Mbiri Yodabwitsa ya Mabaluni
Anthu ataphunzira kuti mpweya umakhalanso ndi kulemera kwina (lita imodzi ya mpweya imalemera 1,2928 g, ndipo mita ya kiyubiki ndi pafupifupi 1200 g), adapeza kuti pafupifupi chirichonse chomwe chili mumlengalenga chimataya kulemera kwake, kusuntha mpweya. Motero, chinthu chikhoza kuyandama m’mwamba ngati mpweya umene unakankhira kunja uli wolemera kuposa icho. Kotero, chifukwa cha Archimedes, mbiri yodabwitsa ya mabuloni inayamba.
Abale a Montgolfier amadziwika bwino pankhaniyi. Iwo anapezerapo mwayi pa mfundo yakuti mpweya wofunda ndi wopepuka kuposa mpweya wozizira. Dome lalikulu lidasokedwa ndi zinthu zopepuka komanso zolimba. Mpirawo unali ndi dzenje pansi, pomwe moto unkayatsidwa, kuyaka pamoto wokonzedwa mu chidebe chofanana ndi bwato chomwe chimamangiriridwa ku mpirawo. Ndipo kotero baluni yoyamba yotentha inapita kumwamba mu June 1783. Abale anabwereza kuthawa kwawo kopambana pamaso pa Mfumu Louis XVI, bwalo lamilandu ndi owonerera ochepa. Pa baluniyo panali khola lomwe munali nyama zingapo. Chiwonetserocho chinatenga mphindi zochepa chabe, pamene chipolopolo cha bulunicho chinang'ambika ndipo, ndithudi, chinagwa, koma mofatsa, choncho palibe amene anavulazidwa.
Kuyesa koyamba kwa baluni kuyesedwa koyamba mu August 1709 ndi Bartolomeo Lourenço de Gusmão, wansembe wa Mfumu John ya Portugal.
Mu August 1783, abale a Robert, motsatira malangizo a Jacques Alexander Charles, anaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wina, wopepuka kuwirikiza ka 14 kuposa mpweya, wotchedwa hydrogen. (Kale anapezedwa, mwachitsanzo, mwa kuthira zinki kapena chitsulo ndi sulfuric acid). Movutikira kwambiri, iwo anadzaza chibalunicho ndi haidrojeni ndikuchitulutsa popanda okwera. Buluniyo idagwa kunja kwa Paris, komwe anthu, akukhulupirira kuti ikuchita ndi chinjoka chamtundu wina, adang'amba m'zidutswa ting'onoting'ono.
Posakhalitsa, mabaluni, makamaka okhala ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni, anayamba kupangidwa ku Ulaya ndi ku America konse. Kutentha kwa mpweya kunali kosatheka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri moto unkayamba. Mipweya ina yayesedwanso, mwachitsanzo, mpweya wopepuka, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira, koma ndi wowopsa chifukwa ndi wapoizoni ndipo umaphulika mosavuta.
Mabaluni mwachangu adakhala gawo lofunikira pamasewera ambiri ammudzi. Iwo ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi asayansi kuphunzira zigawo kumtunda kwa mlengalenga, ndipo ngakhale mmodzi wapaulendo (Salomon August Andre (1854 - 1897), Swedish injiniya ndi wofufuza wa Arctic) mu 1896, Komabe, molephera, anapita buluni kuti. kupeza North Pole.
Apa m'pamene panaonekera otchedwa kuonerera mabuloni, okonzeka ndi zida kuti, popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu, kaundula kutentha, chinyezi, etc. Mabaluni awa amatenga kutali kwambiri.
Posakhalitsa, m'malo mwa mawonekedwe ozungulira a mipira, "mphete" za oblong zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe asilikali a ku France ankatcha mipira ya mawonekedwe awa. Analinso ndi zowongolera. Chiwongolerocho sichinathandize kwambiri baluni, chifukwa chofunika kwambiri chinali kolowera mphepo. Komabe, chifukwa cha chipangizo chatsopanocho, baluniyo imatha "kupatuka" pang'ono kuchokera komwe kuli mphepo. Mainjiniya ndi amakaniko adaganiza zochita kuti azitha kuwongolera mayendedwe amphepo ndikutha kuwulukira mbali iliyonse. Mmodzi mwa oyambitsawo ankafuna kugwiritsa ntchito nkhafi, koma anadzipezera yekha kuti mpweya si madzi ndipo n’zosatheka kupalasa bwinobwino.
Cholinga chomwe anafuna chinakwaniritsidwa pokhapokha injini zoyendetsedwa ndi kuyaka kwa petulo zidapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto ndi ndege. Ma motors awa adapangidwa ndi German Daimler mu 1890. Anthu awiri amtundu wa Daimler ankafuna kugwiritsa ntchito lusoli kuti asunthire mabuloni mofulumira kwambiri ndipo mwina mosaganizira. Tsoka ilo, gasi yemwe adaphulika adayatsa gasiyo ndipo onse adamwalira.
Izi sizinalefule Mjeremani wina, Zeppelin. Mu 1896, adatulutsa baluni yoyamba yotentha, yomwe idatchedwa Zeppelin pambuyo pake. Chigoba chachikulu chautali, chotambasulidwa pamwamba pa scaffolding chopepuka komanso chokhala ndi zowongolera, chinakweza ngalawa yayikulu yokhala ndi ma injini ndi zopalasa, monga momwe zilili mundege. Zeppelins zinasintha pang'onopang'ono, makamaka panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.
Ngakhale kuti panapita patsogolo kwambiri ntchito yomanga mabaluni a mpweya wotentha nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itangotsala pang’ono kutha, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti analibe tsogolo labwino. Kumanga ndi okwera mtengo; ma hangars akuluakulu amafunikira kuti asamalire; kuonongeka mosavuta; nthawi yomweyo amakhala wodekha, aulesi poyenda. Zophophonya zawo zambiri ndizomwe zimayambitsa masoka pafupipafupi. Tsogolo liri la ndege, zida zolemera kuposa mpweya zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi propeller yothamanga kwambiri.
