepa ndikuyamba kubwerera. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izi zidzatsogolera ku supermassive yomwe ingadye chirichonse, kuphatikizapo yokha.

Komabe, monga momwe asayansi amanenera, kufalikira kwa chilengedwe chonse kudzagonjetsa mphamvu ya Great Attractor. Liwiro lathu lopita kumeneko ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a liwiro lomwe chilichonse chikukulirakulira. Mapangidwe aakulu a Laniakea (2) omwe ife tiri nawo tsiku lina adzawonongeka, monga momwe zidzakhalire mabungwe ambiri a zakuthambo.

Mphamvu yachisanu ya chilengedwe

Chinachake chomwe sitingathe kuchiwona, koma chomwe chakhala chikayikiridwa mochedwa, ndi chomwe chimatchedwa chachisanu.

Kupezeka kwa zomwe zikunenedwa m'manyuzipepala kumaphatikizapo kulingalira za kachidutswa katsopano kamene kali ndi dzina lochititsa chidwi. X17zingathandize kufotokoza chinsinsi cha zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu zakuda.

Kuyanjana kunayi kumadziwika: mphamvu yokoka, electromagnetism, kuyanjana kwamphamvu ndi kofooka kwa atomiki. Zotsatira za mphamvu zinayi zodziwika pa zinthu, kuchokera ku gawo laling'ono la maatomu mpaka kukula kwakukulu kwa milalang'amba, ndizolembedwa bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamveka. Komabe, mukaganizira kuti pafupifupi 96% ya unyinji wa chilengedwe chathu ndi zinthu zosadziwika bwino, zosamvetsetseka zomwe zimatchedwa mdima wakuda ndi mphamvu yamdima, n’zosadabwitsa kuti asayansi akhala akukayikira kwa nthawi yaitali kuti zinthu zinayizi sizikuimira chilichonse m’chilengedwe. . akupitiriza.

Kuyesera kufotokoza mphamvu yatsopano, wolemba amene ali gulu lotsogoleredwa ndi Attila Krasnagorskaya (3), fiziki ku Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI) ya ku Hungary Academy of Sciences yomwe tidamva za kugwa kotsiriza sikunali chizindikiro choyamba kuti mphamvu zachinsinsi zilipo.

Asayansi omwewa adalemba koyamba za "mphamvu yachisanu" mu 2016, atatha kuyesa kutembenuza ma protoni kukhala isotopi, omwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zama mankhwala. Ofufuzawo adawona ma protoni akusintha isotopu yotchedwa lithiamu-7 kukhala mtundu wosakhazikika wa atomu yotchedwa beryllium-8.

3. Prof. Attila Krasnohorkai (kumanja)

Beryllium-8 itavunda, ma elekitironi awiri ndi ma positron amapangidwa, omwe amathamangitsana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiwuluke. Gululo linkayembekezera kuona mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu yowunikira yomwe imatulutsidwa panthawi ya kuwonongeka ndi ma angles omwe tinthu tating'ono timawulukira. M'malo mwake, ma electron ndi ma positron anapatutsidwa madigiri 140 pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa momwe zitsanzo zawo zimaneneratu, zotsatira zosayembekezereka.

Krasnagorkay alemba kuti: "Komabe, sichipereka tinthu tating'ono tolemera kuposa electron ndi chopepuka kuposa muon, chomwe chimakhala cholemera nthawi 207 kuposa electron. Ngati tipeza kagawo katsopano pazenera lomwe lili pamwambapa, izi zitha kuwonetsa kuyanjana kwatsopano komwe sikunaphatikizidwe mu Standard Model. "

Chinthu chodabwitsachi chimatchedwa X17 chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwa 17 megaelectronvolts (MeV), pafupifupi nthawi 34 kuposa electron. Ofufuzawo adawona kuwonongeka kwa tritium mu helium-4 ndipo adawonanso kutulutsa kwachilendo kwa diagonal, kuwonetsa tinthu tating'ono ta 17 MeV.

