Chipangizo, mitundu ndi mfundo yoyendetsera chiwongolero

Chiwongolero chowongolera ndi maziko a chiwongolero chagalimoto, chomwe dalaivala amawongolera mawilo agalimoto momwe akufunira. Ngakhale simungathe kukonza galimoto yanu nokha, kumvetsetsa momwe chiwongolerocho chimagwirira ntchito ndi momwe makinawa amagwirira ntchito kudzakuthandizani, chifukwa podziwa mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake, mudzatha kuyendetsa galimoto yonyamula anthu kapena jeep mosamala kwambiri, kukulitsa. moyo wake wautumiki mpaka kukonzedwa.

Injini ndiye mtima wagalimoto, koma ndi chiwongolero chomwe chimatsimikizira komwe ikupita. Chifukwa chake, dalaivala aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino momwe chiwongolero chagalimoto yake chimapangidwira komanso cholinga chake.

Kuchokera pampando kupita pachingwe - kusintha kwa chiwongolero

M’nthaŵi zakale, pamene munthu anali atangoyamba kumene kufufuza nthaka ndi madzi, koma gudumulo linali lisanakhale maziko a kuyenda kwake, zotengera ndi mabwato zinakhala njira yaikulu yonyamulira katundu pa mtunda wautali (kupitirira ulendo wa tsiku limodzi). Magalimoto amenewa ankakhala pamadzi, akuyenda chifukwa cha mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kuti awawongolere adagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo choyamba chowongolera - chopalasa chotsitsidwa m'madzi, chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa ngalawa kapena bwato. Kuchita bwino kwa kachipangizo kotereku kunali kokwera pang'ono kuposa ziro, ndipo mphamvu zazikulu zakuthupi ndi kupirira zidafunikira kutsogolera lusolo kunjira yoyenera.

Pamene kukula ndi kusamuka kwa zombo kumakula, kugwira ntchito ndi chowongolero kunkafuna mphamvu zowonjezereka, kotero kuti m'malo mwake chinasinthidwa ndi chiwongolero chomwe chinatembenuza chiwongolero kupyolera mu dongosolo la ma pulleys, ndiko kuti, chinali njira yoyamba yowongolera. mbiri. Kupangidwa ndi kufalikira kwa gudumu kunayambitsa chitukuko cha zoyendera pamtunda, koma mphamvu yake yayikulu yoyendetsa inali nyama (akavalo kapena ng'ombe), kotero m'malo mwa njira yolamulira, maphunziro anagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, nyama zinatembenukira ku njira yoyenera kwa ena. zochita za driver.

Kupangidwa kwa makina opangira nthunzi ndi injini yoyatsira mkati kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchotsa nyama zonyamula katundu ndikukonza magalimoto apamtunda, pambuyo pake adayenera kuwapangira chiwongolero chomwe chimagwira ntchito ina. Poyamba, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosavuta, n'chifukwa chake ulamuliro wa magalimoto woyamba ankafuna mphamvu yaikulu thupi, ndiye pang'onopang'ono kusintha gearboxes osiyanasiyana, amene anawonjezera mphamvu ya kutembenuka mphamvu pa mawilo, koma anakakamiza chiwongolero kutembenuza zambiri. mwamphamvu.

Vuto lina la makina owongolera omwe amayenera kugonjetsedwera ndikufunika kutembenuza mawilo mosiyanasiyana. Njira ya gudumu yomwe ili mkati, pokhudzana ndi kutembenuka kwa mbali, imadutsa pamtunda waung'ono, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti iyenera kutembenuzidwa mwamphamvu kuposa gudumu kunja. Pa magalimoto oyambirira, izi sizinali choncho, chifukwa chake magudumu akutsogolo adatha mofulumira kwambiri kuposa akumbuyo. Ndiye panali kumvetsetsa kwa mbali ya chala, komanso, zinali zotheka kuzipereka pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kupatuka koyamba kwa mawilo kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. Poyendetsa mumzere wowongoka, izi sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo pa mphira, ndipo zikafika pamakona, zimawonjezera kukhazikika ndi kuwongolera kwagalimoto, komanso zimachepetsanso kuvala kwa matayala.

Chinthu choyamba chowongolera chokhazikika chinali chiwongolero (pambuyo pake mawuwa sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ku gearbox, koma kumakina omwe amanyamula kumtunda kwa shaft yowongolera), koma kupezeka kwa bipod imodzi yokha kumafunikira dongosolo lovuta kwambiri. kutumiza mphamvu yozungulira ku mawilo onse awiri. Pachimake cha kusinthika kwa makina oterowo anali mtundu watsopano wa unit, wotchedwa "chiwongolero", imagwiranso ntchito pa mfundo ya bokosi la gear, ndiko kuti, imawonjezera torque, koma, mosiyana ndi mzati, imatumiza mphamvu kwa onse awiri. mawilo akutsogolo nthawi imodzi.

