Injini zitatu za silinda. Ndemanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito

Fiat 126p anali ndi injini ziwiri yamphamvu, ndipo izo zinali zokwanira, chifukwa Poles anatenga ana awo ku mzinda, ku tchuthi panyanja ndipo ngakhale Turkey, Italy kapena France! Ndiye kodi mtundu wa ma silinda atatu omwe amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ambiri ndi maloto opitilira muyeso pazomwe zimafunikira pakuyendetsa galimoto?

Injini zamasilinda atatu zaka zingapo zapitazo

Aliyense amene ali ndi mwayi woyendetsa galimoto ya 1-107 Toyota Aygo, Citroen C2005, kapena Peugeot 2014 petulo mwina amakumbukira chikhalidwe cha 1,0 injini yamagetsi atatu. Poyendetsa kutali, zinkawoneka kuti injiniyo idzasweka, kuphulika, kuphulika. Pokhapokha pamene liwiro la injini linafika pafupifupi 2000 rpm pamene unityo inakwera kwambiri moti madalaivala adaganiza kuti akuyendetsa "galimoto yolowa" osati "mower yekha". Nanga bwanji ngati deta luso limasonyeza mphamvu pafupifupi 70 malita. cranked engine" yomwe tinali nayo tikamatsegula. Kuyambira pamenepo, kudana kwanga (ndi ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti) ku injini zamasilinda atatu kudabadwa.

Kuchepetsa ndi njira yachilengedwe, yaminga komanso yowawa kwambiri

Popeza kukwaniritsa kutsika kwa mafuta kwakhala kutengeka kwa wopanga aliyense, motsogozedwa ndi malamulo, mfundo yochepetsetsa yapangidwa, i.e. kuchepetsa kukula kwa injini ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Cholinga cha yankholi chinali kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2.

Kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe kameneka kwatheka chifukwa cha mphamvu zotsogola kwambiri, ndipo teknolojiyi imachokera ku jekeseni wamafuta ndi turbocharger. Direct mafuta jakisoni amakwaniritsa yunifolomu ndi yeniyeni atomization wa mpweya mafuta osakaniza mu kuyaka chipinda, ndi phindu la dzuwa, ndipo chifukwa cha turbocharger timapeza zambiri liniya pamapindikira mphamvu, popanda mathamangitsidwe kudumpha.

Tsoka ilo, zinthu zikuipiraipira ndi injini zomwe zilibe turbocharger. Ngakhale kachitidwe jekeseni latsopano ndi jekeseni ndi poyatsira mapu amalola makokedwe 95 Nm, amene kale likupezeka m'munsi rev osiyanasiyana, kuthamanga injini kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka za 1500-1800 rpm akadali si zosangalatsa kwambiri. Komabe, monga momwe opanga amadzitamandira, mainjiniya adatha kuchepetsa kusuntha kwamapangidwe a ndodo zolumikizira poyerekeza ndi injini zam'mbuyo zamasilinda atatu, ndipo ndodo zolumikizira ndi ma pistoni okhala ndi zitsogozo zapansi zimakongoletsedwa ndi kulemera kotero kuti popanda kupereka chitonthozo, ma shafts omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamainjini amatha kuperekedwa ndi masilinda atatu. Komabe, iyi ndi nthanthi. M'zaka khumi zachiwiri zazaka za zana la XNUMX, tiyenera kuzindikira: mainjiniwa ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, komabe pali phompho lenileni pakati pawo ndi mitundu inayi ya silinda.

Mwamwayi, mayunitsi opanda turbine amapezeka m'magalimoto a A-segment (mmwamba!, Citigo, C1) ndi zotsika mtengo za B-segment versions, i.e. zitsanzo zomwe zimayendetsedwa mofatsa komanso makamaka mumzinda.

Ngati wina akufuna kukhala ndi galimoto B-gawo ndi kuyendetsa bwino galimoto, tsopano mukhoza kugula Baibulo okwera mtengo kwambiri gawo ili, ndi injini turbocharged, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo ndi apamwamba injini chikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, "Nissan Micra Visia". + mtengo ndi injini 1.0 71KM - PLN 52 ndi 290 turbo 0.9 HP - PLN 90).

