Kutentha kwanyengo kwatsopano. Kulimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko kumapanga luso lamakono

Kusintha kwanyengo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimawopseza padziko lonse lapansi. Tikhoza kunena mosapita m'mbali kuti pakali pano, pafupifupi chirichonse chomwe chikupangidwa, chomangidwa, chomangidwa ndi chokonzekera m'mayiko otukuka chimaganizira za vuto la kutentha kwa dziko ndi mpweya woipa wa mpweya pamlingo waukulu.

Mwinamwake, palibe amene angakane kuti kulengeza kwa vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo kwachititsa, pakati pa zinthu zina, kulimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano. Talemba ndipo tidzalemba nthawi zambiri za mbiri yotsatira yogwira ntchito kwa mapanelo a dzuwa, kusintha kwa makina opangira mphepo kapena kufufuza njira zanzeru zosungira ndi kugawa mphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zowonjezereka.

Malinga ndi bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lomwe limatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza, tikulimbana ndi nyengo yotentha, yomwe makamaka imayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa wowonjezera kutentha komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga. Zotsatira zakuyerekeza ndi IPCC zikuwonetsa kuti kukhala ndi mwayi wochepetsera kutentha kuchepera 2 ° C, mpweya wapadziko lonse lapansi uyenera kukwera kwambiri chaka cha 2020 chisanafike, kenako ndikusungidwa pa 50-80% pofika 2050.

Ndilibe mpweya m'mutu mwanga

Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo koyendetsedwa ndi - tiyeni titchule mozama - "kuzindikira zanyengo" ndiko, choyamba, kutsindika kupanga mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenerachifukwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumatha kukhudza kwambiri mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Chachiwiri ndi chithandizo cha kuthekera kwakukulu, monga biofuel i mphamvu yamphepo.

Chachitatu - kafukufuku ndi luso laukadaulozofunikira kuti muteteze zosankha za carbon low mtsogolomu.

Chofunikira choyamba ndi chitukuko teknoloji yotulutsa zero. Ngati ukadaulo sungathe kugwira ntchito popanda mpweya, ndiye kuti zinyalala zomwe zatulutsidwa ziyenera kukhala zopangira zina (zobwezeretsanso). Uwu ndiye mwambi waukadaulo wa chitukuko cha chilengedwe pomwe timamangapo nkhondo yathu yolimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko.

Masiku ano, chuma cha padziko lonse chimadalira makampani opanga magalimoto. Akatswiri amagwirizanitsa ziyembekezo zawo zachilengedwe ndi izi. Ngakhale sizinganenedwe kuti alibe mpweya, samatulutsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya pamalo omwe amasunthira. Kuwongolera mpweya mu situ kumaonedwa kuti ndikosavuta komanso kotchipa, ngakhale zikafika pakuwotcha mafuta. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndalama zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka zaposachedwa pazatsopano komanso chitukuko cha magalimoto amagetsi - komanso ku Poland.

Inde, ndi bwino kuti gawo lachiwiri la dongosololi likhalenso lopanda mpweya - kupanga magetsi omwe galimoto imagwiritsa ntchito kuchokera ku gridi. Komabe, vutoli likhoza kukwaniritsidwa pang'onopang'ono mwa kusintha mphamvu . Choncho, galimoto yamagetsi yoyendayenda ku Norway, kumene magetsi ambiri amachokera ku magetsi opangira magetsi, ali pafupi ndi mpweya wa zero.

Komabe, kuzindikira zanyengo kumapita mozama, mwachitsanzo munjira ndi zida zopangira ndi kukonzanso matayala, matupi agalimoto kapena mabatire. Pali malo oti apite patsogolo m'maderawa, koma - monga owerenga a MT akudziwa bwino - olemba zamakono ndi zakuthupi zomwe timamva pafupifupi tsiku lililonse ali ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe zozama kwambiri pamitu yawo.

Kumanga nyumba yokhala ndi nsanjika 30 ku China

Iwo ndi ofunika kwambiri mu mawerengedwe a zachuma ndi mphamvu monga magalimoto. nyumba zathu. Malinga ndi malipoti a Commission on the Global Economy and Climate (GCEC), nyumba zimawononga 32% ya mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa 19% ya mpweya wotenthetsa dziko. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo la zomangamanga limapanga 30-40% ya zinyalala zomwe zatsala padziko lapansi.

Mutha kuwona momwe ntchito yomanga imafunikira zatsopano zobiriwira. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi, mwachitsanzo, njira yomanga modula z zinthu zopangiratu (ngakhale, kunena zoona, izi ndi zatsopano zomwe zapangidwa kwa zaka zambiri). Njira zomwe zidathandizira Broad Group kumanga hotelo yansanjika 30 ku China m'masiku khumi ndi asanu (2), kukhathamiritsa kupanga ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi 100% zitsulo zobwezerezedwanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, ndipo kupanga ma module 122 pafakitale kwachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomanga.

