Opha sitima zapamadzi. Ndege polimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi Kriegsmarine Gawo 3
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Opha sitima zapamadzi. Ndege polimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi Kriegsmarine Gawo 3

28.07.2022 /

Kuperekeza chonyamulira ndege USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Pali 12 Avengers ndi XNUMX Wildcats omwe akukwera.

Tsogolo la U-Bootwaffe mu 1944-1945 likuwonetsa kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono koma kosalephereka kwa gulu lankhondo la Third Reich. Ubwino waukulu wa Allies mumlengalenga, panyanja komanso pazithunzithunzi pamapeto pake zidawakomera mamba. Ngakhale kuti zidachitika bwino komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zaukadaulo, zombo zapamadzi zapamadzi za Kriegsmarine zidasiya kukhala ndi zotsatira zenizeni pankhondo yopitilira ndipo, koposa zonse, "kuwulukira mwaulemu" mpaka pansi.

Zowopsa za kutera kwa Allied ku Norway kapena ku France zidatanthawuza kuti gulu lankhondo lalikulu la Kriegsmarine lidayimitsidwa chifukwa chodziteteza. Ku Atlantic, sitima zapamadzi, zokonzedwa m'magulu omwazikana, zimayenera kupitiriza kugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi maulendo, koma pang'onopang'ono komanso kumbali yake yakum'mawa, kuti athe kuukira zombozi mwamsanga ngati kutsetsereka kwa amphibious. zotheka.

Pofika pa Januware 1, 1944, panali masitima apamadzi okwana 160 omwe amagwira ntchito: mitundu 122 ya VIIB / C / D, mitundu 31 ya IXB / C (osawerengera ma bomba amtundu wa VIIF torpedo ndi mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa II mu Black Sea), asanu "pansi pamadzi." cruisers" mtundu IXD2, mgodi umodzi wosanjikiza mtundu XB ndi imodzi yoperekera sitima yamtundu XIV (yotchedwa "ng'ombe yamkaka"). Zinanso 181 zinali kumangidwa ndipo 87 pa malo ophunzitsira anthu ogwira ntchito, koma zombo zatsopanozi zinalibe zokwanira kubweza zomwe zatayika. Mu January, sitima zapamadzi za 20 zinatumizidwa, koma 14 zinatayika; mu February, zombo 19 zinalowa ntchito, pamene 23 zinachotsedwa ku boma; m’mwezi wa March munali 19 ndi 24. Mwa zombo zoyenda pansi zoyenda pansi zokwana 160 zimene Ajeremani analoŵa nazo m’chaka chachisanu cha nkhondoyo, 128 zinali ku Atlantic, 19 ku Norway, ndi 13 ku Mediterranean. M'miyezi yotsatira, pa malamulo a Hitler, mphamvu ya magulu awiri otsiriza inakula - pamtengo wa zombo za Atlantic, zomwe chiwerengero chawo chinachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Ajeremani akugwira ntchito yokweza zida za sitima zapamadzi kuti zikhale ndi mwayi womenyana ndi ndege. Zomwe zimatchedwa snorkels (snorkels) zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuyamwa mpweya mu injini ya dizilo ndikutulutsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya pamene sitimayo imayenda mozama kwambiri. Kachipangizo kakang'ono kameneka, ngakhale kuti kankalola kuyenda maulendo ataliatali osazama kwambiri, kunali ndi zovuta zina. Ma injini oyatsira mkati, chifukwa cha phokoso lapamwamba, adapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzindikira sitimayo ndi zizindikiro za phokoso, komanso zowoneka, chifukwa cha mpweya wotulutsa mpweya womwe umayandama pamwamba pa madzi. Panthawi imeneyo, sitimayo inali "ogontha" (sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydrophone) ndi "akhungu" (kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito periscope). Kuonjezera apo, "notch" zotuluka zinasiya chizindikiro chaching'ono koma chodziwika pamwamba pa madzi, ndipo nyengo yabwino (nyanja yosalala) radar ya DIA ikhoza kudziwika. Choipa kwambiri, pakagwa kusefukira kwa "mphuno" ndi mafunde a m'nyanja, chipangizocho chinangotseka mpweya, zomwe injini zinayamba kuzichotsa m'sitimayo, zomwe zinawopseza kusokoneza ogwira ntchito. U-2 inakhala sitima yoyamba yokhala ndi mphuno kuti ipite kukamenya nkhondo (January 539, kuchokera ku Lorient).

M'zaka zotsiriza za nkhondo muyezo ya odana ndege mfuti kwa sitima zapamadzi inkakhala awiri amapasa 20 mm mfuti ndi 37 mm mfuti. Ajeremani analibe zipangizo zokwanira zopangira njira, kotero mfuti zatsopano za 37 mm zinali ndi zida zopangidwa ndi zipangizo zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka, zomwe zinayambitsa kuphulika kwa mfuti. Zida zodziwira zida za radar zinali zokonzedwa bwino nthawi zonse, zomwe, poyang'ana pamwamba, zidadziwitsa sitimayo kuti ikutsatiridwa ndi radar yapamtunda ya ndege kapena bwato lowuluka. Seti ya FuMB-10 Borkum, yomwe idalowa m'malo mwa FuMB-9 Wanze (yosiya kupanga kumapeto kwa 1943), idasaka mokulirapo, komabe mkati mwa mafunde amamita otulutsidwa ndi ma radar akale a ASV Mk II. FuMB-7 Naxos idakhala yothandiza kwambiri, ikugwira ntchito mumtunda wa 8 mpaka 12 cm - kuzindikira ma radar atsopano, 10 cm ASV Mk III ndi VI (pogwiritsa ntchito S-band).

Chipangizo china cholimbana ndi Allied Air Force chinali FuMT-2 Thetis simulator. Idatumizidwa mu Januwale 1944, idayenera kutsanzira sitima yapamadzi yokhala ndi ma radar echo ndikuyambitsa kuwukira kwa chandamale cholingalirachi. Imakhala ndi mlongoti wamamita angapo okwera, pomwe tinyanga ta dipole zidamangidwira, zoyikidwa pa choyandama chomwe chimanyamula zida pamwamba pamadzi. Anthu a ku Germany ankayembekezera kuti "nyambo" izi, zotumizidwa zambiri ku Bay of Biscay, zidzasokoneza ndege za adani.

Kumbali ya ku Europe ya Atlantic, nkhondo zolimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi zidapitilira kukhala udindo wa Briteni Coastal Command, yomwe, kuyambira pa 1 Januware 1944, inali ndi magulu otsatirawa omwe ali ndi cholinga ichi:

    • 15. Gulu: Nambala 59 ndi 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V / IIIIA) ku Ballykelly, Northern Ireland; No. 201 Squadron RAF ndi No. 422 ndi 423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III flying boats) ku Archdale Castle, Northern Ireland;
    • 16. Gulu: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) ku Bircham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) pa Thorney Island, kum'mwera kwa England;
    • 18. Gulu: No. 210 Squadron RAF (Flying Boats Catalina Mk IB/IV) ndi Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) ku Sullom Vow, Shetland Islands;
    • 19. Gulu: No. 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) ku Mount Batten, South West England; No. 228 Squadron RAF ndi No. 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) ku Pembroke Dock, Wales; Nambala 172 ndi 612 Squadron RAF ndi 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) ku Chivenor, South West England; 224. Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ku St. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 ndi -110 (US Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Air Wing, yogwira ntchito pansi pa Coast Command) ku Dunkswell, South West England; Nambala 58 ndi 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) ku St. Davids, Wales; No. 53 ndi Czech No. 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ku Beaulieu, kum'mwera kwa England; Polish No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) ku Predannak, Cornwall.

No. 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) yomwe ili ku Reykjavik, Iceland; mu Gibraltar 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) ndi 48 ndi 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIIA/VI); ku Langens, Azores, Nos. 206 ndi 220 Squadron RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), No. 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) ndi gulu la No. 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), ndi mu Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V ndi Ventury Mk V).

Kuphatikiza apo, mayunitsi okhala ndi omenyera a Beaufighter ndi Mosquito, komanso magulu angapo a British Commonwealth omwe amagwira ntchito kunja kwa Coastal Command, kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean komanso kugombe la Africa, adagwira nawo ntchito zolimbana ndi sitima zapamadzi. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya America ankayang'aniridwa ndi squadrons ambiri a US Navy, Canada ndi Brazil ndege, koma 1944-1945 anali pafupifupi palibe munthu kumenyana. Gulu lankhondo la US Navy's 15th Airlift Wing (FAW-15) idakhazikitsidwa ku Morocco ndi magulu atatu a Liberator squadrons (VB-111, -112 ndi -114; omaliza kuyambira Marichi): ma Venturs awiri (VB-127 ndi -132) ndi Catalin imodzi (VP). - 63).

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