Chotsani mzere wakufa

Kasupe wa unyamata wa Herodotus, Ovid's Cuman Sibyl, nthano ya Gilgamesh - lingaliro la kusafa limachokera ku chidziwitso cholenga cha anthu kuyambira pachiyambi. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha umisiri wopita patsogolo, achichepere osakhoza kufa posachedwapa angachoke m’dziko la nthano ndi kuloŵa zenizeni.

Wolowa m'malo mwa loto ndi nthano ili, mwa zina, Movement 2045, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 ndi bilionea waku Russia Dmitry Ichkov. Cholinga chake ndikupangitsa munthu kukhala wosakhoza kufa ndi njira zaukadaulo - kwenikweni, posamutsa chidziwitso ndi malingaliro ku chilengedwe kuposa thupi la munthu.

Pali njira zinayi zazikulu zomwe kayendetsedwe kake kamayenda pofuna kukwaniritsa moyo wosafa.

Yoyamba, yomwe amatcha Avatar A, idapangidwa kuti izitha kuwongolera ubongo wamunthu pogwiritsa ntchito loboti ya humanoid. ubongo-kompyuta mawonekedwe (BKI). Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti zakhala zotheka kulamulira ma robot ndi mphamvu ya kulingalira kwa zaka zambiri.

Avatar B, m'malo mowongolera kutali ndi thupi, amafunafuna kuikidwa kwa ubongo m'thupi latsopano. Palinso kampani ya Nectome yomwe imapereka kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungirako ubongo kuti iwatsitsimutse m'tsogolomu muzowonjezera zatsopano, zamoyo kapena makina, ngakhale kuti ichi ndi sitepe yotsatira, yomwe imatchedwa. zachilendo.

Avatar C imapereka thupi lathunthu lokhazikikamomwe ubongo (kapena zomwe zidalembedwa kale) zitha kukwezedwa.

Gulu la 2045 limalankhulanso za Avatar D, koma ndi lingaliro losamveka.maganizo opanda kanthu"Mwina chinachake chonga hologram.

2045 (1), monga nthawi yoyambira njira yopita ku "moyo wosafa pa umodzi", imachokera ku malingaliro a futurist wotchuka Ray Kurzweil (2), zomwe tidazitchula kangapo mu MT. Kodi sizongopeka chabe? Mwina, koma izi sizimatimasula ku mafunso - tikufuna chiyani ndipo izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa munthu aliyense komanso mitundu yonse ya homo sapiens?

Cuman Sybilla, wodziwika mwachitsanzo. kuchokera ku ntchito za Ovid, adapempha moyo wautali, koma osati wachinyamata, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti aturike muyaya pamene adakalamba ndikufota. Mu masomphenya amtsogolo a umodzi, pamene makina a anthu akuphatikizidwa, sizingakhale kanthu, koma Zoyesa zasayansi zokulitsa moyo masiku ano zimachokera ku vuto la ukalamba ndikuyesera kusintha izi..

Silicon Valley sakufuna kufa

Mabiliyoni a Silicon Valley, omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri zofufuza za njira ndi njira zothanirana ndi ukalamba ndi kufa, akuwoneka kuti akuwona vuto laukadaulo ngati vuto lina lomwe lingapangidwe ndikukonzedwa kuti lipeze mayankho ake.

Komabe, kutsimikiza mtima kwawo kumatsutsidwa kwambiri. Sean Parker, yemwe anayambitsa zotsutsana za Napster ndiye pulezidenti woyamba wa Facebook, anachenjeza zaka ziwiri zapitazo kuti ngati maloto a mabiliyoni a moyo wosakhoza kufa akwaniritsidwa, kusiyana kwa ndalama ndi kupeza njira zowonjezera moyo kungayambitse kusalingana kozama komanso kutuluka kwa "moyo wosafa." ambuye” amene amapindula ndi unyinji wa anthu.

Woyambitsa nawo Google Sergey Brin, Oracle CEO Larry Ellison Oraz Elon Musk komabe, akuika ndalama mosalekeza m'mapulojekiti omwe cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa moyo wamunthu mpaka 120 ndipo nthawi zina zaka XNUMX. Kwa iwo kuvomereza kuti adzafa mosapeŵeka ndiko kuvomereza kugonja.

"Ndikamva onse omwe amati imfa ndi yachilengedwe komanso gawo la moyo, ndikuganiza kuti palibe chomwe chingakhale chotalikirapo kuchokera ku chowonadi," woyambitsa nawo PayPal ndi Investor adati mu 2012. Peter Thiel (3) patsamba la Business Insider.

Kwa iye ndi ambiri monga iye silicon wolemera, "imfa ndi vuto lomwe lingathe kuthetsedwa."

Mu 2013, Google idakhazikitsa kampani yake ya Calico (California Life Company) ndi zopereka za $ XNUMX biliyoni. Zochepa zomwe zimadziwika pazantchito za kampaniyi. Tikudziwa kuti amatsata moyo wa mbewa zasayansi kuyambira kubadwa mpaka imfa, kuyesera kuzindikira "biomarkers" za biochemicals zomwe zimayambitsa ukalamba. Akuyeseranso kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo. motsutsana ndi matenda a Alzheimer's.

Mfundo zina zotalikitsa moyo, komabe, zimamveka zotsutsana kunena pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, pali kale makampani ambiri omwe amayendetsa kuphunzira za zotsatira za kuikidwa magazi kuchokera kwa achinyamata, athanzi (makamaka azaka zapakati pa 16-25) kulowa m'magazi a okalamba olemera. Peter Thiel yemwe tatchulawa zikuoneka kuti anachita chidwi ndi njirazi, atathandizira kuyambitsa Ambrosia (4). Atangochita chidwi ndi "vampirism" iyi, bungwe la U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) linatulutsa mawu akuti njirazi "zilibe phindu lachipatala" ndipo "zikhoza kukhala zovulaza."

Komabe, lingaliro la omen silikufa. Mu 2014, wofufuza wa Harvard Amy Wagersanapeza kuti zinthu zogwirizana ndi magazi aang'ono, makamaka mapuloteni GDF11, perekani mbewa zakale kuti zigwire mwamphamvu ndikukweza ubongo wawo. Izi zinatsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo zotsatira zomwe zinaperekedwa zinafunsidwa. Kuchokera pakuyezetsa magazi, Alkahest amadziwikanso, yemwe ankayang'ana ma cocktails a mapuloteni mu plasma ya matenda a msinkhu wokalamba, monga matenda a Alzheimer's.

Gawo lina la kafukufuku ndi mbiri yakale, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi (zosawona) Nthano ya Frozen Walt Disney. Pankhani ya kafukufuku wamakono pa zotsatira za kutentha kochepa

Dzina la Thiel likuwonekeranso, ndipo ali wokonzeka kupereka ndalama makampani omwe amapanga kafukufuku wotere. Ndipo sizongofufuza chabe - pali kale makampani ambiri omwe akupereka ntchito yoziziramonga Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Cryonics Institute, Suspended Animation kapena KrioRus. Mtengo wa ntchito yotere ya Alcor Life Extension Foundation ndi pafupifupi PLN 300. PLN pamutu pawokha kapena kupitilira apo 700 zikwi kwa thupi lonse. 

Kurzweil ndi Aubrey de Gray (5), Cambridge bioinformatics wasayansi ndi biogerontologist-theorist, woyambitsa wa SENS Foundation ndi co-anayambitsa wa Methuselah Foundation, ali ndi dongosolo contingency chimodzimodzi ngati ntchito pa moyo wosafa sapita patsogolo mwamsanga monga momwe akufunira. Akafa, amauzidwa ndi nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi ndi malangizo oti awadzutse kokha pamene sayansi yadziŵa kusafa.

Nyama yamuyaya kapena moyo wosafa m'galimoto

Asayansi amene akugwira nawo ntchito yopititsa patsogolo zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti ukalamba si cholinga chakuti zamoyo zisinthike chifukwa chakuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina chifukwa sizithetsa vuto limeneli. Timapangidwa kukhala ndi moyo wautali wokwanira kupatsira majini athu - ndipo zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake zilibe kanthu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chisinthiko, kuyambira zaka makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi, timakhalapo popanda cholinga chenicheni.

Ambiri otchedwa zizindikiro za agalu amawona kukalamba osati ngati njira yachilengedwe koma thupi, ngati mtundu wa entropy womwe umawononga zinthu, monga makina. Ndipo ngati tikuchita ndi mtundu wa makina, sizingakhale ngati kompyuta? Mwina ndi zokwanira kukonza izo, kuwonjezera mwayi, kudalirika ndi nthawi chitsimikizo?

Chikhulupiriro chakuti chiyenera kukhala chinachake chonga pulogalamu ndi chovuta kuchichotsa m'maganizo oyendetsedwa ndi algorithmically a Silicon Valley. Malinga ndi malingaliro awo, ndikokwanira kukonza kapena kuwonjezera ma code kumbuyo kwa moyo wathu. Zomwe achita ngati ofufuza a University of Columbia omwe adalengeza mu Marichi kuti adalemba makina onse ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta mu netiweki ya DNA zimangotsimikizira chikhulupiriro ichi. Ngati DNA yangokhala chikwatu chachikulu cha zolembedwa zonse zochirikiza moyo, n’chifukwa chiyani vuto la imfa silingathetsedwe ndi njira zodziwika ndi sayansi ya makompyuta?

Osakhoza kufa nthawi zambiri amagwera m'misasa iwiri. Choyamba "nyama" gawomotsogozedwa ndi a Gray omwe tawatchulawa. Amakhulupirira kuti titha kupanganso biology yathu ndikukhalabe m'matupi athu. Mapiko achiwiri ndi otchedwa Robocops, motsogozedwa ndi Kurzweil, akuyembekeza kuti potsiriza agwirizane ndi makina ndi / kapena mtambo.

Kusakhoza kufa kukuwoneka kukhala loto lalikulu ndi losalekeza la mtundu wa anthu. Koma kodi zilidi choncho?

Chaka chatha katswiri wa chibadwa Ndi Barzilai adapereka kanema wonena za moyo wautali, kenako adafunsa anthu mazana atatu muholoyo:

"M'chilengedwe, moyo wautali ndi kubereka ndi njira zina," adatero. - Kodi mungakonde kusankha kukhalapo kwamuyaya, koma popanda kubereka, kubala ana, chikondi, ndi zina zotero, kapena kusankha, mwachitsanzo, zaka 85, koma mu thanzi labwino komanso kusunga zomwe kusafa kumafuna?

Anthu 10-15 okha adakweza manja awo kuti asankhe njira yoyamba. Ena onse sanafune kukhala ndi moyo kosatha popanda chilichonse cha anthu.