General masanjidwe

Nazi mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimapanga maziko a chiwongolero chowongolera:

• galimoto zida;
• njanji;
• kutsindika (clamping mechanism);
• nyumba;
• zisindikizo, zitsamba ndi anthers.

Chiwongolero chowongolera mu gawo

Chiwembu ichi ndi chibadwidwe mu njanji iliyonse galimoto. Choncho, yankho la funso lakuti "motani chiwongolero chiwongolero ntchito" nthawi zonse limayamba ndi mndandanda, chifukwa limasonyeza dongosolo lonse la unit. Kuphatikiza apo, zithunzi ndi makanema ambiri adayikidwa pa intaneti akuwonetsa mawonekedwe a chipika ndi mkati mwake, zomwe zikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda.

zida za pinion

Gawo ili ndi tsinde lomwe lili ndi mano oblique kapena owongoka odulidwa, okhala ndi mayendedwe mbali zonse ziwiri. Kukonzekera kumeneku kumapereka malo okhazikika okhudzana ndi thupi ndi chiwongolero mu malo aliwonse a chiwongolero. Mtsinje wokhala ndi mano oblique uli pa ngodya ya njanji, chifukwa chake amalumikizana bwino ndi mano owongoka pa njanji, shaft yokhala ndi mano owongoka idayikidwa pamakina a 80s ndi 90s azaka zapitazi, gawo ili ndi zosavuta kupanga, koma nthawi yake ntchito ndi zochepa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito spur ndi helical gears ndi yofanana, yotsirizirayi ndi yodalirika komanso yosagwirizana ndi jamming, chifukwa chake yakhala yaikulu muzitsulo zowongolera.

Pamagalimoto onse omwe amapangidwa kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi zazaka zapitazi, ma shafts okhawo amaikidwa, izi zimachepetsa katundu pamalo olumikizirana ndikuwonjezera moyo wa makina onse, omwe ndi ofunikira makamaka kwa ma racks omwe alibe zida. chowongolera cha hydraulic (power steering) kapena magetsi (EUR) booster. The spur drive gear inali yotchuka mu USSR ndi Russian Federation, idayikidwa pamitundu yoyamba ya zida zoyendetsera magalimoto akutsogolo, komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, chisankhochi chinasiyidwa m'malo mwa zida za helical, chifukwa izi. gearbox ndi yodalirika kwambiri ndipo imafuna khama lochepa kuti mutembenuzire gudumu.

Kutalika kwa tsinde ndi chiwerengero cha mano amasankhidwa kuti 2,5-4 kutembenuka kwa chiwongolero kumafunika kutembenuza mawilo kuchokera kumanja kwambiri kupita kumanzere kwambiri komanso mosemphanitsa. Chiŵerengero cha gear choterechi chimapereka mphamvu zokwanira pamagudumu, komanso kumapanga mayankho, kulola dalaivala kuti "amve galimoto", ndiko kuti, zovuta kwambiri zoyendetsa galimoto, kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti atembenuzire mawilo ku zofunikira. ngodya. Eni magalimoto okhala ndi chiwongolero komanso omwe amakonda kukonza galimoto yawo pawokha nthawi zambiri amatumiza malipoti okonza pa intaneti, kuwapatsa zithunzi zatsatanetsatane, kuphatikiza zida zoyendetsera.

Zida zoyendetsera galimoto zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwongolero chowongolera ndi shaft yamagulu ndi makadi, yomwe ndi chinthu chachitetezo, cholinga chake ndikuteteza dalaivala pakugundana kuti asamenye chiwongolero pachifuwa. Pakukhudzidwa, tsinde zotere zimapindika ndipo sizitumiza mphamvu kuchipinda chokwera, chomwe chinali vuto lalikulu pamagalimoto m'zaka zoyambirira zazaka zapitazi. Choncho, pa dzanja lamanja ndi lamanzere makina giya ili mosiyana, chifukwa pachivundikiro ali pakati, ndi giya pa mbali ya chiwongolero, ndiye pa m'mphepete mwa unit.

