Watson sanamulume dokotala, ndipo ali bwino

Ngakhale, monganso m'madera ena ambiri, chidwi chofuna kusintha madokotala ndi AI chachepa pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa zovuta zingapo za matenda, ntchito yokonza mankhwala opangidwa ndi AI ikupitirirabe. Chifukwa, komabe, amaperekabe mwayi waukulu komanso mwayi wopititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito m'malo ake ambiri.

IBM idalengezedwa mu 2015, ndipo mu 2016 idapeza mwayi wopeza deta kuchokera kumakampani anayi akuluakulu a data odwala (1). Chodziwika kwambiri, chifukwa cha malipoti ambiri azama TV, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ntchito yofuna kwambiri yogwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga kuchokera ku IBM inali yokhudzana ndi oncology. Asayansi ayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri za data kuti azitha kuzikonza kuti zisinthe kukhala njira zochiritsira zothana ndi khansa. Cholinga chanthawi yayitali chinali kuti Watson akhale woweruza mayesero azachipatala ndi zotsatira monga dokotala angachitire.

1. Chimodzi mwazowonera zachipatala cha Watson Health

Komabe, zinapezeka kuti Watson sangatchule payekha mabuku azachipatala, komanso sangatulutse zambiri m'mabuku apakompyuta a odwala. Komabe, mlandu waukulu kwambiri umene anamuimba mlanduwo unali umenewo kulephera kufananiza bwino wodwala watsopano ndi odwala ena achikulire omwe ali ndi khansa ndikuwona zizindikiro zomwe siziwoneka poyang'ana koyamba.

Panali, zobvomerezeka, akatswiri ena a oncology omwe ankati amadalira malingaliro ake, ngakhale makamaka malinga ndi malingaliro a Watson a chithandizo chamankhwala, kapena monga malingaliro owonjezera, azachipatala. Ambiri anena kuti dongosololi likhala laibulale yayikulu yopangira madotolo.

Chifukwa cha ndemanga zosasangalatsa kwambiri kuchokera ku IBM mavuto ndi kugulitsa dongosolo la Watson m'mabungwe azachipatala aku US. Oimira malonda a IBM adatha kugulitsa kuzipatala zina ku India, South Korea, Thailand ndi mayiko ena. Ku India, madokotala () adawunika zomwe Watson adapereka pamilandu 638 ya khansa ya m'mawere. Mlingo wotsatira malangizo amankhwala ndi 73%. Choyipa kwambiri Watson adasiya ku Gachon Medical Center ku South Korea, komwe malingaliro ake abwino kwa odwala 656 omwe ali ndi khansa ya colorectal amafanana ndi malingaliro a akatswiri 49 peresenti yokha ya nthawiyo. Madokotala ayesa izo Watson sanachite bwino ndi odwala okalambaposawapatsa mankhwala okhazikika, ndipo adalakwitsa kwambiri kuyang'anira odwala ena omwe ali ndi matenda a metastatic.

Pamapeto pake, ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yofufuza matenda ndi dokotala imaonedwa kuti sinapambane, pali madera omwe adatsimikizira kukhala othandiza kwambiri. Mankhwala Watson wa Genomics, yomwe idapangidwa mogwirizana ndi University of North Carolina, Yale University, ndi mabungwe ena, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ma genetic laboratories pokonzekera malipoti a oncologists. Watson amatsitsa mndandanda wamafayilo kusintha kwa chibadwa mwa wodwala ndipo amatha kupanga lipoti mumphindi zomwe zimakhala ndi malingaliro amankhwala onse ofunikira komanso mayeso azachipatala. Watson amasamalira zambiri zama genetic mosavutachifukwa amaperekedwa m'mafayilo opangidwa ndipo alibe zomveka - mwina pali masinthidwe kapena palibe kusintha.

Othandizana nawo a IBM ku University of North Carolina adasindikiza pepala logwira ntchito mu 2017. Watson adapeza masinthidwe ofunikira omwe sanazindikiridwe ndi maphunziro aumunthu mu 32% mwaiwo. odwala anaphunzira, kuwapanga iwo ofuna mankhwala atsopano. Komabe, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino za mankhwala.

