Omanga Aakulu - Gawo 1

Ena anali akatswiri opanga zinthu, ena anali amisiri aluso kwambiri. Anapanga magalimoto athunthu kapena zigawo zawo zazikulu zokha. Mwanjira ina, opanga ndi mainjiniya adagwira ntchito imodzi yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwamakampani opanga magalimoto. Tikupereka mbiri ya otchuka kwambiri mwa iwo.

даже wokongola kwambiri, galimoto yoyambirira kwambiri zidzalephera ngati sizikuyenda bwino pamakina. Tikagula galimoto, choyamba timalabadira kapangidwe kake, koma timapanga chigamulo chomaliza pambuyo poyeserera, tikawunika momwe imakwerera, injini imagwira ntchito bwanji, Kuyimitsidwa, zamagetsi,. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ntchito ya stylists popanga galimoto ndi yofunika kwambiri, popanda ntchito ya injiniya amene ali ndi udindo wa zimango ndi ntchito yonse, galimoto ikanakhala chabe zitsulo zowonda kwambiri kapena zochepa.

, okonza ndi mainjiniya. Mayina ngati Benz, Maybach, Renault kapena Porsche amadziwika ngakhale ndi anthu okonda kuyendetsa galimoto. Ndiwo apainiya amene anayambitsa zonse. Koma tizikumbukira kuti mainjiniya enanso odziwika bwino nthawi zambiri amabisala pamithunzi ya anthu otchukawa. Kaya Magalimoto a Alfa Romeo zingakhale zowoneka bwino kwambiri popanda injini zopangidwa ndi Giuseppe Bussondizotheka kulingalira masewera a Mercedes opanda Rudolf Uhlenhout, sasiya zomwe adachita ku Britain "ogwira ntchito m'galaja" kapena kupangidwa kwa Bela Barenya? Inde sichoncho.

Spark poyatsira injini Nicolas Otto 1876

O cycle ndi dizilo yapamwamba kwambiri

Galimotoyo inakhala galimoto pamene ngolo zokokedwa ndi akavalozo zinaphwanyidwa ndikusinthidwa. injini zoyaka (ngakhale ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti apainiya opanga magalimoto adayesanso magalimoto a gasi ndi magetsi). Kupambana pakugwira ntchito kwa injini zotere kunali kutulukira kwa luso lanzeru lodziphunzitsa Nicholas Otto (1832-1891), yemwe mu 1876 mothandizidwa ndi Evgenia Langena, yomangidwa woyamba-sitiroko zinayi injini kuyaka mkatiMfundo ya ntchito yomwe (yotchedwa Otto cycle), yomwe imakhala ndi kuyamwa kwa mafuta ndi mpweya, kusakaniza kwa kusakaniza, kuyamba kwa kuyatsa ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, ndipo, potsiriza, kuchotsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. , ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito ndipo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Patent ya injini ya dizilo

Mu 1892, wojambula wina waku Germany, Dizili ya Rudolph (1858-1913), adawonetsa dziko lapansi njira ina - kapangidwe ka injini ya dizilo kuyaka modzidzimutsa. Izi makamaka zidatengera kupangidwa kwa wopanga wa ku Poland Jan Nadrovskyyemwe, komabe, sanathe kulembetsa chilolezo chake chifukwa chosowa ndalama. Dizilo anachita zimenezi pa February 28, 1893, ndipo patapita zaka zinayi. injini ya dizilo imagwira ntchito bwino anali wokonzeka. Poyamba, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, sikunali koyenera galimoto, koma mu 1936 anapezeka kuti ali pansi pa magalimoto a Mercedes, ndipo kenako magalimoto ena. Dizilo sanasangalale ndi kutchuka kwake kwa nthawi yaitali, chifukwa mu 1913 anamwalira m’mikhalidwe yosamvetsetseka pamene anali kuyenda panyanja kudutsa English Channel.

