Triple V, msewu wokhotakhota wopita ku Sitima zapamadzi za US Navy
Bonita ku Charlestown Navy Yard ku Boston mu 1927 Zitha kuwoneka kuti gawo limodzi la thupi lowala limapangidwa ndi welded. Chithunzi Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection
Patangotha zaka khumi kuchokera pamene USS Holland (SS 1), sitima yapamadzi yoyamba ya U.S. Navy, inali itakwezedwa mbendera, lingaliro lolimba mtima la zombo zapamadzi zomwe zingagwire ntchito limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo zapamadzi zinawonekera m'magulu apanyanja. Poyerekeza ndi zombo zing'onozing'ono zotetezera m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zinkamangidwa panthawiyo, sitima zapamadzi zomwe zinkafunidwazi ziyenera kukhala zazikulu kwambiri, zida zankhondo bwino, kukhala ndi mitundu yambiri, ndipo koposa zonse, zimafika liŵiro la nsonga za 21 kuti athe kuyenda. momasuka m'magulu ndi zombo zankhondo ndi apanyanja.
Pazonse, zombo 6 zidamangidwa molingana ndi lingaliro ili ku USA. Kuyesera kunapangidwa kuti muyiwale mwamsanga za magawo atatu oyambirira a T-mtundu, omwe anamangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi miyezo ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Kumbali ina, zombo zitatu zotsatila za V-1, V-2 ndi V-3 zomwe zinali zochititsa chidwi kwa ife, ngakhale pali zophophonya zambiri, zidakhala chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zida zapansi pamadzi zaku America.
Kuyamba kovuta
Zojambula zoyamba za sitima zapamadzi za zombozi zidapangidwa mu Januwale 1912. Zinawonetsa zombo zomwe zidasunthidwa pamtunda wa matani pafupifupi 1000, okhala ndi machubu 4 a torpedo komanso okhala ndi ma 5000 nautical miles. Chofunika kwambiri, liwiro lalikulu, lomwe lidawonekera ndikumira, liyenera kukhala mfundo 21! Izi, ndithudi, sizinali zenizeni pa luso lamakono la nthawiyo, koma masomphenya a zombo zankhondo zothamanga komanso zokhala ndi zida zankhondo zinali zotchuka kwambiri moti m'dzinja la chaka chimenecho adaphatikizidwa m'maseŵera apachaka aukadaulo ku Naval War College ku Newport. . (Rhode Island). Mfundo zimene timaphunzira m’ziphunzitsozi n’zolimbikitsa. Anagogomezera kuti sitima zapamadzi zomwe zaperekedwa, mothandizidwa ndi minda yamigodi ndi ma torpedoes, zitha kufooketsa magulu ankhondo a adani nkhondo isanayambe. Chiwopsezo chochokera pansi pamadzi chinakakamiza olamulirawo kuchitapo kanthu mosamala, kuphatikiza. kuwonjezeka kwa mtunda pakati pa zombo, zomwe, zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyika moto wa mayunitsi angapo pa chandamale chimodzi. Zinadziwikanso kuti kusonkhanitsa ngakhale torpedo imodzi yomwe idagunda pamzere ndi sitima yankhondo idachepetsa kuwongolera kwa gulu lonse, komwe kumatha kupitilira mafunde. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chiphunzitsocho chinaperekedwanso kuti sitima zapamadzi zitha kuchepetsa ubwino wa oyendetsa nkhondo pankhondo yapanyanja.
Kupatula apo, okonda zida zatsopano adaganiza kuti sitima zapamadzi zothamanga zitha kulanda bwino ntchito zankhondo zazikulu, zomwe kale zidasungidwa kwa oyenda opepuka (ma scouts), omwe US Navy anali ngati mankhwala.
Zotsatira za "kuwongolera mapepala" zidapangitsa US Navy General Board kuti itumize ntchito yowonjezereka pamalingaliro oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, mawonekedwe a ngalawa yabwino yamtsogolo yokhala ndi kusamuka kwapamtunda kwa pafupifupi 1000 tf, yokhala ndi zida zoyambira 4 ndi ma torpedoes 8, komanso maulendo oyenda a 2000 nm pa liwiro la mfundo za 14 zowoneka bwino. amayenera kukhala mainchesi 20, 25 kapena 30! Zolinga zokhumba izi - makamaka zomaliza, zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa patatha zaka 50 - zidakumana ndi zokayikitsa kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe ndi bungwe la Navy engineering Bureau, makamaka popeza injini zoyatsira mkati zomwe zidalipo zimatha kufika ma centimita 16 kapena kuchepera.
Pamene tsogolo la lingaliro la zombo zapamadzi likukhazikika, thandizo lachokera ku mabungwe apadera. M'chilimwe cha 1913, Lawrence Y. Speer (1870-1950), womanga wamkulu wa Electric Boat Company shipyard ku Groton, Connecticut, adapereka zojambula ziwiri. Izi zinali magulu akuluakulu, kuthamangitsa kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa sitima zapamadzi zam'mbuyo za U.S. Navy komanso zodula kuwirikiza kawiri. Ngakhale kukayikira zambiri za zisankho zopangidwa ndi Spear ndi chiwopsezo chonse cha polojekiti yonseyi, liwiro la 20 mfundo zotsimikiziridwa ndi Electric Boat pamtunda "anagulitsa ntchitoyi". Mu 1915, ntchito yomanga prototype inavomerezedwa ndi Congress, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi polemekeza ngwazi ya Spanish-American War, Winfield Scott Schley (kenako adasinthidwa kukhala AA-52, ndiyeno T-1). . M'chaka choyamba, ntchito yomanga inayamba pamagulu awiri amapasa, omwe poyamba ankatchedwa AA-1 (SS 1917) ndi AA-2 (SS 60), kenako anadzatchedwa T-3 ndi T-61.
Ndikoyenera kunena pang'ono za kapangidwe ka zombo zitatuzi, zomwe m'zaka zamtsogolo zidatchedwa T-zoboola pakati, chifukwa zombo zoyiwalikazi zinali chitsanzo cha kulakalaka, osati kuthekera. Mapangidwe a spinndle 82 m kutalika ndi 7 m mulifupi ndi kusamuka kwa matani 1106 pamtunda ndi matani 1487 pakukonzekera. Mu uta munali machubu 4 a torpedo a 450 mm caliber, 4 ena adayikidwa pakati pazitsulo ziwiri zozungulira. Zida zankhondo zinali ndi mizinga iwiri ya 2mm L/2 pama turrets obisika pansi pa sitimayo. Mlandu wovutawo unagawidwa m'zigawo 76. Malo akuluakulu ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi adatenga gawo la mkango wa mphamvu yake. Kuchita kwapamwamba pamtunda kumayenera kuperekedwa ndi mapasa-screw system, pomwe shaft iliyonse yoyendetsa galimoto imayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi injini ziwiri za dizilo za 23-cylinder (mu tandem) ndi mphamvu ya 5 hp iliyonse. aliyense. Zoyembekeza za liwiro ndi kusiyanasiyana pansi pa madzi zinali zochepa. Ma motors awiri amagetsi okhala ndi mphamvu zonse za 6 hp zoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi kuchokera 1000 maselo m'magulu awiri mabatire. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga liwiro lalifupi la pansi pa madzi mpaka kufika pa mfundo 1350. Mabatirewo anali kulipiritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito jenereta yowonjezera ya dizilo.
