Kodi tidzadziwa mitundu yonse ya zinthu? Mmalo mwa atatu, mazana asanu

Chaka chatha, zoulutsira nkhani zinafalitsa chidziŵitso chakuti “kwabuka mtundu wina wa nkhani,” umene ukhoza kutchedwa wovuta kwambiri kapena, mwachitsanzo, wosavuta, ngakhale wochepa wa Chipolishi, wovuta kwambiri. Kuchokera ku ma laboratories a asayansi ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ndi mtundu wa zotsutsana zomwe zimagwirizanitsa katundu wa zolimba ndi zowonjezereka - i.e. zakumwa zokhala ndi zero viscosity.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adaneneratu kale za kukhalapo kwa munthu wamphamvu, koma mpaka pano palibe chofanana chomwe chapezeka mu labotale. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa asayansi ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology zidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature.

"Chinthu chomwe chimaphatikiza kuchulukirachulukira komanso zinthu zolimba zimasemphana ndi nzeru," mtsogoleri wa gululo Wolfgang Ketterle, pulofesa wa sayansi ya sayansi ku MIT komanso wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu 2001, analemba m'nyuzipepala.

Kuti amvetsetse mtundu wa zinthu zotsutsanazi, gulu la Ketterle linasintha kayendedwe ka maatomu mumkhalidwe wokhazikika mumtundu wina wachilendo wotchedwa Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Ketterle ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adatulukira BEC, yomwe idamupatsa Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi.

"Vuto linali lowonjezera china ku condensate chomwe chingapangitse kuti chisinthe kukhala mawonekedwe kunja kwa 'msampha wa atomiki' ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe a cholimba," Ketterle anafotokoza.

Gulu lofufuzalo linagwiritsa ntchito matabwa a laser mu chipinda cha vacuum chapamwamba kwambiri kuti athe kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka maatomu mu condensate. Seti yoyambirira ya ma lasers idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha theka la maatomu a BEC kukhala gawo lina la spin kapena quantum. Choncho, mitundu iwiri ya BEC inalengedwa. Kusamutsa kwa maatomu pakati pa ma condensate awiri mothandizidwa ndi matabwa owonjezera a laser kunapangitsa kusintha kwa ma spin.

"Malaser owonjezera adapatsa maatomu mphamvu zowonjezera kuti agwirizane ndi kanjira," adatero Ketterle. Zotsatira zake, malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, zimayenera kukhala "zolimba kwambiri", popeza ma condensates okhala ndi maatomu olumikizana mumayendedwe ozungulira amatha kudziwika ndi "kusinthasintha kwamphamvu". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuchulukana kwa zinthu kungasiya kukhala kosasintha. M'malo mwake, idzakhala ndi gawo lofanana ndi crystalline solid.

Kufufuza kwina kwa zinthu zolimba kwambiri kungapangitse kuti timvetsetse bwino zinthu za superfluids ndi superconductors, zomwe zingakhale zofunikira pakusamutsa mphamvu moyenera. Ma Superhards angakhalenso chinsinsi chopangira maginito abwino kwambiri opangira ma superconducting ndi masensa.

Osati maiko akuphatikiza, koma magawo

Kodi mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri ndi chinthu? Yankho loperekedwa ndi physics yamakono silophweka. Timakumbukira kuchokera kusukulu kuti thupi la zinthu ndilo gawo lalikulu limene chinthucho chilipo ndipo chimatsimikizira zomwe zimayambira. Makhalidwe a chinthu amatsimikiziridwa ndi dongosolo ndi khalidwe la mamolekyu ake. Gawo lachikhalidwe la mayiko a zinthu za m'zaka za zana la XNUMX limasiyanitsa zigawo zitatu izi: zolimba (zolimba), zamadzimadzi (zamadzimadzi) ndi mpweya (gasi).

Komabe, pakali pano, gawo la nkhani likuwoneka kuti ndilo tanthauzo lolondola la mitundu ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu. Katundu wa matupi m'maiko osiyanasiyana amadalira dongosolo la mamolekyu (kapena ma atomu) omwe matupiwa amapangidwa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kugawikana kwakale mu zigawo za aggregation ndi zoona kokha kwa zinthu zina, popeza kafukufuku wa sayansi wasonyeza kuti zomwe poyamba zinkaganiziridwa kuti ndi gawo limodzi lokha likhoza kugawidwa m'magawo ambiri a chinthu chomwe chimasiyana m'chilengedwe. particle kasinthidwe. Palinso zochitika pamene mamolekyu a thupi limodzi amatha kukonzedwa mosiyana nthawi imodzi.