mpainiya

Patent yagalimoto yoyamba padziko lapansi

Pa July 3, 1886, pa Ringstrasse ku Mannheim, Germany (1844-1929), anapereka kwa anthu nkhani yachilendo. galimoto yamawilo atatu yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati mwa sitiroko zinayi ndi voliyumu ya 954 cm3 ndi mphamvu ya 0,9 hp. Patent-Motorvagen No. 1 inali ndi magetsi oyaka, ndipo kuwongolera kunkachitidwa ndi lever yomwe inkazungulira gudumu lakutsogolo. Benchi ya dalaivala ndi yokwerapo inayikidwa pa chimango cha mapaipi achitsulo opindika, ndipo mabampu a mumsewuwo anali onyowa ndi akasupe ndi akasupe a masamba omwe anaikidwa pansi pake. Benz adapanga galimoto yoyamba m'mbiri, ndi ndalama za dowry mkazi wake Berta, amene, pofuna kutsimikizira kuti kumanga mwamuna wake anali ndi kuthekera ndipo anali bwino, mu 1888 molimba mtima anapambana ndi Baibulo lachitatu. Patent-Motorvagen 106 km kuchokera ku Mannheim kupita ku Pforzheim.

Carl ndi Bertha Benz ndi Benz-Victoria, wobadwa mu 1894

Zomwe Benz sankadziwa n'chakuti panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamtunda wa makilomita 100, pafupi ndi Stuttgart, akatswiri awiri aluso adapanga galimoto ina yomwe ingawoneke ngati galimoto yoyamba: Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) ndi Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900).

Maybach anali ndi ubwana wovuta (anataya makolo ake ali ndi zaka 10), koma anali ndi mwayi ndi anthu omwe anakumana nawo panjira. Woyamba anali mkulu wa sukulu ya m’deralo, amene anaona luso lodabwitsa la Maybach ndipo anam’patsa mwayi wolipiriridwa. Wachiwiri anali Gottlieb Daimler, mwana wa wophika buledi wochokera ku Schorndorf, yemwe, chifukwa cha luso lake laluso la Maybach, adagwira ntchito mwachangu mumakampani opanga mainjiniya. Okonza awiriwa anakumana koyamba mu 1865 pamene Daimler, yemwe ankayendetsa fakitale ya makina ku Reutilingen, adalemba ganyu Maybach wamng'ono. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka pamene Daimler anamwalira mwadzidzidzi mu 1900, ankagwira ntchito limodzi nthawi zonse. Atalemba ganyu Nikolaus Otto pakampaniyo, adamaliza Injini ya gasindipo kenako adayambitsa msonkhano wawo ndi cholinga chopanga injini yaying'ono yamafuta amafutaamene anayenera kusintha injini za gasi. Zinali zopambana patapita chaka ndipo masitepe otsatirawa anali kumanga imodzi mwa njinga zamoto woyamba padziko lapansi (1885) ndi galimoto (1886). Amunawo anaitanitsa ngolo, ndipo anawonjezera injini yanyumba. Umu ndi momwe zinapangidwira galimoto yoyamba ya dizilo ya matayala anayi. Patatha chaka chimodzi, ulendo uno ali okha ndipo kuyambira pachiyambi, anamanga galimoto ina, yapamwamba kwambiri.