"Photon imayimira mphamvu yamagetsi, gluon imayimira mphamvu yamphamvu, ndipo ma bosoni a W ndi Z amayimira mphamvu yofooka," adatero Krasnahorkai.

"Tinthu X17 yathu iyenera kuyimira mgwirizano watsopano, wachisanu. Zotsatira zatsopanozi zimachepetsa mwayi woti kuyesa koyamba kudangochitika mwangozi, kapena kuti zotsatira zake zidayambitsa cholakwika chadongosolo. "

Zinthu zakuda pansi

Kuchokera ku Chilengedwe chachikulu, kuchokera kumalo osadziwika bwino a miyambi ndi zinsinsi za sayansi yayikulu, tiyeni tibwerere ku Dziko Lapansi. Tikukumana ndi vuto lodabwitsa kwambiri pano ... ndikuwona ndi kufotokoza molondola zonse zomwe zili mkati (4).

Zaka zingapo zapitazo tidalemba ku MT za chinsinsi cha pakatikati pa dziko lapansikuti chododometsa ndi cholumikizidwa ndi chilengedwe chake ndipo sichidziwika bwino lomwe chikhalidwe chake ndi kapangidwe kake. Tili ndi njira monga kuyesa ndi mafunde a seismic, adakwanitsanso kupanga chitsanzo cha dongosolo lamkati la Dziko Lapansi, lomwe pali mgwirizano wa sayansi.

Komabe poyerekezera ndi nyenyezi zakutali ndi milalang’amba, mwachitsanzo, kamvedwe kathu ka chimene chili pansi pa mapazi athu ndi chofooka. Zinthu zakuthambo, ngakhale zakutali kwambiri, timangowona. Zomwezo sizinganenedwe ponena za pakati, zigawo za malaya, kapena ngakhale zigawo zakuya za pansi pa nthaka..

Kufufuza kwachindunji kokha komwe kulipo. Zigwa zamapiri zimatulutsa miyala yozama makilomita angapo kuya kwake. Zitsime zozama kwambiri zimafikira kuya kopitilira 12 km.

Zambiri za miyala ndi mchere zomwe zimamanga zozama zimaperekedwa ndi xenoliths, i.e. zidutswa za miyala zong'ambika ndikuchotsedwa m'matumbo a Dziko Lapansi chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri. Pamaziko awo, petrologists akhoza kudziwa zikuchokera mchere kwa kuya makilomita mazana angapo.

Utali wa Dziko Lapansi ndi 6371 Km, yomwe si njira yosavuta kwa "olowera" athu onse. Chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwakukulu komanso kutentha komwe kumafika pafupifupi madigiri 5 Celsius, ndizovuta kuyembekezera kuti mkati mwakuya kwambiri mutha kupezeka kuti muwoneretu m'tsogolomu.

Ndiye tingadziwe bwanji zomwe tikudziwa zokhudza momwe dziko lapansi linapangidwira? Chidziwitso choterocho chimaperekedwa ndi mafunde a seismic opangidwa ndi zivomezi, i.e. mafunde zotanuka kufalikira mu sing'anga zotanuka.

Iwo ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa ndi nkhonya. Mitundu iwiri ya mafunde zotanuka (seismic) amatha kufalikira mu zotanuka (zokwera) sing'anga: mwachangu - motalika komanso pang'onopang'ono - modutsa. Zoyambazo ndi zozungulira za sing'anga zomwe zimachitika motsatira momwe mafunde amafalikira, pomwe m'njira zopingasa za sing'anga zimachitika motsatana ndi momwe mafunde amafalikira.

Mafunde aatali amalembedwa koyamba (lat. primae), ndipo mafunde odutsa amalembedwa kachiwiri (lat. secundae), motero chizindikiro chawo chachikhalidwe mu seismology - mafunde otalika p ndi transverse s. Mafunde a P ndi pafupifupi nthawi 1,73 mwachangu kuposa s.

Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mafunde a seismic zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga chitsanzo chamkati mwa dziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito zotanuka. Titha kufotokozera zinthu zina zakuthupi kutengera mphamvu yokoka (kachulukidwe, kupsyinjika), kuyang'anitsitsa magnetotelluric mafunde amapangidwa mu chobvala cha Dziko Lapansi (kugawa magetsi madutsidwe) kapena kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi.

The zikuchokera petrological angadziŵike poyerekezera ndi zasayansi maphunziro a katundu wa mchere ndi miyala pansi pa zipsyinjo mkulu ndi kutentha.

Dziko lapansi limatulutsa kutentha, ndipo sikudziwika kumene kukuchokera. Posachedwapa, chiphunzitso chatsopano chatuluka chokhudzana ndi tinthu tating'ono tosavuta. Amakhulupirira kuti zidziwitso zofunika za chinsinsi cha kutentha komwe kumatuluka mkati mwa dziko lathu lapansi zitha kuperekedwa mwachilengedwe. neutrino - tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri - zotulutsidwa ndi njira zotulutsa ma radio zomwe zimachitika m'matumbo a Dziko Lapansi.

Magwero akuluakulu odziwika a radioactivity ndi thorium yosakhazikika ndi potaziyamu, monga tikudziwira kuchokera ku miyala ya miyala mpaka 200 km pansi pa dziko lapansi. Zomwe zili mwakuya sizidziwika kale.

Ife tikuzidziwa izo geoneutrino omwe amatulutsa pakuwola kwa uranium amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa zomwe zimatulutsidwa pakuwola kwa potaziyamu. Chifukwa chake, poyesa mphamvu ya geoneutrinos, titha kudziwa kuti ndi zinthu zotani zomwe zimachokera.

Tsoka ilo, geoneutrinos ndizovuta kwambiri kuzizindikira. Chifukwa chake, kuwona kwawo koyamba mu 2003 kudafunikira chowunikira chachikulu chapansi panthaka chodzaza ndi pafupifupi. matani amadzimadzi. Zowunikirazi zimayezera ma neutrinos pozindikira kugundana ndi maatomu m'madzi.

Kuyambira pamenepo, ma geoneutrinos adangowonedwa pakuyesa kumodzi pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu (5). Miyezo yonse iwiri ikuwonetsa zimenezo Pafupifupi theka la kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kuchokera ku radioactivity (20 terawatts) akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa uranium ndi thorium. Gwero la 50% yotsalayo ... sichidziwikabe kuti chiyani.

5. Mapu a chitsanzo cha kuchulukira kwa mpweya wa geoneutrino Padziko Lapansi - zolosera

Mu July 2017, ntchito yomanga inayamba pa nyumbayi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti DUNEikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa chakumapeto kwa 2024. Malowa azikhala pafupifupi 1,5 km mobisa ku Homestack yakale, South Dakota.

Asayansi akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito DUNE kuti ayankhe mafunso ofunikira kwambiri mufizikiki yamakono pophunzira mosamala ma neutrinos, amodzi mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosamvetsetseka.

Mu Ogasiti 2017, gulu la asayansi lapadziko lonse lapansi lidasindikiza nkhani mu nyuzipepala Physical Review D ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru DUNE ngati sikani yophunzirira mkati mwa Dziko Lapansi. Kwa mafunde a seismic ndi mabowo, njira yatsopano yophunzirira mkati mwa dziko lapansi idzawonjezedwa, yomwe, mwinamwake, ingatiwonetsere chithunzi chatsopano. Komabe, ili ndi lingaliro chabe pakali pano.

Kuchokera ku zinthu zamdima zakuthambo, tinafika mkati mwa dziko lathu lapansi, osati mdima wocheperapo kwa ife. ndipo kusatheka kwa zinthu izi kumasokoneza, koma osati monga nkhawa kuti sitikuwona zinthu zonse zomwe zili pafupi ndi Dziko lapansi, makamaka zomwe zili panjira yogundana nazo.

Komabe, uwu ndi mutu wosiyana pang'ono, womwe takambirana mwatsatanetsatane mu MT. Chikhumbo chathu chopanga njira zowonera chimakhala chovomerezeka muzochitika zonse.