Anamwalira astronautics nthano Alexei Leonov
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndege ya Soyuz-19 pa ntchito ya ASTP.
Ndi Okutobala 11, 2019. NASA TV ikunena za spacewalk-11, yomwe idayamba nthawi ya 38:56. Chidule ichi chikuyimira 409th American spacewalk kuchokera ku International Space Station. Astronaut Andrew Morgan ndi Christina Koch akuyenera kusintha mabatire ena akale apasiteshoni ndikuyika atsopano. Iyi ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse ngati wina akufuna kuwerengera 9 m'mbiri ya zakuthambo. Mosayembekezereka, kotala la ola pambuyo poyambira, kuwulutsa kumasokonekera kuti alengeze zachisoni zomwe Roscosmos wangotulutsa kumene. Pa 40 p.m., Alexei Leonov anamwalira, munthu woyamba m'mbiri kuchoka mkati mwa chombo. Cosmonaut wodziwika bwino, mpainiya wa cosmonautics wokhala ndi anthu, bambo yemwe ali ndi mbiri yodabwitsa ...
Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov anabadwa May 30, 1934 m'mudzi wa Listvyanka, Kemero Region. Anali mwana wachisanu ndi chinayi m'banja la Archip wamagetsi a njanji (1893-1981) ndi Evdokia (1895-1967). Anayamba maphunziro ake a pulaimale ku Kemerovo, kumene banja la 11 linkakhala m'chipinda chimodzi cha 16 m2. Mu 1947 anasamukira ku Kaliningrad, Alexei anamaliza sukulu ya sekondale giredi khumi mu 1953.
Poyamba, iye ankafuna kukhala wojambula, monga anapeza mwa iye talente kujambula, koma zinali zosatheka kulowa Riga Academy of Luso chifukwa chosowa zopezera zofunika pa moyo kunja kwa banja. M'menemo, iye analowa chakhumi Military Aviation School mu mzinda wa Kremenchug, amene anaphunzitsa m'tsogolo kumenyana ndege adepts mbali yaikulu. Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye anamaliza maphunziro ake, ndiyeno analowa osankhika School of Military Aviation Pilots (VAUL) mu Chuguev pafupi Kharkov.
Anamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1957 ndipo pa October 30 adalowa usilikali mu 113th Fighter Aviation Regiment ya Kyiv Military District ndi udindo wa lieutenant. Panthawiyo, satana yoyamba yapadziko lapansi, Sputnik, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi roketi ya R-7, inali kuzungulira Dziko lapansi kwa milungu ingapo. Alexei sanakayikire kuti posachedwa ayamba kuwuluka pa rocket, yomwe ndi mtundu wake woyesera. Kuyambira pa Disembala 14, 1959 adakhala woyendetsa ndege wa gulu la 294 lodziwika bwino loyang'anira ndege ku GDR. Kumeneko adalandira mwayi woti achite nawo maulendo a ndege a "teknoloji yatsopano", monga momwe maulendo oyendetsa ndege ankatchedwa mwachinsinsi panthawiyo. Panthawiyo, anali ndi nthawi yowuluka ya maola 278.
Nyenyezi
Gulu loyamba la ophunzira a zakuthambo linapangidwa pa March 7, 1960, lopangidwa ndi khumi ndi awiri, ndipo m'miyezi itatu yotsatira, oyendetsa ndege ena asanu ndi atatu. Kusankhidwa kwawo kunayamba mu October 1959.
Pazonse, gulu lankhondo la 3461, oyendetsa ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege anali mgulu la chidwi, pomwe anthu a 347 adasankhidwa kuti akafunse mafunso oyambira (malo ogona, katundu), komanso maphunziro ndi zida (popanda alangizi). Chifukwa cha zolakwika zaumisiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti oyendetsa ndege asanu ndi limodzi okha aziphunzitsidwa nthawi imodzi, gulu lotere lidasankhidwa potengera zotsatira za mayeso a psychophysical. Sizinaphatikizepo mkulu Lieutenant Leonov (analandira kukwezedwa pa March 28), anayenera kudikira nthawi yake mu kuponya chachiwiri.
Oyamba asanu ndi limodzi, atapambana mayeso, adalandira mutu wa "Air Force Cosmonaut" pa Januware 25, 1961, Leonov, pamodzi ndi ena asanu ndi awiri, adamaliza maphunziro awo onse pa Marichi 30, 1961 ndipo adakhala cosmonauts pa Epulo 4 chimodzimodzi. chaka. patangotsala masiku asanu ndi atatu kuti Yuri Gagarin achoke. Pa July 10, 1961, anakwezedwa pa udindo wa kaputeni. Mu September, pamodzi ndi anzake angapo mu dipatimenti, iye akuyamba maphunziro ake pa Aviation Engineering Academy. Zhukovsky ali ndi digiri ya Design and Operation of Atmospheric Spacecraft ndi Injini Zawo. Anamaliza maphunziro ake mu Januwale 1968.