Sitima

Choyikacho chokha ndi chozungulira chozungulira chachitsulo cholimba, kumapeto kwake komwe kuli mano ogwirizana ndi zida zoyendetsa. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa gawo la zida ndi 15 cm, zomwe ndi zokwanira kutembenuza mawilo akutsogolo kuchokera kumanja kwambiri kupita kumanzere kwambiri komanso mosemphanitsa. Kumapeto kapena pakati pa njanji, mabowo opangidwa ndi ulusi amabowoledwa kuti amangirire ndodo zowongolera. Dalaivala akatembenuza chiwongolero, giya yoyendetsa imayendetsa choyikapo mbali yoyenera, ndipo, chifukwa cha chiŵerengero cha gear chokulirapo, dalaivala amatha kukonza momwe galimotoyo imayendera mkati mwa magawo a digiri.

Chiwongolero

Kuti makina oterowo agwire bwino ntchito, njanjiyo imayikidwa ndi manja ndi makina omangira, omwe amalola kusuntha kumanzere ndi kumanja, koma amalepheretsa kuchoka pagalimoto.

Clamping mechanism

Mukamayendetsa pamalo osagwirizana, bokosi lowongolera (choyikapo / pinion pair) limakhala ndi katundu yemwe amasintha mtunda pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi. Kukhazikika kolimba kwa choyikapo kungayambitse kukwatiwa kwake komanso kulephera kutembenuza chiwongolero, chifukwa chake, kuwongolera. Choncho, kukhazikika kolimba kumaloledwa kokha kumbali imodzi ya thupi la unit, kutali ndi galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto, koma palibe kukhazikika kolimba kumbali inayo, ndipo chiwongolerocho chikhoza "kusewera" pang'ono, kusuntha wachibale ndi galimoto. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka osati kungobwerera pang'ono komwe kumalepheretsa makinawo kuti asakwatire, komanso kumapanga mayankho amphamvu, kulola manja a dalaivala kumva bwino pamsewu.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito makina otsekemera ndi awa - kasupe wokhala ndi mphamvu inayake amakankhira rack motsutsana ndi gear, kuonetsetsa kuti mano atsekedwa. Mphamvu yomwe imaperekedwa kuchokera ku mawilo, yomwe imakanikiza rack ku gear, imasamutsidwa mosavuta ndi mbali zonse ziwiri, chifukwa zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zolimba. Koma mphamvu yomwe imayendetsedwa kumbali ina, ndiko kuti, kusuntha mbali zonse ziwiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake, kumalipidwa ndi kuuma kwa kasupe, kotero kuti choyikapo chimasuntha pang'ono kuchoka ku gear, koma izi sizikhudza mgwirizano wa mbali zonse ziwiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kasupe wa makinawa amataya kukhazikika kwake, ndipo choyikapo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chofewa kapena pulasitiki chokhazikika chimagaya njanji, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kukanikiza rack-gear. Ngati mbalizo zili bwino, ndiye kuti zinthuzo zimakonzedwa ndikumangirira, kukanikiza kasupe motsutsana ndi kapamwamba kosunthika ndi nati ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvu yolumikizira yolondola. Akatswiri okonza magalimoto nthawi zambiri amaika zithunzi za mbali zonse zomwe zawonongeka za makinawa ndi ma braces m'malipoti awo, zomwe zimayikidwa pazipata zosiyanasiyana zamagalimoto. Ngati kuvala kwa ziwalozo kwafika pamtengo woopsa, ndiye kuti amasinthidwa ndi zatsopano, kubwezeretsa ntchito yachibadwa ya makina onse.

Nyumba

Thupi la unit limapangidwa ndi aluminium alloy, komanso lili ndi zomangira zolimba, zomwe zinali zotheka kuchepetsa kulemera momwe mungathere popanda kutaya mphamvu ndi kukhazikika. Mphamvu ya thupi ndi yokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti zolemetsa zomwe zimachitika poyendetsa galimoto, ngakhale pamtunda wosagwirizana, sizikuwononga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dongosolo la danga lamkati la thupi limatsimikizira kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira yonse yowongolera. Komanso, thupi limakhala ndi mabowo okonzekera ku thupi la galimoto, chifukwa chake limasonkhanitsa zinthu zonse zowongolera pamodzi, kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yawo ikugwirizanitsa.

Zisindikizo, zitsamba ndi anthers

Zitsamba zomwe zimayikidwa pakati pa thupi ndi njanji zimakhala ndi kukana kovala komanso zimaperekanso kuyenda kosavuta kwa bar mkati mwa thupi. Zisindikizo zamafuta zimateteza gawo lopaka mafuta pamakina, ndiye kuti, malo ozungulira giya loyendetsa, kuteteza kutayika kwa mafuta, komanso kulipatula ku fumbi ndi dothi. Nyerere zimateteza mbali zoonekera za thupi zomwe tayi imadutsamo. Malingana ndi chitsanzo cha makinawo, amamangiriridwa kumapeto kapena pakati pa njanji, mulimonsemo, ndi anthers omwe amateteza malo otseguka a thupi ku fumbi ndi dothi.