Pezani zambiri padzuwa

Monga momwe kuwunika kwa chaka chatha kwa asayansi aku Britain ochokera ku yunivesite ya Oxford kunawonetsa, pofika chaka cha 2027, mpaka 20% ya magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi amachokera ku ma photovoltaic systems.3). Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kuthana ndi zopinga zogwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri kumatanthauza kuti mtengo wamagetsi opangidwa mwanjira imeneyi ukutsika kwambiri kotero kuti posachedwa udzakhala wotsika mtengo kuposa mphamvu yochokera kuzinthu wamba.

Kuyambira m'ma 80, mitengo ya photovoltaic panel yatsika pafupifupi 10% pachaka. Kafukufuku akupitilirabe kuti asinthe cell magwiridwe antchito. Mmodzi mwa malipoti aposachedwa kwambiri m'derali ndi zomwe asayansi aku University of George Washington adachita, omwe adakwanitsa kupanga solar panel ndi mphamvu ya 44,5%. Chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma photovoltaic concentrators (PVCs), momwe magalasi amawunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa pa cell yomwe ili ndi malo osakwana 1 mm.², ndipo imakhala ndi maselo angapo olumikizana, omwe pamodzi amatenga pafupifupi mphamvu zonse kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. M'mbuyomu, inc. Sharp yatha kuchita bwino kwambiri 40% m'maselo adzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira, kupatsa mapanelo ndi magalasi a Fresnel omwe amayang'ana kuwala komwe kumagunda gululo.

Dzuwa "lagwidwa" mumzinda waukulu

Lingaliro lina lopangira ma solar amphamvu kwambiri ndikugawanitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kusanagunde mapanelo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti maselo opangidwa makamaka kuti azindikire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sipekitiramu amatha "kusonkhanitsa" zithunzi. Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya California Institute of Technology, omwe akugwira ntchito yothetsera vutoli, akuyembekeza kupitirira 50 peresenti ya mphamvu ya magetsi a dzuwa.

Mphamvu yokhala ndi coefficient yapamwamba

Pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, ntchito ikuchitika kuti ikhale ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. maukonde anzeru mphamvu -. Magwero a mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi magwero ogawidwa, i.e. mphamvu ya unit nthawi zambiri imakhala yosakwana 50 MW (maximum 100), yomwe imayikidwa pafupi ndi wolandira mphamvu yomaliza. Komabe, ndi kuchuluka kokwanira kwa magwero amwazikana kudera laling'ono lamagetsi, ndipo chifukwa cha mwayi woperekedwa ndi maukonde, zimakhala zopindulitsa kuphatikiza magwerowa kukhala dongosolo limodzi loyendetsedwa ndi opareshoni, ndikupanga "makina opangira magetsi ». Cholinga chake ndikuyika m'badwo wogawidwa kukhala netiweki imodzi yolumikizidwa bwino, ndikuwonjezera luso laukadaulo komanso zachuma pakupanga magetsi. M'badwo wogawidwa womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi ogula magetsi ungagwiritsenso ntchito mafuta amtundu wamba, kuphatikizapo biofuels ndi mphamvu zowonjezera, komanso zinyalala zamatauni.

Izi ziyenera kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga pafupifupi mphamvu zamagetsi. kusungirako mphamvu, kulola kuti magetsi azitha kusintha kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ogula. Nthawi zambiri, zosungira zotere ndi mabatire kapena ma supercapacitor. Zopopera zamagetsi zosungirako zimatha kuchitanso chimodzimodzi. Ntchito yaikulu ikuchitika yokonza njira zatsopano zosungira mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, mumchere wosungunuka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito electrolytic kupanga haidrojeni.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mabanja aku America amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi mofanana ndi momwe ankachitira mu 2001. Izi ndi zomwe maboma ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira mphamvu zamagetsi, zofalitsidwa kumapeto kwa 2013 ndi 2014, inatero Associated Press. Malinga ndi akatswiri omwe atchulidwa ndi bungweli, izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha matekinoloje atsopano, kusunga ndalama komanso kukonza mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zapakhomo. Malinga ndi bungwe la Home Appliance Manufacturers Association, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zida zoziziritsira mpweya zomwe zimapezeka ku US zatsika ndi 2001% kuyambira 20. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zipangizo zonse zapakhomo kwachepetsedwa mofanana, kuphatikizapo ma TV omwe ali ndi LCD kapena ma LED omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepera 80% kuposa zida zakale!

Mmodzi mwa mabungwe aboma la US adakonza zowunikira momwe adafanizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha mphamvu zachitukuko chamakono. Kuchokera apa, kuneneratu kuchulukirachulukira kwachuma ndi matekinoloje a IT, zidatsatira kuti pofika 2030 ku USA kokha kunali kotheka kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zofanana ndi magetsi opangidwa ndi magetsi makumi atatu a 600-megawatt. Kaya tikunena kuti zachitika chifukwa cha kusunga ndalama kapena, makamaka, chifukwa cha chilengedwe ndi nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi, ndalamazo zimakhala zabwino kwambiri.