Ma cylinders atatu - turbine ndi ukadaulo wamakono

Ma injini okulirapo omwe amapezeka pamsika masiku ano ali ndi turbocharged. Pankhani ya injini zodziwika kwambiri za gulu la VW, izi ndi mayunitsi 1.0 okhala ndi mphamvu zotsatirazi: 90 KM, 95 KM, 110 KM ndi 115 KM, mu Opel ndi injini za 1.0 ndi 90 KM ndi 105 KM, komanso mu nkhani ya mtundu wa gulu la PSA - 1.2 PureTech mayunitsi okhala ndi mphamvu ya 110 ndi 130 hp Monga chitsanzo cha kafukufuku watsopano, ndi bwino kunena za kapangidwe ka VW unit:

Mutu wa silinda wa ma valve anayi mu injini umapangidwa ndi aloyi ya aluminiyamu. Ma valve ali pa madigiri 21 (kulowetsa) kapena madigiri 22,4 (utsi) ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi matepi odzigudubuza. The manifold utsi ndi Integrated mu silinda mutu monga kapangidwe amalola injini kufika akadakwanitsira ntchito kutentha kutentha mofulumira. Chifukwa madoko otulutsa mpweya amalumikizana mkati mwamutu pakatikati pa flange, choziziritsa kukhosi chimatenthetsa mwachangu kuzizira kumayamba. Komabe, panthawi yogwira ntchito, mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umazizira mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti injini zizigwira ntchito ndi mafuta abwino kwambiri a lambda = 1. Zotsatira zake, mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umachepa ndipo mafuta amachepetsedwa.

Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka bwino mwaukadaulo, koma ...

Si injini iliyonse ikukwanira ... galimoto iliyonse

Tsoka ilo, kampeni yachilengedwe iyi yogwiritsira ntchito "miyezo yobiriwira" yapangitsa injini zamasilinda atatu kukhala mankhwala azovuta zonse. M'mayiko omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha chilengedwe kuposa Poland (kumene zida za galimoto, zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko otukuka, zimatumizidwa ndi manja opanda mphamvu popanda kulamulira), miyezo yotulutsa mpweya ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mitundu yatsopano ya zachilengedwe imalimbikitsidwa kuposa mitundu yowonjezereka ya CO2. . Komabe, nthawi zambiri izi zimangokhala "zolemba".

 Onaninso: Momwe mungasungire mafuta?

Ndili ndi mwayi woyesa magalimoto ang'onoang'ono a 208-cylinder ambiri monga: Up!, Citigo, Skoda Rapid, Peugeot 3, Opel Corsa, Citroen C3 ndi C1.0 Aircross, ndikuganiza kuti injini za 110-cylinder ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri (makamaka turbo options). Sikuti magalimoto amawotcha mafuta ndikugogoda pang'onopang'ono pa pedal ya gasi, komanso ndikukwera kwamphamvu, mutha kumva ubwino wa turbocharging ndi "kukankha" panthawi yothamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu iyi nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati matembenuzidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumzinda komanso kukwera pang'ono kwa sabata. Ndimakumbukira bwino za Skoda Rapid ndi injini ya 4,7 100 KM DSG, yomwe inali yabwino chifukwa cha kukula kwa chitsanzo (kuyesedwa m'chilimwe pamene ndinanyamula njinga mkati), kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. (pambuyo pa zonse, ndi galimoto m'malo lalikulu, ndipo anadya 55 L / XNUMX Km), ndi ... XNUMX-lita thanki mafuta.

Werenganinso: Kuyesa Mazda 6 ndi SKyActiv-G 2.0 165 hp injini yamafuta

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito injini yaing'ono yamasilinda atatu m'magalimoto akuluakulu ndi kusamvetsetsana kwathunthu. Monga ndinayesa pa Skoda Octavia 1.0 115 KM ndi bokosi la gear la DSG, kuyendetsa sikuyenda bwino kwachuma, koma kuyamba kwa peppy pa kuwala kulikonse. Izi ndichifukwa chakutsika kwa pre-turbo torque. Chotsatira chake, pamene tikuyendetsa galimoto, timawonjezera gasi kuti tisunthire galimoto yolemera, yaikulu komanso ... palibe. Kotero ife timawonjezera gasi, turbine imakankhira mkati ndi ... timapeza mlingo wa torque pa mawilo omwe amatipangitsa kuti tiswe. Ndizodziwika kuti mtundu wa injini iyi sunali wachuma kwambiri mumzindawu kuposa mitundu ina, koma mumsewuwu udali wopanda mphamvu, wosasinthika komanso ... - wopanikizika kwambiri - wowonjezera mafuta.

Lingaliro la "ma motors ang'onoang'ono obiriwira" monga chithunzithunzi cha zofuna zachilengedwe za maboma a boma pakali pano ndi mliri weniweni. Momwe mungafotokozere kuti mtundu wa Skoda Octavia umagwiritsa ntchito 1.0 115K (3-cyl), 1.5 150KM ndi 2.0 190KM injini yamafuta (245 RS ikugwirizana ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa zigawo), komanso mu Opel Astra 1.0 105KM (3-cyl. cyl), 1.4 125 Km, 14 150 Km ndi 1.6 200 Km, pamene Peugeot 3008 SUV injini 1.2 130 Km (3 yamphamvu) ndi 1.6 180 Km? Kufalikira kwakukulu kotereku kwa injini ndi chifukwa cha chikhumbo chofuna kupeza mpweya wochepa wa CO2 ndikupeza zotsika mtengo kwambiri pamsika kudzera kuchotsera panjira yotsika (mapepala). Ndizodziwika kuti mitundu yokhala ndi injini zofooka kwambiri za 3-silinda nthawi zambiri zimakhala muzosankha zotsika mtengo kwambiri.