Galimoto yoyamba yochokera ku Daimler ndi Maybach

Maybach nayenso anatulukira nozzle carburetor, dongosolo loyendetsa lamba ndi njira yatsopano yoziziritsira injini. Lachiwiri 1890 Daimler anasintha kampaniyo kukhala Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG). Kwa nthawi yayitali, idapikisana ndi kampani ya Benz, yomwe, pambuyo pa kupambana koyamba, idatsata nkhonyayo ndipo mu 1894 adapanga galimoto yoyamba yopangidwa ndi misa - Chophimba kuyambira 1894 (1200 anagulitsa), nkhonya injini (1896), ndipo mu 1909 wapadera masewera galimoto - kung'anima (Blyskawitz) yokhala ndi injini ya 200 hp. voliyumu ya malita 21,5, ikupita pafupifupi 227 Km / h! Mu 1926, kampani yake Benz & Cie adalumikizana ndi DMG. Mafakitole a Daimler-Benz AG, otchuka kwambiri ndi magalimoto a Mercedes adapangidwa. Panthawiyo, Benz anali atapuma pantchito, Daimler anamwalira, ndipo Maybach anali atayambitsa kampani yakeyake yamagalimoto apamwamba. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, womalizayo analibe galimoto yakeyake, ndipo ankakonda kuyenda wapansi kapena pa tram.

Magalimoto anzeru zinali zatsopano kwambiri moti zinatchuka padziko lonse nthawi yomweyo. Pa Seine, zochitika zofunika kwambiri ndi zatsopano zinayambira pamisonkhano ya Panhard & Levassor, kampani yoyamba padziko lapansi yomwe idapangidwa kuti ipange magalimoto okha. Dzinali limachokera ku dzina la omwe adayambitsa - Rene Panharda i Emile Levassoraomwe adayamba bizinesi yawo yamagalimoto mu 1887 popanga galimoto (monga ndendende, ngolo) yoyendetsedwa ndi layisensi ya Daimler.

Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zapanga magalimoto amakono zitha kukhala za amuna onsewa. Ndi m'magalimoto awo momwe crankshaft imagwiritsidwira ntchito yomwe imagwirizanitsa injini ndi kutumiza; clutch pedal, lever yosuntha yomwe ili pakati pa mipando, radiator yakutsogolo. Koma koposa zonse, iwo anatulukira kapangidwe kamene kanalamulira pambuyo pake kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndiko kuti, galimoto ya mawilo anayi, ya injini yakutsogolo yoyendetsa magudumu akumbuyo kupyolera mwa sitima yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi manja yotchedwa Panara system.

Ma injini a Panhard ndi Levassor, opangidwa ndi laisensi ya Daimler, anagulidwa ndi injiniya wina waluso wa ku France. Arman Peugeot ndipo mu 1891 adayamba kuwayika pamagalimoto amtundu wake, ndikuyambitsa kampani ya Peugeot. Mu 1898 adapanga galimoto yake yoyamba. Louis Reno. Kwa bambo waluso wodziphunzitsa yekha, yemwe poyamba ankagwira ntchito mu kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kamakhala m'nyumba yomwe ili m'munda wa banja lake ku Billancourt, tili ndi ngongole, mwa zina, kutumiza magiya othamanga ndi ma giya atatu. Kuyendetsa shaftchomwe chimasamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku injini yakutsogolo kupita ku mawilo akumbuyo.

Pambuyo bwino polenga galimoto yoyamba yotchedwa Ngolo, Louis anayambitsa kampani ya Renault Freres (Renault Brothers) pa March 30, 1899, pamodzi ndi abale ake a Marcel ndi Fernand. Ntchito yawo yolumikizana inali, makamaka, galimoto yoyamba yokhala ndi thupi lotsekedwa ng'oma mabuleki. Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Louis anamanganso imodzi mwa oyambirira akasinja - wotchuka Chithunzi cha FT17.

Komanso ku United States, akatswiri ambiri odziphunzitsa okha ndi okonza mapulani anayesa kupanga magalimoto awoawo, koma m’nthaŵi ya upainiya imeneyi, ambiri a iwo anagwiritsira ntchito luso lazopangapanga m’galimoto zawo, monga ngati chiwongolero chooneka ngati gudumu m’malo mwa tiller. . , "H" gear system, accelerator kapena injini yoyamba ya 12-cylinder yomwe inayikidwa m'galimoto yonyamula anthu (Twin Six kuyambira 1916).

