Terraforming - kumanga Dziko Latsopano m'malo atsopano

Tsiku lina zitha kuwoneka kuti pakachitika tsoka lapadziko lonse lapansi, sikungatheke kubwezeretsa chitukuko Padziko Lapansi kapena kubwerera kudziko lomwe lidalipo chiwopsezocho chisanachitike. Ndikoyenera kukhala ndi dziko latsopano losungika ndikumanga zonse mwatsopano kumeneko - kuposa momwe tidachitira padziko lathu lapansi. Komabe, sitikudziwa za zinthu zakuthambo zomwe zakonzekera kukhazikitsidwa mwamsanga. Munthu ayenera kulingalira ndi mfundo yakuti ntchito ina idzafunika kukonzekera malo oterowo.

1. Chikuto cha nkhani "Kugundana munjira"

Kupanga dziko lapansi, mwezi, kapena chinthu china ndi njira yongopeka, palibe kwina kulikonse (kwa chidziwitso chathu) njira yosinthira mlengalenga, kutentha, mawonekedwe apamwamba, kapena chilengedwe cha pulaneti kapena zinthu zina zakuthambo kuti zifanane ndi chilengedwe cha Dziko lapansi ndikulipanga kukhala loyenera padziko lapansi. moyo.

Lingaliro la terraforming lasintha m'munda komanso mu sayansi yeniyeni. Liwu lokha linayambitsidwa Jack Williamson (Will Stewart) m'nkhani yachidule "Collision Orbit" (1), yofalitsidwa mu 1942.

Venus ndi ozizira, Mars ndi otentha

M'nkhani yofalitsidwa m'magazini ya Science mu 1961, katswiri wa zakuthambo Carl Sagan aperekedwa. Iye ankaganiza kuti angadzale ndere m’mlengalenga zomwe zingasinthe madzi, nitrogen, ndi carbon dioxide kukhala organic compounds. Izi zidzachotsa mpweya woipa mumlengalenga, zomwe zidzachepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha mpaka kutentha kutsika mpaka kutsika bwino. Mpweya wochuluka udzakhala wokhazikika padziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a graphite.

Tsoka ilo, zomwe zapezedwa pambuyo pake za mikhalidwe ya Venus zawonetsa kuti njirayi ndizosatheka. Ngati chifukwa mitambo kumeneko zigwirizana kwambiri anaikira njira ya sulfuric acid. Ngakhale ndere zikadakhala kuti zikuyenda bwino m'malo owopsa akumwamba, mlengalenga womwewo ndi wandiweyani kwambiri - kuthamanga kwamlengalenga kumatulutsa mpweya wabwino wa mamolekyulu, ndipo kaboni imayaka, kutulutsa COXNUMX.₂.

Komabe, nthawi zambiri timalankhula za terraforming potengera kusinthika kwa Mars. (2). M'nkhani yakuti "Planetary Engineering on Mars" yomwe inafalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Icarus mu 1973, Sagan amaona kuti Red Planet ndi malo omwe anthu angathe kukhalamo.

2. Masomphenya a magawo otsatirawa a terraforming Mars

Patatha zaka zitatu, NASA idathetsa vuto la uinjiniya wa mapulaneti, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ecosynthesis ya mapulaneti". Kafukufuku wina amene anafalitsidwa anasonyeza kuti dziko la Mars lingachirikize zamoyo ndi kukhala dziko lokhalamo anthu. M'chaka chomwecho, gawo loyamba la msonkhano wa terraforming, womwe umatchedwanso "planetary modeling", unakhazikitsidwa.

Komabe, sizinali mpaka 1982 pamene mawu akuti "terraforming" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'lingaliro lake lamakono. katswiri wa mapulaneti Christopher McKay (7) analemba "Terraforming Mars", yomwe inatuluka mu Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Pepalalo lidakambirana za chiyembekezo chodzilamulira chokha cha Martian biosphere, ndipo mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi McKay kuyambira pamenepo akhala omwe amakonda. Mu 1984 James Lovelock i Michael Allaby inafalitsa bukhu lakuti Greening Mars, imodzi mwa njira zoyamba kufotokoza njira yatsopano yotenthetsera Mars pogwiritsa ntchito ma chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) owonjezeredwa mumlengalenga.

Pazonse, kafukufuku wambiri ndi zokambirana zasayansi zachitika kale za kuthekera kotenthetsa dziko lapansi ndikusintha mlengalenga. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, njira zina zongopeka zosinthira Mars mwina zili kale mu luso laukadaulo la anthu. Komabe, chuma chofunika kaamba ka zimenezi chidzakhala chokulirapo kuposa chimene boma lirilonse kapena gulu lirilonse likugaŵira pakali pano kaamba ka chifuno choterocho.