Zosintha ndi mitundu

Ngakhale kuti kumayambiriro kwa maonekedwe ake, chowotcha chinali njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera, chitukuko cha teknoloji chinapangitsa opanga kusintha kusintha kwa chipangizochi. Popeza njira zazikuluzikulu kuyambira mawonekedwe a unit, komanso mapangidwe ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito yake sizinasinthe, opanga awongolera kuyesetsa kwawo kuti awonjezere mphamvu mwa kukhazikitsa zida zosiyanasiyana zokulitsa.

Yoyamba inali hydraulic booster, mwayi waukulu umene unali kuphweka kwa mapangidwe ndi kulondola kwambiri kwa ntchito yoyenera, chifukwa chowongolera ndi chiwongolero champhamvu sichinalole kutembenukira kumakona apamwamba pa liwiro la injini. Choyipa chachikulu cha chiwongolero champhamvu chinali kudalira mota, chifukwa ndizomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mpope wa jekeseni. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizochi ndi yakuti pamene chiwongolero chitembenuzidwira, wogawira ma hydraulic amapereka madzi ku chimodzi mwa zipinda ziwiri, pamene magudumu afika pamtundu wofanana, madzimadzi amasiya. Chifukwa cha chiwembu ichi, mphamvu yoyendetsera mawilo imachepetsedwa popanda kutayika kwa mayankho, ndiko kuti, dalaivala amawongolera bwino ndikumva msewu.

Chotsatira chinali chitukuko cha chiwongolero chamagetsi (EUR), komabe, zitsanzo zoyamba za zipangizozi zinayambitsa kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, chifukwa machenjezo onyenga nthawi zambiri anachitika, chifukwa chakuti galimotoyo inatembenuka modzidzimutsa poyendetsa. Ndipotu, udindo wa distribuerar ankaimba potentiometer, amene, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, osati nthawi zonse kupereka mfundo zolondola. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chilema ichi pafupifupi anathetsedwa, chifukwa kudalirika kwa ulamuliro wa EUR si otsika chiwongolero mphamvu. Ena opanga magalimoto akugwiritsa ntchito kale chiwongolero chamagetsi, chomwe chimaphatikiza ubwino wa zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, komanso opanda zovuta zawo.

Chifukwa chake, lero magawano awa m'mitundu yowongolera atengera:

• zosavuta (makina) - pafupifupi osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachangu komanso kufunikira kochita khama kuti atembenuze mawilo m'malo mwake;
• ndi hydraulic booster (hydraulic) - ndi imodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso kasamalidwe kapamwamba, koma chowonjezera sichigwira ntchito injini ikatha;
• ndi chiwongolero chamagetsi (magetsi) - ndi amodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa mayunitsi ndi chiwongolero cha mphamvu, chifukwa amagwira ntchito ngakhale injini itazimitsidwa, ngakhale kuti vuto lachisawawa silinathetsedwe;
• ndi hydraulic booster magetsi, omwe amaphatikiza ubwino wa mitundu yonse yapitayi, ndiye kuti, amagwira ntchito ngakhale injini itazimitsidwa ndipo "chonde" dalaivala ndi maulendo osasintha.

chowongolera ndi EUR

Mfundo yamagulu awa imalola mwiniwake kapena wogula galimoto yonyamula anthu kuti aunike nthawi yomweyo zabwino zonse ndi kuipa kwa chiwongolero cha mtundu wina.

Kusinthana

Opanga magalimoto pafupifupi samatulutsa njira zowongolera ndi pinion, kupatulapo "AvtoVAZ", koma ngakhale pamenepo ntchitoyi idasamutsidwa kwa abwenzi, chifukwa chake, ngati pali zolakwika zazikulu mugawoli, kukonzanso kuli kopanda phindu, ndikofunikira kusankha osati kokha chitsanzo, komanso wopanga makina awa. Mmodzi mwa atsogoleri a msika uwu ndi ZF, yomwe imagwira ntchito pakupanga mitundu yonse ya mayunitsi, kuchokera ku zotengera zodziwikiratu kupita kumakina owongolera. M'malo mwa njanji ya ZF, mukhoza kutenga analogue yotsika mtengo ya Chitchaina, chifukwa dera lawo ndi miyeso yawo ndi yofanana, koma sizikhala motalika, mosiyana ndi chipangizo choyambirira. Nthawi zambiri, magalimoto omwe zaka zawo zadutsa zaka 10 zimakhala ndi njanji kuchokera kwa opanga ena, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zithunzi za zizindikiro zawo zomwe zimayikidwa pa intaneti.