Pokhudzana ndi kutuluka kwa gulu latsopano la osankhidwa a cosmonauts mu CTX ndi kukonzanso kugwirizana ndi izi, pa January 16, 1963, adalandira udindo wa "Cosmonaut wa MVS CTC". Patapita miyezi itatu, iye anayamba kukonzekera zikuchokera gulu la cosmonauts, mmodzi wa iwo anali kutenga nawo mbali mu ndege Vostok-5. Kuwonjezera pa iye, Valery Bykovsky, Boris Volynov ndi Evgeny Khrunov ankafuna kuwuluka. Popeza sitimayo ili pafupi ndi malire apamwamba a misa yololedwa, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazochitikazi ndi kulemera kwa astronaut. Bykovsky ndi suti kulemera zosakwana 91 makilogalamu, Volynov ndi Leonov kulemera makilogalamu 105 aliyense.
Patatha mwezi umodzi, kukonzekera kunamalizidwa, pa May 10 chigamulo chinapangidwa - Bykovsky akuwulukira mumlengalenga, Volynov amamuwonjezera kawiri, Leonov akusungidwa. Pa June 14, ndege ya Vostok-5 ikuyamba kugwira ntchito, patatha masiku awiri Vostok-6 ikuwonekera mozungulira ndi Valentina Tereshkova. Mu Seputembala, chilichonse chikuwonetsa kuti Vostok wotsatira adzawulukira wamlengalenga yemwe azitha masiku 8 munjira, ndiyeno padzakhala gulu la zombo ziwiri, zomwe zimatha masiku 10.
Leonov ndi gulu la anthu asanu ndi anayi omwe maphunziro awo amayamba pa September 23. Mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka, ndondomeko ya ndege ya zombo ndi mapangidwe a antchito amasintha kangapo, koma Leonov ali mu gulu nthawi zonse. Mu Januwale, wamkulu wa pulogalamu yamalo a anthu, Sergei Korolev, adadodometsa aliyense ponena kuti Vostok itembenuzidwe kukhala zombo zokhala ndi mipando itatu. Atalandira thandizo la Khrushchev, ogwira ntchito omwe alipo adachotsedwa. January 11, 1964 Leonov adakwezedwa udindo waukulu, ndipo April 1 anayamba ulendo wake ndi pulogalamu Voskhod. Iye ali m'gulu lomwe likukonzekera ulendo woyamba wa gulu la anthu atatu. Zokonzekera za ulendowu, womwe umatenga masiku 8-10, zidzayamba pa Epulo 23.
Pa May 21, mutu wa maphunziro a cosmonaut General Kamanin amapanga magulu awiri - woyamba Komarov, Belyaev ndi Leonov, wachiwiri Volynov, Gorbatko ndi Khrunov. Komabe, Korolev amakhulupirira mosiyana - anthu wamba ayeneranso kuphatikizidwa m'gulu la ogwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa mikangano yoopsa pa May 29, kusagwirizana kumafika, nthawi ino Korolev apambana - sipadzakhala malo a Leonova ku East choyamba. Ndipo chachiwiri?
Kutuluka kwa dzuwa
Pa June 14, 1964, lamulo linasindikizidwa pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulendo wa pandege wokhala ndi mayendedwe oyenda mumlengalenga. Panali asanu ndi awiri okha a iwo mu gulu la Air Force cosmonaut - Belyaev, Gorbatko, Leonov, Khrunov, Bykovsky, Popovich ndi Titov. Komabe, atatu omaliza, monga adawuluka kale, sanaphatikizidwe m'maphunzirowo. M'menemo, mu July 1964, kukonzekera ntchito "Tulukani" kunayambika kwa anayi oyambirira okha, awiri oyambirira anali olamulira, ndipo chachiwiri chinali kutuluka. Komabe, pa July 16, kukonzekera kunasokonezedwa pamene zinaonekeratu kuti ndegeyo sichitika mpaka chaka chamawa.
Ofunsidwawo atakhala m’chipatalacho kwa mwezi umodzi, maphunzirowo anayambiranso pa August 15, ndipo Zaikin ndi Szonin analowa m’gululo. Maphunzirowa anali ovuta, popeza oyendetsa ndege a Voskhod anali asanakhalepo panthawiyo ndipo akatswiri a zakuthambo amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito sitima yomwe ankayenera kuwuluka, yomwe inali panthawi ya msonkhano. Njira yonse yotulutsira loko idaphunzitsidwa mopitilira muyeso mu Disembala mopanda kulemera, zomwe zidagwira ntchito mwachidule pamaulendo apaulendo pa ndege ya Tu-104. Leonov anapanga ndege 12 ndi zina zisanu ndi chimodzi pa Il-18 ndege.