Kukhazikika kwa mapuloteni

Izi ndi zitsanzo zina zambiri zimathandizira kukula kwa chikhulupiliro chakuti zofooka zonse zachipatala zikuyankhidwa, koma tiyenera kuyang'ana malo omwe izi zingathandize kwenikweni, chifukwa anthu sakuchita bwino kwambiri kumeneko. Ntchito yotereyi, mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa mapuloteni. Chaka chatha, zidziwitso zidatulukira kuti zitha kulosera molondola mawonekedwe a mapuloteni kutengera momwe amayendera (2). Iyi ndi ntchito yachikhalidwe, yopitilira mphamvu osati anthu okha, komanso makompyuta amphamvu. Ngati titadziwa bwino za kupotoza kwa mamolekyu a mapuloteni, padzakhala mwayi waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito majini. Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti mothandizidwa ndi AlphaFold tidzaphunzira ntchito za zikwi, ndipo izi, zidzatithandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ambiri.

Chithunzi 2. Kupindika kwa mapuloteni opangidwa ndi DeepMind's AlphaFold.

Tsopano timadziwa mapuloteni mamiliyoni mazana awiri, koma timamvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya gawo laling'ono la iwo. Mapuloteni ndiye maziko a zamoyo. Iwo ali ndi udindo pazochitika zambiri zomwe zimachitika m'maselo. Momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso zomwe amachita zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe awo a 50D. Amatenga mawonekedwe oyenera popanda malangizo aliwonse, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo a physics. Kwa zaka zambiri, njira zoyesera zakhala njira yayikulu yodziwira mawonekedwe a mapuloteni. Mu XNUMXs, ntchito X-ray crystallographic njira. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, lakhala chida chofufuzira chosankha. crystal microscopy. M’zaka za m’ma 80 ndi m’ma 90, ntchito inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuti adziwe mawonekedwe a mapuloteni. Komabe, zotsatira zake sizinakhutiritsebe asayansi. Njira zomwe zinagwira ntchito kwa mapuloteni ena sizinagwire ntchito kwa ena.

Mu 2018 kale AlphaFold adalandira kuzindikira kuchokera kwa akatswiri mu puloteni chitsanzo. Komabe, panthawiyo idagwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana kwambiri ndi mapulogalamu ena. Asayansi anasintha machenjerero ndikupanga ina, yomwe idagwiritsanso ntchito zidziwitso zoletsa zakuthupi ndi mawonekedwe a geometric pakupinda kwa mamolekyu a protein. AlphaFold adapereka zotsatira zosagwirizana. Nthawi zina ankachita bwino, nthawi zina zoipa. Koma pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a maulosi ake anagwirizana ndi zotsatira zopezedwa ndi njira zoyesera. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chachiwiri, algorithm idafotokoza kapangidwe ka mapuloteni angapo a kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2. Pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti zonenedweratu za puloteni ya Orf3a zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zidapezedwa moyesera.

Sikuti amangophunzira njira zamkati zamapuloteni opindika, komanso kapangidwe kake. Ofufuza a NIH BRAIN adagwiritsa ntchito makina kuphunzira kupanga mapuloteni omwe amatha kutsata milingo ya serotonin muubongo munthawi yeniyeni. Serotonin ndi neurochemical yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri momwe ubongo umayendetsera malingaliro ndi malingaliro athu. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ambiri oletsa kuvutika maganizo amapangidwa kuti asinthe zizindikiro za serotonin zomwe zimafalitsidwa pakati pa neuroni. M’nkhani ina m’magazini yotchedwa Cell, asayansi anafotokoza mmene amagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono njira zama genetic engineering sinthani mapuloteni a bakiteriya kukhala chida chatsopano chofufuzira chomwe chingathandize kutsata kufalikira kwa serotonin molondola kwambiri kuposa njira zamakono. Kuyesera koyambirira, makamaka mu mbewa, kwawonetsa kuti sensa imatha kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo kusintha kosawoneka bwino kwa milingo ya serotonin muubongo mukamagona, mantha ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu, ndikuyesa mphamvu yamankhwala atsopano okhudza psychoactive.