Njira zamachitidwe

Pambuyo pa terraforming adalowa m'magawo ambiri amalingaliro, kukula kwake kunayamba kukonzedwa mwadongosolo. Mu 1995 Martin J. Chifunga (3) m’buku lake lakuti “Terraforming: Engineering the Planetary Environment” anapereka matanthauzo otsatirawa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ntchitoyi:

• uinjiniya wa mapulaneti - kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje kukhudza zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi;
• geoengineering - uinjiniya wa mapulaneti umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa Dziko Lapansi. Zimangokhudza malingaliro opanga ma macro-engineering omwe amaphatikizapo kusintha magawo ena apadziko lonse lapansi monga kutentha kwa dziko, kapangidwe ka mumlengalenga, kuwala kwa dzuwa, kapena kugwedezeka;
• terraforming - njira yopangira mapulaneti, cholinga chake, makamaka, kuonjezera mphamvu ya chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi kuti chithandizire moyo m'dziko lodziwika. Kupambana komaliza m'derali kudzakhala kupangidwa kwa chilengedwe cha mapulaneti otseguka omwe amatsanzira ntchito zonse za chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi, zosinthidwa mokwanira kuti anthu azikhalamo.

Fogg adapanganso matanthauzo a mapulaneti okhala ndi milingo yofananira mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kupulumuka kwa anthu pa iwo. Anasiyanitsa mapulaneti:

• okhalamo anthu () - dziko lokhala ndi chilengedwe chofanana ndi Dziko lapansi lomwe anthu atha kukhalamo momasuka ndi momasuka;
• biocompatible (BP) - mapulaneti okhala ndi magawo akuthupi omwe amalola kuti moyo ukule bwino pamtunda wawo. Ngakhale poyamba alibe, akhoza kukhala ndi biosphere yovuta kwambiri popanda kufunikira kwa terraforming;
• mosavuta terraformed (ETP) - mapulaneti omwe amatha kukhala ogwirizana kapena kukhalamo ndipo amatha kuthandizidwa ndi umisiri wocheperako waukadaulo wamapulaneti ndi zinthu zomwe zimasungidwa pa spacecraft yapafupi kapena ntchito yotsogola ya robotic.

Fogg akuwonetsa kuti ali wachinyamata, Mars anali pulaneti logwirizana ndi biologically, ngakhale kuti panopa silikugwirizana ndi magulu atatuwa - terraforming ndi yoposa ETP, yovuta kwambiri, komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Kukhala ndi gwero lamphamvu ndikofunikira kuti pakhale moyo, koma lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa planeti nthawi yomweyo kapena lomwe lingathe kukhalapo likutengera njira zina zambiri za geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe, kuwonjezera pa zamoyo zosavuta pa Dziko Lapansi, zimathandizira zamoyo zambirimbiri. nyama. Kafukufuku ndi malingaliro m'derali ndi gawo la sayansi ya mapulaneti ndi zakuthambo.

Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito thermonuclear nthawi zonse

Pamsewu wake wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, NASA imatanthauzira njira zazikulu zosinthira kukhala "madzi okwanira amadzimadzi, mikhalidwe yomwe imathandizira kuphatikizika kwa mamolekyu ovuta a organic, ndi magwero amphamvu othandizira kagayidwe." Pamene mikhalidwe padziko lapansi ikhala yoyenera moyo wa zamoyo zinazake, kubwereketsa kwa moyo wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tingayambe. Pamene mikhalidwe ikuyandikira kudziko lapansi, moyo wa zomera ukhoza kuyambitsidwa kumeneko. Zimenezi zidzafulumizitsa kupanga mpweya wa okosijeni, umene tingati udzachititsa kuti dzikoli likhale ndi moyo wa nyama.

Pa Mars, kusowa kwa ntchito za tectonic kunalepheretsa kubwezeredwa kwa mpweya kuchokera kumatope am'deralo, omwe ndi abwino pamlengalenga pa Dziko Lapansi. Kachiwiri, titha kuganiza kuti kusakhalapo kwa maginito onse ozungulira Red Planet kudapangitsa kuti mlengalenga uwonongeke pang'onopang'ono ndi mphepo yadzuwa (4).

4 Magnetosphere Yofooka Simateteza Martian Atmosphere

Convection pakatikati pa Mars, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yachitsulo, idapanga mphamvu ya maginito, komabe dynamo idasiya kugwira ntchito ndipo gawo la Martian lazimiririka, mwina chifukwa chakutayika kwa kutentha komanso kulimba. Masiku ano, mphamvu ya maginito ndi minda yaing'ono, yofanana ndi maambulera, makamaka kuzungulira kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi. Zotsalira za magnetosphere zimaphimba pafupifupi 40% ya dziko lapansi. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa NASA Katswiri zikuwonetsa kuti mlengalenga ukuyeretsedwa makamaka ndi ma ejection a solar coronal mass ejections omwe amaphulitsa dziko lapansi ndi ma proton amphamvu kwambiri.

