Katswiri wa mankhwala ali ndi mphuno

M'nkhani yomwe ili pansipa, tiwona vuto la fungo kudzera m'maso mwa katswiri wamankhwala - pambuyo pake, mphuno yake idzabwera bwino mu labotale yake tsiku ndi tsiku.

1. Kutsekeka kwa mphuno ya munthu - kukhuthala pamwamba pa mphuno ndiko kutulutsa babu (wolemba: Wikimedia/Opt1cs).

Tikhoza kugawana zakukhosi thupi (kuona, kumva, kukhudza) ndi zoyambirira zawo mankhwalai.e. kulawa ndi kununkhiza. Kale, ma analogue ochita kupanga adapangidwa kale (zinthu zopepuka zowala, maikolofoni, masensa okhudza), koma omalizawa sanadziperekebe ku "galasi ndi diso" la asayansi. Iwo analengedwa mabiliyoni a zaka zapitazo pamene maselo oyambirira anayamba kulandira zizindikiro za mankhwala kuchokera ku chilengedwe.

Fungo pamapeto pake limalekanitsidwa ndi kukoma, ngakhale izi sizichitika mwa zamoyo zonse. Zinyama ndi zomera zimanunkhiza mozungulira malo awo, ndipo mfundo zopezeka m’njira imeneyi n’zofunika kwambiri kuposa mmene zimaonekera poyamba. Komanso kwa ophunzira owoneka ndi omvera, kuphatikiza anthu.

Zinsinsi za Olfactory

Mukamakoka mpweya, mpweya umathamangira m'mphuno ndipo, musanapitirire, umalowa mu minofu yapadera - epithelium ya olfactory masentimita angapo kukula kwake.². Nawa malekezero a mitsempha ya mitsempha yomwe imagwira zokopa. Chizindikiro cholandilidwa kuchokera ku zolandilira chimayenda kupita ku babu muubongo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita kumadera ena a ubongo (1). Pa chala chili ndi fungo la mtundu uliwonse. Munthu amatha kuzindikira pafupifupi 10 mwa iwo, ndipo akatswiri ophunzitsidwa bwino pantchito yamafuta onunkhira amatha kuzindikira zina zambiri.

Fungo limayambitsa zochitika m'thupi, pozindikira (mwachitsanzo, mumadzidzimuka ndi fungo loyipa) komanso chikumbumtima. Otsatsa amagwiritsa ntchito kalozera wa mabungwe onunkhira. Lingaliro lawo ndikukometsa mpweya m'masitolo ndi fungo la mitengo ya Khrisimasi ndi gingerbread nthawi ya Chaka Chatsopano chisanachitike, zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro abwino mwa aliyense ndikuwonjezera chikhumbo chogula mphatso. Mofananamo, fungo la mkate watsopano mu gawo la chakudya lidzapangitsa malovu anu kudontha mkamwa mwanu, ndipo mudzaika zambiri mudengu.

2. Camphor nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsa mafuta. Mitundu itatu yokhala ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana imakhala ndi fungo lawo.

Koma nchiyani chomwe chimapangitsa chinthu chopatsidwa kupangitsa izi, osati kununkhira kwina?

Kwa kukoma konunkhiritsa, zokonda zisanu zoyambirira zakhazikitsidwa: zamchere, zotsekemera, zowawa, zowawasa, oun (nyama) ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha mitundu yolandirira pa lilime. Pankhani ya kununkhiza, sikudziwika kuti ndi fungo lotani limene lilipo, kapena ngati kulipo konse. Mapangidwe a mamolekyu amatsimikizira fungo, koma nchifukwa ninji zimapangidwira ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi fungo losiyana (2), ndi zosiyana kwambiri - zofanana (3)?

3. Pawiri kumanzere fungo la musk (mafuta onunkhira pophika), ndipo kumanja - pafupifupi ofanana dongosolo - alibe fungo.

Chifukwa chiyani ma ester ambiri amanunkhiza mokoma, koma mankhwala a sulfure osasangalatsa (izi zitha kufotokozedwa)? Ena samva fungo linalake, ndipo powerengera akazi amakhala ndi mphuno yomva bwino kuposa amuna. Izi zikusonyeza mikhalidwe ya majini, i.e. kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni enieni mu zolandilira.

Mulimonsemo, pali mafunso ambiri kuposa mayankho, ndipo malingaliro angapo apangidwa kuti afotokoze zinsinsi za kununkhira.