Mpikisano mwaluso

Ngakhale zomwe akatswiri opanga monga Benz, Levassor, Renault ndi Peugeot adachita pamasewera amasewera zinali zofunika kwambiri, zinali zofunika kwambiri. Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947), wa ku Italy wobadwira ku Milan koma akugwira ntchito ku Germany ndipo kenako French Alsace, adawakweza mpaka kufika pamlingo wa zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula. Monga magalimoto apamwambachifukwa magalimoto othamanga ndi ma limousine anali apadera a Bugatti de la maison. Kale ali ndi zaka 16 adakhazikitsa ma motors awiri mu njinga yamoto itatu ndipo adachita nawo mipikisano 10 yamagalimoto, pomwe adapambana eyiti. Zopambana Zazikulu za Bugatti Type 35 Models, Lembani 41 Piano i Lembani 57SC Atlantic. Yakale ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto othamanga kwambiri m'mbiri, mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 20 galimoto yokongola iyi yapambana mipikisano yopitilira 1000. Yotulutsidwa m'makope asanu ndi awiri, 41 Royale inagula katatu kuposa galimoto yodula kwambiri panthawiyo. Rolls-Royce... Kumbali inayo Atlantic ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto okongola kwambiri komanso ovuta m'mbiri yamagalimoto.

Bugatti, pamodzi ndi Alfa Romeo, adalamulira masewera ndi kuthamanga kwa nthawi yaitali. M'zaka za m'ma 30s adagwirizana ndi magulu akukula a Auto Union ndi Mercedes. Yotsirizira, chifukwa choyamba "Silver Arrow", ndiye chitsanzo W25. Komabe, patapita zaka zingapo, wokwera uyu anayamba kutaya mphamvu yake pa mpikisano. Kenako mtsogoleri watsopano wa dipatimenti yothamanga ya Mercedes adalowa pamalowo. Rudolf Uhlenhout (1906-1989), m'modzi mwa okonza odziwika kwambiri a magalimoto othamanga ndi masewera m'mbiri yamagalimoto. Patangotha ​​​​chaka chimodzi, adapanga Silver Arrow (W125) yatsopano, kenako, ndikusintha kwina kwa malamulo oletsa mphamvu ya injini, W154. Chitsanzo choyamba chinali ndi 5663-lita injini pansi pa nyumba, kupanga 592 Km / h, inapita 320 Km / h ndipo anakhalabe wamphamvu kwambiri. ndi galimoto ya Grand Prix ku 80s!

Pambuyo pazaka za chisokonezo cha asilikali, Mercedes adabwerera ku motorsport chifukwa cha Uhlenhaut, luso lomwe adalenga pazitsulo zinayi, i.e. galimoto W196. Wokhala ndi zida zambiri zaukadaulo (kuphatikiza thupi la magnesium alloy, kuyimitsidwa paokha, 8 silinda, injini yapaintaneti yokhala ndi jakisoni wachindunji, nthawi ya desmodromic, i.e. imodzi yomwe kutsegula ndi kutseka kwa ma valve kumayendetsedwa ndi makamera a camshaft) kunali kosagwirizana mu 1954-55.

Koma awa sanali mawu omalizira a mlengiyu wanzeru. Tikafunsa kuti ndi galimoto iti yochokera ku Stuttgart yomwe ili yotchuka kwambiri, ambiri anganene kuti: 300 1954 SL Gullwing, kapena 300 SLR, yomwe Mitsinje ya Sterling Moss adatcha "galimoto yothamanga kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo". Magalimoto onse awiri amamangidwa Ulenhauta.

"Phiko la gull" liyenera kukhala lopepuka kwambiri, motero chimangocho chinali chopangidwa ndi mapaipi achitsulo. Popeza anamanga galimoto yonse m’chuuno, njira yokhayo inali kugwiritsira ntchito zoyamba kwambiri. khomo lotsetserekaI. Uhlenhaut anali ndi talente yaikulu yothamanga, koma akuluakulu sanamulole kuti achite nawo mpikisano, chifukwa zinali zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhawa - anali wosasinthika. Mwachiwonekere, komabe, pamayesero oyesa, nthawi zina "amatuluka" nthawi zabwinoko kuposa zodziwika bwino Manuel Fangiondipo kamodzi, mochedwa pa msonkhano wofunikira, adayendetsa galimoto yotchuka ya 300-horsepower "Uhlenhaut Coupé" (msewu wa SLR) kuchokera ku Munich kupita ku Stuttgart mu ola limodzi lokha, lomwe ngakhale lero limatenga nthawi yayitali kawiri. .

Manuel Fangio apambana 1955 Argentine Grand Prix mu Mercedes W196R.

Zabwino kwambiri

Mu 1999, oweruza a atolankhani 33 zamagalimoto adapatsa dzina la "XNUMXth Century Automotive Engineer". Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1951). Munthu akhoza, ndithudi, kutsutsa ngati mlengi uyu German anayenera malo apamwamba pa nsanja, koma chopereka chake pa chitukuko cha makampani magalimoto mosakayika chachikulu, monga umboni ndi deta youma - anapanga pa 300 magalimoto osiyanasiyana ndipo analandira pafupifupi 1000. patent zamagalimoto. Timagwirizanitsa dzina la Porsche makamaka mtundu wamagalimoto odziwika bwino ndi 911, koma mlengi wotchuka yekha anatha kuyala maziko a msika kupambana kwa kampaniyi, chifukwa inali ntchito ya mwana wake Ferry.

Porsche ndiyenso tate wachipambano Volkswagen Chikumbuzomwe adazipanga m'zaka za m'ma 30 pa pempho laumwini la Hitler. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mapangidwe a wopanga wina wamkulu, Hansa Ledwinkianakonzekera Czech Tatras. Mkhalidwe wake m’nthaŵi yankhondo unalinso wokayikitsa mwamakhalidwe, pamene anadzipereka kugwirizana ndi chipani cha Nazi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito akapolo monga antchito okakamiza m’mafakitale amene anali kuwayendetsa.

Komabe, Porsche analinso ndi zambiri "zoyera" mapangidwe ndi zopangidwa. Anayamba ntchito yake monga wopanga magalimoto akugwira ntchito ku Lohner & Co. ku Vienna. Zochita zake zoyamba zinali magalimoto amagetsi prototypes - yoyamba mwa izi, yomwe imadziwika kuti Semper Vivus, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu 1900, inali yosakanizidwa yatsopano - yoyikidwa m'malo, yokhala ndi injini yamafuta yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati jenereta yamagetsi. Yachiwiri inali galimoto ya injini zinayi Lohner-Porsche - galimoto yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mu 1906, Porsche analowa Austro-Daimler monga mkulu wa dipatimenti yokonza mapulani, kumene ankagwira ntchito yothamanga magalimoto. Komabe, adawonetsa kuthekera kwake konse ku Daimler-Benz, komwe adapanga imodzi mwamagalimoto abwino kwambiri ankhondo isanachitike - Mercedes SSK, komanso mogwirizana ndi Auto Union - mu 1932 adawapangira njira yatsopano Galimoto yothamanga ya P-Wagen, ndi injini kumbuyo kwa dalaivala. Mu 1931, mlengi anatsegula kampani yolembedwa ndi dzina lake. Patapita zaka ziwiri, kukwaniritsa zofuna za Hitler, anayamba ntchito pa "galimoto anthu" (Volkswagen mu German).

Ferdinand Porsche, wojambula wina wobadwa ku Austro-Hungary, adzatsogolera pomanga galimoto yotereyi. M'mabuku a Mercedes, zithunzi ndi zojambula za galimoto yomangidwa pa chimango cha tubular ndi ndi injini ya boxerzofanana kwambiri ndi zakale Dzungu. Wolemba wawo anali waku Hungary, White Bareny (1907-1997), ndipo adawajambula m'ma 20s panthawi ya maphunziro ake, zaka zisanu Porsche isanayambe kugwira ntchito yofanana.