Terraforming Mars iyenera kuphatikizira njira ziwiri zazikulu nthawi imodzi - kupanga mlengalenga ndi kutentha kwake.

Mpweya wokhuthala wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha monga mpweya woipa umaletsa kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kukubwera. Popeza kutentha kowonjezereka kudzawonjezera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga, njira ziwirizi zidzalimbitsana. Komabe, mpweya woipa wokhawo sungakhale wokwanira kusunga kutentha pamwamba pa malo oundana a madzi - chinachake chikanafunika.

Kafukufuku wina wa Martian Amene Posachedwapa Ali Ndi Dzina Khama ndipo idzakhazikitsidwa chaka chino, idzatenga kuyesera kupanga mpweya. Tikudziwa kuti mlengalenga wosawoneka bwino uli ndi 95,32% carbon dioxide, 2,7% nitrogen, 1,6% argon, ndi pafupifupi 0,13% oxygen, kuphatikizapo zinthu zina zambiri ngakhale zochepa. Kuyesera kotchedwa pep (5) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito carbon dioxide ndi kuchotsa mpweya mmenemo. Mayeso a labotale awonetsa kuti izi ndizotheka komanso zotheka mwaukadaulo. Muyenera kuyamba penapake.

5. Ma module achikasu a kuyesa kwa MOXIE pa Perseverance rover.

bwana wa spacex, Elon Musk, sakanakhala iyeyo ngati sanaike masenti ake awiri muzokambirana za terraforming Mars. Limodzi mwa malingaliro a Musk ndikutsikira kumitengo ya Martian. mabomba a haidrojeni. Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa mabomba, m'malingaliro ake, kungapangitse mphamvu yotentha yochuluka mwa kusungunula madzi oundana, ndipo izi zingatulutse carbon dioxide, yomwe ingapangitse kutentha kwa mpweya mumlengalenga, kutsekereza kutentha.

Mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira Mars imateteza oyendetsa ndege ku cheza cha cosmic komanso kupangitsa kuti padziko lapansi pakhale nyengo yofatsa. Koma simungathe kuyika kachidutswa kakang'ono kachitsulo mkati mwake. Choncho, akatswiri amapereka njira ina - ikani w malo olandirira L1 mu dongosolo la Mars-Sun jenereta wamkulu, zomwe zidzapanga mphamvu yamphamvu ya maginito.

Lingaliroli linaperekedwa pa msonkhano wa Planetary Science Vision 2050 ndi Dr. Jim Green, mkulu wa Planetary Science Division, gawo la NASA lofufuza mapulaneti. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mphamvu ya maginito ingapangitse kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndi kutentha kwapakati. Kuwonjezeka kwa 4 ° C kokha kungasungunuke ayezi m'madera a polar, kutulutsa CO yosungidwa₂izi zipangitsa mphamvu ya greenhouse effect. Madzi adzayendereranso kumeneko. Malinga ndi omwe adalenga, nthawi yeniyeni yoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndi 2050.

Momwemonso, yankho lomwe linaperekedwa mu July chaka chatha ndi ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Harvard silikulonjeza kuti lidzasokoneza dziko lonse nthawi imodzi, koma likhoza kukhala njira yokhazikika. Asayansi anatulukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa domes zopangidwa ndi zigawo zopyapyala za silika airgel, zomwe zitha kukhala zowonekera komanso nthawi yomweyo zimateteza ku radiation ya UV ndikutenthetsa pamwamba.

Pakuyerekeza, zidapezeka kuti wosanjikiza woonda, wa 2-3 cm wa airgel ndi wokwanira kutentha pamwamba mpaka 50 ° C. Ngati tisankha malo oyenera, kutentha kwa zidutswa za Mars kudzawonjezeka kufika -10 ° C. Zidzakhalabe zotsika, koma munjira yomwe tingathe kuthana nayo. Komanso, mwina zikanachititsa kuti madzi a m’madera amenewa akhale amadzimadzi chaka chonse, amene, limodzi ndi kuwala kwadzuwa kosalekeza, ayenera kukhala okwanira kuti zomera zithe kupanga photosynthesis.

Ecological terraforming

Ngati lingaliro lakukonzanso Mars kuti liwoneke ngati Dziko lapansi likumveka ngati losangalatsa, ndiye kuti kuthekera kwa matupi ena am'mlengalenga kumakweza mulingo wodabwitsa mpaka digiri ya nth.

