Britain mu Nkhondo Yadziko II: July 1940–June 1941

Pakuukira kwa Mers El Kébir, sitima yankhondo yaku France yotchedwa Bretagne (kumbuyo) idagunda, masitolo ake a zida posachedwa.

chinaphulika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chombocho chimire nthawi yomweyo. Akuluakulu 977 aku France ndi amalinyero adafera m'ngalawamo.

Dziko la France litagwa, dziko la Britain linakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Ndilo dziko lokhalo lomwe lidatsalira pankhondo ndi Germany, yomwe idalanda ndikulamulira pafupifupi kontinenti yonse: France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Czech Republic, ndi Austria. Mayiko otsalawo anali ogwirizana ndi Germany (Italy ndi Slovakia) kapena sanachite nawo ndale (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland ndi Spain). Portugal, Switzerland ndi Sweden zinalibe chochita koma kuchita malonda ndi Germany, chifukwa amatha kugwidwa ndi nkhanza za Germany nthawi iliyonse. USSR inatsatira Pangano Lopanda Chiwawa ndi Pangano la Mutual Trade Agreement, kuthandizira Germany ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu.

M’chilimwe chochititsa chidwi cha 1940, dziko la Britain linakwanitsa kudziteteza ku nkhondo ya ku Germany. Kuukira kwa mpweya wa masana kunatha pang'onopang'ono mu September 1940 ndipo kunasandulika kuzunzidwa usiku mu October 1940. Kukonzekera koopsa kwa kayendedwe ka ndege kunayamba kulimbana bwino ndi ntchito za usiku za Luftwaffe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, panali kuwonjezeka kwa kupanga zida zankhondo za Britain, zomwe zinkawopabe kuukira kwa Germany, kumene Ajeremani kwenikweni anasiya mu September, pang'onopang'ono akuyang'ana kukonzekera ndikukonzekera kuukira kwa Soviet Union m'chaka cha 1941.

Great Britain adatenga nkhondo yayitali ndi Germany mpaka kupambana kwathunthu, komwe dzikoli silinakayikirepo. Komabe, kunali koyenera kusankha njira yolimbana ndi Ajeremani. Zinali zodziwikiratu kuti pamtunda ku Britain sikunali kofanana ndi Wehrmacht, osasiyapo kukumana ndi ogwirizana nawo aku Germany nthawi yomweyo. Zinthu zinkawoneka ngati zovuta - Germany ikulamulira kontinenti, koma sikungathe kugonjetsa Great Britain chifukwa cha zofooka za kayendedwe ka asilikali ndi kuthandizira, kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndege komanso mwayi wa Britain panyanja.

Kupambana pa Nkhondo ya Britain kunalepheretsa kuukira kwa Germany ku British Isles. Koma panali kusokonekera chifukwa Britain inalibe mphamvu zogonjetsera Ajeremani ndi Italiya pa kontinentiyo. Ndiye titani?

M’Nkhondo Yadziko Loyamba, dziko la Britain linagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kutsekereza panyanjapo. Panthawiyo, Ajeremani analibe saltpeter, yomwe inkakumbidwa makamaka ku Chile ndi India, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri popanga zida zamfuti ndi ma propellants, komanso mabomba ena. Komabe, panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, njira ya Haber ndi Bosch yopezera ammonia m'njira yochita kupanga, popanda kufunikira kwa saltpeter, inakhazikitsidwa ku Germany. Ngakhale nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanachitike, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany Fritz Hofmann anapanganso njira yopezera mphira wopangidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphira wotumizidwa kuchokera ku South America. M'zaka za m'ma 20, kupanga mphira wopangidwa ndi mphira kunayambika pamlingo wa mafakitale, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zodziimira pazitsulo za labala. Tungsten idatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera ku Portugal, ngakhale kuti United Kingdom idayesetsa kuyimitsa zinthuzi, kuphatikiza kugula gawo lalikulu lachipwitikizi chopanga miyala ya tungsten. Koma kutsekereza kwapamadzi kumakhalabe komveka, chifukwa vuto lalikulu ku Germany linali mafuta.

Njira inanso ndiyo kuphulitsa mabomba kwa ndege motsutsana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ku Germany. Great Britain inali dziko lachiwiri pambuyo pa United States pomwe chiphunzitso cha kayendedwe ka mpweya chopangidwa ndi mkulu wa ku Italy Gulio Douhet chinali chomveka komanso chopangidwa mwaluso. Wothandizira woyamba kuphulitsa njira anali munthu yemwe anali kumbuyo kwa Royal Air Force mu 1918 - General (RAF Marshal) Hugh M. Trenchard. Malingaliro ake anatsatiridwa ndi General Edgar R. Ludlow-Hewitt, mkulu wa Bomber Command mu 1937-1940. Gulu lankhondo lamphamvu lophulitsa mabomba linali lofuna kuthetseratu malonda a adaniwo ndi kuyambitsa mikhalidwe yoipa kwambiri m’dziko laudanilo kotero kuti mkhalidwe wa anthu ake udzagwa. Chotsatira chake, anthu osimidwa akatsogolera ku kulanda ndi kugwetsa maulamuliro a boma, monga momwe zinachitikira pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Zinkayembekezeredwa kuti pankhondo yotsatira, kuphulitsa mabomba kowononga dziko la adani kungayambitsenso mkhalidwe womwewo.

Komabe, kuphulitsa mabomba ku Britain kunayamba pang’onopang’ono. Mu 1939 ndi theka loyamba la 1940, pafupifupi palibe ntchito zotere zomwe zidachitika, kupatulapo kuukira kosapambana kwa mabwalo ankhondo aku Germany komanso kutulutsa timapepala tabodza. Chifukwa chake chinali kuopa kuti dziko la Germany lingawonongedwe ndi anthu wamba, zomwe zingayambitse kubwezera kwa Germany monga kuphulitsa mizinda ya Britain ndi France. Anthu a ku Britain anakakamizika kuganizira za nkhawa za ku France, choncho anapewa kupanga zonse

kuphulitsa bomba.