Komanso, zinapezeka kuti mayiko olimba ndi amadzimadzi amatha kuzindikirika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero cha magawo a zinthu mu dongosolo ndi chiwerengero cha zosinthika kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga, kutentha) zomwe zingasinthidwe popanda kusintha kwa khalidwe mu dongosolo zimafotokozedwa ndi mfundo ya gawo la Gibbs.

Kusintha kwa gawo la chinthu kungafunike kuperekedwa kapena kulandila mphamvu - ndiye kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimatuluka kudzakhala kolingana ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe chimasintha gawolo. Komabe, kusintha kwina kwa gawo kumachitika popanda kulowetsa mphamvu kapena kutulutsa. Timafika pamapeto okhudza kusintha kwa gawo pamaziko a kusintha kwa masitepe muzinthu zina zomwe zimalongosola thupi ili.

M'magulu ochulukirapo omwe adasindikizidwa mpaka pano, pali pafupifupi maiko mazana asanu ophatikizana. Zinthu zambiri, makamaka zomwe zimakhala zosakaniza zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zimatha kukhalapo nthawi imodzi m'magawo awiri kapena kupitilira apo.

Fiziki yamakono nthawi zambiri imavomereza magawo awiri - amadzimadzi ndi olimba - gawo la gasi limakhala gawo limodzi la gawo lamadzimadzi. Zotsirizirazi zikuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya plasma, gawo lomwe latchulidwa kale la supercurrent, ndi zina zingapo za zinthu. Magawo olimba amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya crystalline, komanso mawonekedwe aamorphous.

Topological zawiya

Malipoti a "aggregate states" kapena magawo ovuta kutanthauzira akhala akubwereza nkhani zasayansi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugawira zatsopano zomwe zapezedwa ku gulu limodzi sikophweka nthawi zonse. Chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe tafotokoza kale ndi gawo lolimba, koma mwina akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ali ndi maganizo osiyana. Zaka zingapo zapitazo mu labotale ya yunivesite

Ku Colorado, mwachitsanzo, dropleton idapangidwa kuchokera ku tinthu tating'ono ta gallium arsenide - chinthu chamadzimadzi, cholimba. Mu 2015, gulu la asayansi lapadziko lonse lapansi lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala Cosmas Prasides ku yunivesite ya Tohoku ku Japan adalengeza za kupezeka kwa zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimaphatikiza zinthu za insulator, superconductor, zitsulo, ndi maginito, zomwe zimatcha Jahn-Teller zitsulo.

Palinso mayiko atypical "wosakanizidwa" ophatikizana. Mwachitsanzo, galasi ilibe mawonekedwe a crystalline choncho nthawi zina amatchedwa madzi "ozizira kwambiri". Chotsatira ndi makhiristo amadzimadzi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonetsera zina; putty - silikoni polima, pulasitiki, zotanuka kapena Chimaona, malinga ndi mlingo wa mapindikidwe; madzi omata kwambiri, odziyendetsa okha (akangoyamba, kusefukira kumapitilira mpaka kutulutsa kwamadzi mu galasi lapamwamba kutha); Nitinol, aloyi ya nickel-titaniyamu yokhala ndi kukumbukira mawonekedwe - ikapindika, imawongoka mumlengalenga wofunda kapena m'madzi.

Kugawikana kukuchulukirachulukira. Umisiri wamakono ukusokoneza malire a mayiko a zinthu. Zatsopano zatulukira. Opambana a 2016 Nobel Prize - David J. Thouless, F. Duncan, M. Haldane ndi J. Michael Kosterlitz - adagwirizanitsa maiko awiri: nkhani, yomwe ili phunziro la physics, ndi topology, yomwe ndi nthambi ya masamu. Iwo anazindikira kuti pali sanali chikhalidwe gawo kusintha kugwirizana ndi topological kupunduka ndi sanali chikhalidwe magawo a nkhani - topological magawo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zambiri zoyesera komanso zongoyerekeza. Chigumulachi chikusefukirabe mwachangu kwambiri.

Anthu ena akuwonanso zida za XNUMXD ngati zatsopano, zapadera. Tadziwa mtundu uwu wa nanonetwork - phosphate, stanene, borophene, kapena, potsiriza, wotchuka graphene - kwa zaka zambiri. Omwe tawatchulawa omwe adapambana Mphotho ya Nobel adatengapo gawo, makamaka, pakuwunika kwapamwamba kwa zida zakusanjikiza kamodzi.

Sayansi yachikale ya zinthu ndi magawo a zinthu zikuwoneka kuti zachokera kutali. Kuposa zomwe tingakumbukirebe kuchokera ku maphunziro a physics.