Kiyi ndi loko

Yoyamba zachokera kutsimikiziridwa enzymatic limagwirira, pamene reagent molekyulu akulowa patsekeke wa puloteni molekyulu (yogwira malo), ngati chinsinsi loko. Chifukwa chake, amanunkhiza chifukwa mawonekedwe a mamolekyu awo amafanana ndi mapanga omwe ali pamwamba pa zolandilira, ndipo magulu ena a ma atomu amamangirira mbali zake (momwemonso ma enzyme amamanga ma reagents).

Mwachidule, iyi ndi chiphunzitso cha fungo lopangidwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Britain. John E. Amurea. Anasankha zonunkhira zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu: camphor-musky, zamaluwa, timbewu tating'ono, ethereal, zokometsera ndi zowola (zonsezo ndizophatikiza). Mamolekyulu a mankhwala omwe ali ndi fungo lofananalo amakhalanso ndi dongosolo lofanana, mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira amanunkhira ngati camphor, ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi fungo losasangalatsa akuphatikizapo sulfure.

Chiphunzitso cha zomangamanga chapambana - mwachitsanzo, chinalongosola chifukwa chake timasiya kununkhiza pakapita nthawi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa ma receptor onse ndi mamolekyu omwe amanyamula fungo lomwe laperekedwa (monga momwe ma enzyme omwe amakhala ndi magawo ochulukirapo). Komabe, chiphunzitsochi sichinathe nthawi zonse kukhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a pawiri ndi fungo lake. Sanathe kulosera fungo la chinthucho ndi kuthekera kokwanira asanachipeze. Analepheranso kufotokoza kununkhira kwakukulu kwa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono monga ammonia ndi hydrogen sulfide. Zosintha zomwe Amur ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwake (kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa zokometsera zoyambira) sizinathetse zofooka zonse za chiphunzitso chokhazikika.

mamolekyu akunjenjemera

Ma atomu m'mamolekyu amanjenjemera nthawi zonse, kutambasula ndi kupindika zomangira pakati pawo, ndipo kuyenda sikumasiya ngakhale kutentha kwa zero. Mamolekyulu amatenga mphamvu yonjenjemera, yomwe imakhala makamaka pama radiation ya infrared. Izi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu IR spectroscopy, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zodziwira kapangidwe ka mamolekyu - palibe mankhwala awiri osiyana omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a IR (kupatula otchedwa isomers optical).

Opanga chiphunzitso cha vibrational of smell (J. M. Dyson, R. H. Wright) anapeza maulalo pakati pa kugwedezeka kwafupipafupi ndi fungo lodziwika. Kugwedezeka kwa resonance kumayambitsa kugwedezeka kwa mamolekyu olandirira mu epithelium ya olfactory, yomwe imasintha kapangidwe kake ndikutumiza minyewa ku ubongo. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti panali pafupifupi mitundu makumi awiri ya zolandilira, choncho, chiwerengero chomwecho cha zonunkhira zofunika.

M'zaka za m'ma 70, ochirikiza ziphunzitso zonse ziwiri (zogwedezeka ndi zomangamanga) ankapikisana kwambiri.

Vibrionists anafotokoza vuto la fungo la mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono chifukwa chakuti maonekedwe awo ndi ofanana ndi zidutswa za mamolekyu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi fungo lofanana. Komabe, sanathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake ma isomers ena okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ali ndi fungo losiyana kotheratu (4).

4. Ma isomers owoneka a carvone: kalasi ya S imanunkhira ngati chitowe, giredi R imanunkhira ngati timbewu.

Akatswiri a Structuralists savutika kufotokoza izi - zolandilira, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati ma enzymes, zimazindikira ngakhale kusiyana kosadziwika bwino pakati pa mamolekyu. Chiphunzitso chogwedeza sichinathenso kuneneratu mphamvu ya fungo, yomwe otsatira a Cupid adalongosola ndi mphamvu yakumangirira kwa onyamula fungo ku zolandilira.

Iye anayesa kupulumutsa mkhalidwewo L. Torinokutanthauza kuti epithelium yonunkhiritsa imagwira ntchito ngati maikulosikopu yowunikira (!). Malinga ndi Turin, ma elekitironi amayenda pakati pa mbali za cholandirira pamene pali chidutswa cha fungo la molekyulu pakati pawo ndi mafupipafupi enaake a vibrational vibrations. Zosintha zomwe zimachitika pamapangidwe a cholandilira zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa minyewa. Komabe, kusinthidwa kwa Turin kukuwoneka kwa asayansi ambiri kukhala kopambanitsa.

Misampha

Biology ya mamolekyulu yayesanso kumasulira zinsinsi za fungo, ndipo kutulukira kumeneku kwapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel kangapo. Zolandilira fungo la anthu ndi banja la pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi cha mapuloteni osiyanasiyana, ndipo majini omwe amayang'anira kaphatikizidwe kawo amagwira ntchito mu epithelium ya olfactory (ie, komwe ikufunika). Mapuloteni olandirira amakhala ndi unyolo wa helical wa amino acid. Mu chithunzi cha stitch, mapuloteni ambiri amaboola nembanemba ya selo kasanu ndi kawiri, motero amatchedwa: Seven-helix transmembrane cell receptors ,

Zidutswa zotuluka kunja kwa selo zimapanga msampha momwe mamolekyu okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofananawo amatha kugweramo (5). Puloteni inayake yamtundu wa G imamangiriridwa ku malo a cholandirira, kumizidwa mkati mwa selo. Molekyulu ya fungo ikagwidwa mumsampha, G-protein imayatsidwa ndikumasulidwa, ndipo G-protein ina imalumikizidwa m'malo mwake. amene adamulowetsa ndi kumasulidwa kachiwiri, etc. Mkombero kubwereza mpaka womangidwa fungo molekyulu anamasulidwa kapena kusweka ndi michere kuti mosalekeza kuyeretsa pamwamba pa olfactory epithelium. Cholandiriracho chimatha kuyambitsa mamolekyu mazana angapo a G-protein, ndipo chinthu chokulirapo choterechi chimaloleza kuyankha ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zokometsera (6). G-protein yomwe idakhazikitsidwa imayamba kachitidwe kazinthu zomwe zimatsogolera ku kutumiza kwa minyewa.

5. Izi ndi momwe cholandirira fungo chimawonekera - protein 7TM.

Mafotokozedwe omwe ali pamwambawa akugwira ntchito kwa olfactory receptors ndi ofanana ndi omwe amaperekedwa mu chiphunzitso cha structural. Popeza kumanga mamolekyu kumachitika, tinganene kuti chiphunzitso cha vibrational chinalinso cholondola. Aka sikanali koyamba m'mbiri ya sayansi kuti ziphunzitso zakale sizinali zolakwika, koma zimangoyandikira zenizeni.

6. Mphuno yaumunthu monga chodziwira chamagulu pofufuza zosakaniza zawo zolekanitsidwa ndi chromatographically.

Chifukwa chiyani chinachake chimanunkhiza?

Pali fungo lochulukirapo kuposa momwe kuli mitundu ya zolandilira kununkhiza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mamolekyu afungo amayambitsa mapuloteni angapo osiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi. kutengera kutsatizana konse kwa zizindikiro zobwera kuchokera kumalo ena mu babu yonunkhiritsa. Popeza kuti fungo lachilengedwe lili ndi zinthu zoposa zana limodzi, munthu angaganizire zovuta za mchitidwe wopanga fungo lokoma.

Chabwino, koma n'chifukwa chiyani chinachake chimanunkhiza bwino, chonyansa, ndipo sichinthu konse?

Funso ndi theka filosofi, koma pang'ono anayankha. Ubongo umayang'anira kuzindikira kwa fungo, komwe kumayang'anira machitidwe a anthu ndi nyama, kuwongolera chidwi chawo ku fungo lokoma ndikuchenjeza za zinthu zoyipa. Fungo lokopa limapezeka, mwa zina, ma esters omwe atchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi amatulutsidwa ndi zipatso zakupsa (kotero ndizoyenera kudya), ndipo mankhwala a sulfure amachokera ku zotsalira zowola (bwino kukhala kutali ndi iwo).

Mpweya sununkhiza chifukwa ndi kumbuyo komwe fungo limafalikira: komabe, fufuzani kuchuluka kwa NH3 kapena H.₂S, ndipo mphamvu yathu ya kununkhiza idzamveka chenjezo. Choncho, malingaliro a fungo ndi chizindikiro cha zotsatira za chinthu china. zokhudzana ndi mitundu.

Kodi tchuti chomwe chikubwerachi chimanunkhira bwanji? Yankho likuoneka pachithunzi (7).

7. Fungo la Khirisimasi: kumanzere, zokometsera za gingerbread (zingerone ndi gingerol), kumanja, mitengo ya Khirisimasi (bornyl acetate ndi mitundu iwiri ya pinene).