Kulimbana ndi mliriwu sikunakhale kopambana nthawi zonse

Kupatula apo, uwu unali mliri woyamba womwe tidalemba nawo ku MT. Komabe, mwachitsanzo, ngati tilankhula za momwe mliriwo ukukulira, ndiye kuti pagawo loyambirira, AI idawoneka ngati yolephera. Akatswiri adandaula zimenezo Nzeru zochita kupanga sangathe kulosera molondola kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa coronavirus kutengera zomwe zachitika kale miliri. “Zothetsera zimenezi zimagwira ntchito bwino m’madera ena, monga kuzindikira nkhope zimene zili ndi chiwerengero cha maso ndi makutu. Mliri wa SARS-CoV-2 Izi ndizochitika zomwe sizinadziwike kale ndi zosiyana zambiri zatsopano, kotero nzeru zopangira zochokera ku mbiri yakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa sizigwira ntchito bwino. Mliriwu wawonetsa kuti tiyenera kuyang'ana ukadaulo ndi njira zina, "a Maxim Fedorov waku Skoltech adatero mu Epulo 2020 polankhula ndi atolankhani aku Russia.

M'kupita kwa nthawi anali komabe ma aligorivimu omwe akuwoneka kuti akutsimikizira phindu lalikulu la AI polimbana ndi COVID-19. Asayansi ku US adapanga njira kumapeto kwa 2020 kuti azindikire mawonekedwe a chifuwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi COVID-19, ngakhale analibe zizindikiro zina.

Pamene katemera anawonekera, lingaliro linabadwa kuti lithandize anthu katemera. Iye akhoza, mwachitsanzo thandizirani mayendedwe achitsanzo ndi kachitidwe ka katemera. Komanso podziwa kuti ndi anthu ati omwe ayenera kulandira katemera kaye kuti athane ndi mliriwu mwachangu. Zingathandizenso kulosera zamtsogolo komanso kukhathamiritsa nthawi ndi liwiro la katemera pozindikira mwachangu zovuta ndi zolepheretsa pamayendedwe. Kuphatikiza kwa ma aligorivimu ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kosalekeza kungaperekenso chidziwitso mwamsanga za zotsatirapo zomwe zingatheke komanso zochitika zaumoyo.

izi makina ogwiritsa ntchito AI mu kukhathamiritsa ndi kukonza chisamaliro chaumoyo zimadziwika kale. Ubwino wawo wothandiza unayamikiridwa; mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la zaumoyo lopangidwa ndi Macro-Eyes ku yunivesite ya Stanford ku US. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zipatala zina zambiri, vuto linali kusowa kwa odwala omwe sanawonekere kuti apite kuchipatala. Macro Eyes adapanga dongosolo lomwe lingadziwiretu odwala omwe sangakhalepo. Nthawi zina, amatha kuperekanso nthawi ndi malo ena oti azikachitirako zipatala, zomwe zingawonjezere mwayi woti wodwala adziwonetsa. Pambuyo pake, luso lofananalo linagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Arkansas kupita ku Nigeria ndi chithandizo, makamaka, US Agency for International Development i.

Ku Tanzania, Macro-Eyes adagwira ntchito yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwonjezeka kwa katemera wa ana. Pulogalamuyi idasanthula kuchuluka kwa katemera wofunikira kuti atumizidwe kumalo operekera katemera. Anathanso kuona kuti ndi mabanja ati amene angakane kutemera ana awo, koma akhoza kukopeka ndi mfundo zoyenerera komanso malo opangira katemera pamalo abwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo, boma la Tanzania lakwanitsa kuwonjezera mphamvu za katemerayu ndi 96%. ndi kuchepetsa zinyalala za katemera kufika pa 2,42 pa anthu 100 aliwonse.

Ku Sierra Leone, komwe kulibe chidziwitso chaumoyo wa okhalamo, kampaniyo idayesa kufananiza izi ndi chidziwitso chokhudza maphunziro. Zinapezeka kuti chiwerengero cha aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira okha chinali chokwanira kuneneratu 70 peresenti. kulondola ngati chipatala cham'deralo chili ndi madzi abwino, omwe ali kale chizindikiro cha thanzi la anthu okhala kumeneko (3).

3. Macro-Eyes chithunzi cha mapulogalamu azaumoyo oyendetsedwa ndi AI ku Africa.

Nthano ya dokotala makina si kutha

Ngakhale zolephera Watson njira zatsopano zodziwira matenda zikupangidwabe ndipo zimaonedwa kuti ndi zapamwamba kwambiri. Kuyerekeza kopangidwa ku Sweden mu Seputembara 2020. amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi za khansa ya m'mawere anasonyeza kuti abwino kwambiri a iwo amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi radiologist. Ma algorithms adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi pafupifupi 1 zopezeka pakuwunika pafupipafupi. Machitidwe atatu, otchedwa AI-2, AI-3 ndi AI-81,9, adakwaniritsa zolondola za 67%, 67,4%. ndi 77,4%. Poyerekeza, kwa akatswiri a radiology omwe amatanthauzira zithunzizi ngati zoyamba, chiwerengerochi chinali XNUMX%, ndipo pankhani ya radiologistsamene anali wachiwiri kufotokoza izo, anali 80,1 peresenti. Ma algorithms abwino kwambiri adathanso kuzindikira milandu yomwe akatswiri a radiology adaphonya pakuwunika, ndipo azimayi adapezeka kuti akudwala pasanathe chaka.

Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, zotsatirazi zikutsimikizira zimenezo Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Thandizani kukonza matenda abodza opangidwa ndi akatswiri a radiologist. Kuphatikiza kuthekera kwa AI-1 ndi radiologist wamba kunachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa khansa ya m'mawere ndi 8%. Gulu la Royal Institute lomwe likuchita kafukufukuyu likuyembekeza kuti ma algorithms a AI apitirire kukula. Kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa kuyesaku kudasindikizidwa mu JAMA Oncology.

W pa sikelo ya mfundo zisanu. Pakadali pano, tikuwona kukwera kwakukulu kwaukadaulo ndikufika pamlingo wa IV (zodzichitira zokha), pomwe makinawo amadzipangira okha zomwe adalandira ndikupatsa katswiri zidziwitso zowunikiridwatu. Izi zimapulumutsa nthawi, zimapewa kulakwitsa kwa anthu ndipo zimapereka chisamaliro choyenera cha odwala. Ndi zomwe adaweruza miyezi ingapo yapitayo Stan A.I. m'munda wamankhwala pafupi ndi iye, Prof. Janusz Braziewicz kuchokera ku Polish Society for Nuclear Medicine m'mawu opita ku Polish Press Agency.

4. Kuwonera makina azithunzi zachipatala

Ma aligorivimu, malinga ndi akatswiri monga Prof. Brazievichngakhale zofunika kwambiri mu bizinesi iyi. Chifukwa chake ndikuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa chiwerengero cha mayesero owonetsera matenda. Kwa nthawi ya 2000-2010 yokha. chiwerengero cha mayeso ndi mayeso a MRI chawonjezeka kakhumi. Tsoka ilo, kuchuluka kwa madotolo apadera omwe atha kuchita nawo mwachangu komanso modalirika sikunachuluke. Palinso kusowa kwa amisiri oyenerera. Kukhazikitsa ma aligorivimu ozikidwa pa AI kumapulumutsa nthawi ndikulola kukhazikika kwathunthu kwa njira, komanso kupewa zolakwika za anthu komanso chithandizo chamankhwala chamunthu payekha kwa odwala.

Monga zinakhalira, nayenso Forensic Medicine angapindule nazo chitukuko cha nzeru yokumba. Akatswiri pankhaniyi atha kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni ya imfa ya wakufayo posanthula zamadzimadzi a nyongolotsi ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimadya minofu yakufa. Vuto limabwera pamene zosakaniza za secretions kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya necrophages zikuphatikizidwa pakuwunika. Apa ndipamene kuphunzira pamakina kumayambira. Asayansi ku yunivesite ya Albany apanga njira yanzeru yochita kupanga yomwe imalola kuzindikira mwachangu mitundu ya nyongolotsi zochokera "zala zala za mankhwala". Gululo linaphunzitsa pulogalamu yawo ya pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya ntchentche zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana. Anazindikira masiginecha amankhwala a mphutsi za tizilombo pogwiritsa ntchito ma mass spectrometry, omwe amazindikiritsa mankhwala mwa kuyeza molondola chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa magetsi a ion.

Kotero, monga mukuwonera, komabe AI ngati wapolisi wofufuza osati zabwino kwambiri, zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri mu labotale yazamalamulo. Mwina tinkayembekezera zambiri kuchokera kwa iye panthawiyi, kuyembekezera njira zomwe zingachotsere madokotala ntchito (5). Pamene ife tiyang'ana pa Nzeru zochita kupanga mowonadi, poyang'ana kwambiri phindu lenileni m'malo mwa wamba, ntchito yake yazamankhwala ikuwonekanso yopatsa chiyembekezo.

5. Masomphenya a galimoto ya dokotala