Malingaliro a kasitomala

Pakadali pano, mitundu yokhala ndi injini zamakono zamasilinda atatu akhala pamsika kwakanthawi kochepa kuti apeze malingaliro ambiri, koma pali ena:

Citroen C3 1.2 82 Km - Ma cylinders atatu amamveka, koma ine ndekha sindisamala. Kuthamangira ku 90/100 kuli bwino ndipo ndizabwinobwino. Kupatula apo, awa ndi akavalo 82 okha, kotero musayembekezere zozizwitsa. Injini ndi yaying'ono, yosavuta, popanda kompresa, kotero ine ndikuyembekeza kuti adzakhala inu nthawi yaitali ";

Volkswagen Polo 1.0 75 HP - "Injini yazachuma, imangolira pakuyamba kozizira. Mu mzinda wotanganidwa, pa misewu popanda mavuto, 140-150 Km / h popanda kulira ";

Skoda Octavia 1.0 115 hp - "Galimoto pamsewu waukulu imawotcha mafuta ochepa, mosiyana ndi kuyendetsa mozungulira mzindawo, apa zotsatira zake zimakhala zokhumudwitsa kwambiri" (mwinamwake, wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyendetsa galimoto mopanda phokoso pamsewu waukulu - BK);

Skoda Octavia 1.0 115 hp "Zikuyenda bwino ndipo mphamvu ndiyotsika kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri ndimayenda ndekha, koma ndimayenda ndi banja langa (anthu 5) ndipo ndimatha kuchita. Ndikuyamba kumva kusowa mphamvu pamwamba pa liwiro la 160 Km / h. CONS - ndi wosusuka ";

Peugeot 3008 1.2 130 Km "Ndipo injini ya quintessential 1.2 Pure tech yokhala ndi zodziwikiratu ndiyosokonekera, ndipo mafuta ambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mizinda ndi 11 mpaka 12 malita ogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Pa njanji pa 90 Km / h n'zotheka kutsika kwa malita 7,5. Ndi zamphamvu ndi munthu m'galimoto ";

Peugeot 3008 1.2 130 Km - "Injini: Ngati si chifukwa cha kuyaka, mphamvu ya injini yaying'ono ngati imeneyi ndi yokhutiritsa."

Ecology

Popeza magalimoto okhala ndi ma injini atatu a silinda ayenera kukhala yankho ku zofuna za chilengedwe kuti achepetse mpweya, ndi bwino kukumbukira mfundo zimene ndinalandira pamsonkhano wa Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Kenako zidanenedwa kuti pakuwotcha 1 lita imodzi ya petulo, 2370 g ya CO₂ imapangidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti magalimoto amakhala okonda zachilengedwe akamadya mafuta ochepa. Zochita, mumzindawu, zidzakhala zosakanizidwa, ndipo pamsewu waukulu magalimoto okhala ndi injini zazikulu zoyendetsa galimoto ndi katundu wochepa (mwachitsanzo, Mazda 3 ali ndi injini za 1.5 100-horsepower ndi 120 hp / 165 hp awiri-lita injini. ). Chifukwa chake, matembenuzidwe amitundu itatu ndi "ntchito yamapepala" yomwe iyenera kutsatira malamulowo, koma zenizeni ziyembekezo za woyimira malamulo omwe amatsatira malamulo ndi chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso kutonthoza mtima kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ndizosiyana kwambiri.

Kuonjezera apo, ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti si makampani oyendetsa galimoto omwe ndi owononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IPCC, magwero a mpweya wa CO₂ padziko lapansi ndi awa: mphamvu - 25,9%, mafakitale - 19,4%, nkhalango - 17,4%, ulimi - 13,5%, zoyendera - 13,1%, minda - 7,9%. , zimbudzi - 2,8%. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mtengo womwe ukuwonetsedwa ngati zoyendera, womwe ndi 13,1%, umapangidwa ndi zinthu zingapo: magalimoto (6,0%), njanji, ndege ndi kutumiza (3,6%), ndi magalimoto (3,5%).  

Choncho, magalimoto sali owononga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kuyambitsa kwa injini zazing'ono sikungathetse vuto la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Inde, zingakhale zokopa kuti musunge ndalama pazochitika za magalimoto ang'onoang'ono omwe amayendetsa kwambiri kuzungulira mzindawo, koma injini yamasilinda atatu mu chitsanzo cha banja lalikulu ndi kusamvetsetsana.