Nthawi zambiri, amisiri a garage amayika ziwongolero zamagalimoto akunja, mwachitsanzo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Toyota, pamagalimoto apanyumba. Kusintha koteroko kumafuna kusintha pang'ono kwa khoma lakumbuyo kwa chipinda cha injini, koma galimotoyo imalandira gawo lodalirika kwambiri lomwe limaposa zinthu zonse za AvtoVAZ. Ngati njanji yochokera ku "Toyota" yomweyi ilinso ndi magetsi kapena hydraulic booster, ndiye kuti ngakhale akale "Nine" mwadzidzidzi, mwachitonthozo, amayandikira kwambiri magalimoto akunja a nthawi yomweyo.

Zovuta zazikulu

Chipangizo cha chiwongolerocho ndi chakuti makinawa ndi amodzi mwa odalirika kwambiri m'galimoto, ndipo zowonongeka zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvala (kuwonongeka) kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena ndi ngozi zapamsewu, ndiye kuti, ngozi kapena ngozi. Nthawi zambiri, okonza amayenera kusintha anthers ndi zisindikizo, komanso ma rack ovala ndi magiya oyendetsa, mtunda womwe umaposa mazana a ma kilomita. Muyeneranso kumangitsa makina owongolera nthawi ndi nthawi, omwe ndi chifukwa cha dongosolo la chiwongolero, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti m'malo mwa magawo. Nthawi zambiri, thupi la unit iyi, lomwe lasweka chifukwa cha ngozi, limafunikira m'malo mwake, pomwe njanji yoyendetsa, zida ndi zida zomangira zimasamutsidwa kupita kwa wopereka.

Zifukwa zodziwika bwino zokonzera node iyi ndi:

• kusewera kowongolera;
• kugogoda pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto kapena kutembenuka;
• kuwala kwambiri kapena chiwongolero chothina.

Zowonongeka izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvala kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapanga chiwongolero chowongolera, kotero zikhoza kuganiziridwa ndi zogwiritsira ntchito.

Alikuti

Kuti mumvetse komwe chiwongolero chilili ndi momwe chikuwonekera, ikani galimotoyo pamtunda kapena pamtunda, kenaka mutsegule hood ndikutembenuza mawilo kumbali iliyonse mpaka atayima. Kenaka tsatirani kumene ziwongolero zimatsogolera, apa ndi pamene makinawa ali, ofanana ndi chubu cha aluminiyamu cha ribbed, chomwe chiwongolero cha cardan chochokera ku chiwongolero chimalowa. Ngati mulibe chidziwitso chokonzekera magalimoto ndipo simukudziwa komwe nodeyi ili, ndiye yang'anani zithunzi ndi makanema omwe olemba amawonetsa malo a njanji m'magalimoto awo, komanso njira zosavuta zopezeramo: izi zidzakupulumutsani ku zolakwika zambiri, kuphatikizapo nambala yomwe imatsogolera kuvulala.

Werenganinso: Chiwongolero chowongolera damper - cholinga ndi malamulo oyika

Kaya chitsanzo ndi chaka kupanga, limagwirira nthawi zonse ili pa khoma kumbuyo kwa chipinda injini, kotero izo zikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera mbali ya gudumu inverted. Kukonza kapena m'malo, ndi bwino kufika kwa izo kuchokera pamwamba, kutsegula hood, kapena kuchokera pansi, kuchotsa chitetezo cha injini, ndi kusankha malo olowera zimadalira chitsanzo ndi kasinthidwe galimoto.

Pomaliza

Chiwongolero chowongolera ndi maziko a chiwongolero chagalimoto, chomwe dalaivala amawongolera mawilo agalimoto momwe akufunira. Ngakhale simungathe kukonza galimoto yanu nokha, kumvetsetsa momwe chiwongolerocho chimagwirira ntchito ndi momwe makinawa amagwirira ntchito kudzakuthandizani, chifukwa podziwa mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake, mudzatha kuyendetsa galimoto yonyamula anthu kapena jeep mosamala kwambiri, kukulitsa. moyo wake wautumiki mpaka kukonzedwa.

Momwe mungadziwire kusayenda bwino kwa chiwongolero - kanema