Bela Barenyi akukambirana ndi anzake za mayeso opambana a ngozi ya Mercedes

Barenyi adalumikiza ntchito yake ndi Mercedes, koma adapeza chidziwitso mumakampani aku Austria Austro-Daimler, Steyr ndi Adler. Ntchito yake yoyamba inakanidwa ndi Daimler. Mu 1939, adawonekeranso pafunso lachiwiri, pomwe membala wa gulu la gululo Wilhelm Haspel adamufunsa zomwe angafune kuti magalimoto a Mercedes-Benz apite patsogolo panthawiyo. "Zowona ... zonse," Barenyi adayankha mosakayikira, ndipo mwezi umodzi nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanayambe, adatenga dipatimenti yachitetezo yomwe idangopangidwa kumene.

Barenyi iye sanaone mopambanitsa luso lake, popeza anatsimikizira kukhala mmodzi wa akatswiri odziŵa kupanga zinthu ndi anzeru kwambiri m’mbiri. Iye analembetsa oposa 2,5 zikwi. ma patent (kwenikweni, panali ocheperapo, popeza nthawi zina inali ntchito yomweyi yolembetsedwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana), kuwirikiza kawiri. Thomas Edison. Ambiri aiwo adapangidwira Mercedes komanso chitetezo chokhudzidwa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za Barenyi ndi chipinda chapaulendo chosasinthika i madera oyendetsedwa ndi deformation (patent 1952, idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku W111 mu 1959) ndi chiwongolero chotetezeka chowonongeka (patent 1963, yoperekedwa mu 1976 pamndandanda wa W123). Inalinso kalambulabwalo wa kuyesa ngozi. Anathandizira kufalitsa mabuleki a disc ndi ma brake amtundu wapawiri. Mosakayikira, zopangidwa zake zinapulumutsa (ndipo zikupulumutsa) miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Kuyesa zone woyamba kuphwanya

Chipinda chapaulendo chosasinthika

Chifalansa chofanana ndi Ferdinand Porsche chinali Andre Lefebvre (1894-1964), mosakayikira mmodzi wa okonza luso kwambiri m'mbiri ya makampani magalimoto. Citroen traction Avant, Zamgululi, DS, HY Awa ndi magalimoto omwe adapanga mbiri ya opanga ku France komanso ena mwa magalimoto ofunikira komanso osangalatsa omwe adapangidwapo. Iye anali ndi udindo pa ntchito yomanga. Lefebvre, mothandizidwa ndi injiniya wotsogola kwambiri Paula Magesa ndi stylist wabwino kwambiri Flaminio Bertonego.

Iliyonse mwa magalimotowa inali yodabwitsa komanso yopangidwa mwaluso. Yonyamula Avant (1934) - mndandanda woyamba gudumu lakutsogolo galimoto, kukhala ndi thupi lodzithandizira lokha, kuyimitsidwa kwa gudumu lodziimira (lopangidwa ndi Ferdinand Porsche) ndi mabuleki a hydraulic. Zamgululi (1949), yophweka kwambiri pakupanga, koma yosunthika kwambiri, yoyendetsa galimoto ku France, yomwe pamapeto pake inakhala galimoto yachipembedzo komanso yapamwamba. DS inali yapadera mwa njira zonse pamene inalowa mumsika mu 1955. Panali zaka zochepa kuti mpikisano uchitike chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, monga kuyimitsidwa kwamphamvu kwa hydropneumatic komwe kumapereka chitonthozo chambiri. Kumbali ina HY yobweretsera bokosi (1947) adachita chidwi osati ndi mawonekedwe ake (tsamba lamalata), komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito.

"mulungu wamkazi" wamagalimoto, kapena Citroën DS