Venus yatchulidwa kale. Zodziwika bwino ndizolingaliro terraforming mwezi. Geoffrey A. Landis Kuchokera ku NASA kuwerengetsera mu 2011 kuti kupanga mlengalenga mozungulira satellite yathu ndi mphamvu ya 0,07 atm kuchokera ku okosijeni weniweni kungafune kuti matani 200 biliyoni a oxygen achoke kwinakwake. Wofufuzayo adanenanso kuti izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera mpweya kuchokera ku miyala ya mwezi. Vuto ndiloti chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yochepa, amataya msanga. Ponena za madzi, mapulani am'mbuyomu owombera mwezi ndi comets sangagwire ntchito. Zikuoneka kuti pali zambiri H m'deralo m'nthaka mwezi₂0, makamaka kuzungulira South Pole.

Ena omwe angathe kusankhidwa kuti apange ma terraforming - mwina pang'ono - kapena paraterraforming, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kupanga pamagulu achilendo. malo otsekedwa kwa anthu (6) awa ndi: Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa komanso Mercury, mwezi wa Saturn Enceladus ndi pulaneti laling'ono la Ceres.

6. Masomphenya aluso a terraforming pang'ono

Ngati tipita patsogolo, kupita ku ma exoplanets, omwe timakumana ndi maiko omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi Dziko Lapansi, ndiye kuti mwadzidzidzi timalowa mulingo watsopano wa zokambirana. Titha kuzindikira mapulaneti ngati ETP, BP ndipo mwina ngakhale HP kumeneko patali, i.e. zomwe tilibe mu dongosolo la dzuŵa. Ndiye kukwaniritsa dziko loterolo limakhala vuto lalikulu kuposa luso lamakono ndi mtengo wa terraforming.

Malingaliro ambiri okonza mapulaneti amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya osinthidwa chibadwa. Gary King, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zamoyo pa yunivesite ya Louisiana State yemwe amaphunzira za zamoyo zoopsa kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi, ananena kuti:

"Synthetic biology yatipatsa zida zabwino kwambiri zomwe tingagwiritse ntchito kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi machitidwe omwe tikufuna kukonza."

Wasayansi akufotokoza za chiyembekezo cha terraforming, akufotokoza:

"Tikufuna kuphunzira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kupeza majini amene ali ndi udindo kupulumuka ndi zothandiza kwa terraforming (monga kukana cheza ndi kusowa kwa madzi), ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi kwa majini mainjiniya mwapadera opangidwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda."

Wasayansiyo amawona zovuta zazikulu pakutha kusankha mwachibadwa ndi kusintha majeremusi oyenera, akukhulupirira kuti zingatenge "zaka khumi kapena kuposerapo" kuti athetse vutoli. Amanenanso kuti chinthu chabwino kwambiri chingakhale kupanga "osati mtundu umodzi wa tizilombo, koma angapo omwe amagwira ntchito pamodzi."

M'malo mopanga terraforming kapena kuwonjezera pa kukongoletsa malo achilendo, akatswiri anena kuti anthu atha kuzolowera malowa kudzera mu uinjiniya wa majini, sayansi ya zamankhwala, ndi njira zowonjezera zaukadaulo.

Liza Nip a MIT Media Lab Molecular Machines Team, adati biology yopanga imatha kulola asayansi kusintha chibadwa cha anthu, zomera, ndi mabakiteriya kuti azitha kusintha zamoyo kudziko lina.

Martin J. Fogg, Carl Sagan kusala kudya Robert Zubrin i Richard L.S. TyloNdikukhulupirira kuti kupanga maiko ena kukhalamo - monga kupitiriza kwa mbiri ya moyo wa chilengedwe chosinthika pa Dziko Lapansi - ndizosavomerezeka. ntchito zamakhalidwe abwino za anthu. Zimasonyezanso kuti dzikoli silidzathanso kukhalapo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, muyenera kuganizira za kusamuka.

Ngakhale ochirikiza amakhulupirira kuti palibe chochita ndi terraforming ya dziko losabala mapulaneti. nkhani zamakhalidwe, pali maganizo akuti mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, kusokoneza chilengedwe n’kulakwa.

Poganizira momwe anthu adachitira ndi Dziko Lapansi, ndibwino kuti tisawonetse mapulaneti ena ku zochitika za anthu. Christopher McKay amatsutsa kuti terraforming ndi yolondola pokhapokha titatsimikiza kuti dziko lachilendo silikubisa moyo wamba. Ndipo ngakhale titakwanitsa kuzipeza, tisayese kuzisintha kuti tigwiritse ntchito, koma tizichita mwanjira yoti tengera moyo wachilendowu. Ayi ndithu.

Onaninso: