Malingaliro ochokera m'mphepete. Mu zoo ya sayansi

Sayansi ya malire imamveka m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, monga sayansi yomveka, koma kunja kwa chikhalidwe ndi paradigm. Kachiwiri, monga ziphunzitso zonse ndi zongopeka zomwe sizigwirizana kwenikweni ndi sayansi.

Chiphunzitso cha Big Bang nachonso kale chinali cha sayansi yaing'ono. Iye anali woyamba kulankhula mawu ake mu 40s. Fred Hoyle, amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa nyenyezi. Anachita zimenezi pawailesi (1), koma monyodola, n’cholinga chonyoza mfundo yonse. Ndipo uyu anabadwa pamene zinadziwika kuti milalang'amba "kuthawa" wina ndi mzake. Izi zinapangitsa ofufuzawo kuganiza kuti ngati thambo likukula, ndiye kuti panthawi ina iyenera kuyamba. Chikhulupiriro chimenechi chinapanga maziko a chiphunzitso cha Big Bang chomwe chilipo pakali pano komanso chosatsutsika padziko lonse. Njira yowonjezerera, nayonso, ikufotokozedwa ndi ina, yomwe sikutsutsana ndi asayansi ambiri. chiphunzitso cha inflation. Mu Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy tingaŵerenge kuti chiphunzitso cha Kuphulika Kwakukulu n’chakuti: “Nthanthi yovomerezedwa kwambiri yofotokoza chiyambi ndi chisinthiko cha chilengedwe chonse. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Big Bang, Chilengedwe, chomwe chinachokera ku chinthu chimodzi (mkhalidwe woyambirira wa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kusakanikirana), chikufalikira kuchokera pamenepa.

Kutsutsana ndi "kuchotsedwa kwa sayansi"

Komabe, si onse, ngakhale asayansi, omwe ali okhutira ndi izi. M'kalata yomwe idasainidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo ndi asayansi opitilira XNUMX ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Poland, timawerenga, makamaka, kuti "Big Bang idakhazikitsidwa" pakukula kwazinthu zongoyerekeza: inflation ya cosmological, non. - zinthu za polar. (dark matter) ndi mphamvu yakuda. (…) Zotsutsana pakati pa zowonera ndi zoneneratu za chiphunzitso cha Big Bang zimathetsedwa powonjezera zinthu zotere. Zolengedwa zomwe sizingathe kapena sizinawonedwe. … M’nthambi ina iliyonse ya sayansi, kufunika kobwerezabwereza kwa zinthu zoterezi kungadzutse mafunso aakulu ponena za kulondola kwa chiphunzitsocho – ngati chiphunzitsocho chinalephera chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro kwake. »

"Lingaliro ili," asayansi akulemba, "limafuna kuphwanya malamulo awiri okhazikitsidwa bwino a physics: mfundo ya kusunga mphamvu ndi kusunga chiwerengero cha baryon (kunena kuti zinthu zofanana ndi zinthu ndi antimatter zimapangidwa ndi mphamvu). “

Mapeto? “(…) Chiphunzitso cha Big Bang si maziko okhawo omwe alipo ofotokozera mbiri ya chilengedwe. Palinso mafotokozedwe ena a zochitika zofunika mumlengalenga., kuphatikizapo: kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowala, mapangidwe a zimphona zazikulu, kufotokozera kumbuyo kwa ma radiation, ndi kugwirizana kwa Hubble. Mpaka lero, nkhani zoterezi ndi njira zina zothetsera vutoli sizingakambirane momasuka ndikuyesedwa. Kusinthana kotseguka kwa malingaliro ndizomwe zimasowa kwambiri pamisonkhano yayikulu. … Izi zikusonyeza kukula kwa mbalume za ganizo, zachilendo ku mzimu wofufuza mwaufulu wa sayansi. Izi sizingakhale zabwino."

Mwina ndiye malingaliro omwe amakayikira za Big Bang, ngakhale adatsitsidwa kumadera ozungulira, ayenera, pazifukwa zazikulu zasayansi, kutetezedwa ku "kupatula asayansi."

Zomwe asayansi adasesa pansi pa chiguduli

Ziphunzitso zonse zakuthambo zomwe zimatsutsa Big Bang nthawi zambiri zimachotsa vuto lovutitsa la mphamvu zamdima, kusintha zokhazikika monga kuthamanga kwa kuwala ndi nthawi kukhala zosinthika, ndikuyesera kugwirizanitsa kuyanjana kwa nthawi ndi malo. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chazaka zaposachedwa ndi lingaliro la akatswiri asayansi a ku Taiwan. M'chitsanzo chawo, izi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ofufuza ambiri. mphamvu zakuda zimatha. Choncho, mwatsoka, munthu ayenera kuganiza kuti Chilengedwe chilibe chiyambi kapena mapeto. Wolemba wamkulu wa chitsanzo ichi, Wun-Ji Szu wa National Taiwan University, akufotokoza nthawi ndi malo osati zosiyana koma monga zinthu zogwirizana kwambiri zomwe zingasinthidwe. Liŵiro la kuwala kapena mphamvu yokoka ya m’chitsanzo imeneyi siisinthasintha, koma ndi zinthu zimene zimasintha nthawi ndi unyinji kukhala ukulu ndi mlengalenga pamene chilengedwe chikukula.

Lingaliro la Shu likhoza kuonedwa ngati longopeka, koma chitsanzo cha chilengedwe chofutukuka chokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zakuda zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeke chimadzutsa mavuto aakulu. Ena amanena kuti mothandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso ichi, asayansi "analowa m'malo mwa kapeti" lamulo lachilengedwe la kusunga mphamvu. Lingaliro la ku Taiwan siliphwanya mfundo za kusunga mphamvu, koma limakhala ndi vuto ndi cheza cha microwave, chomwe chimatengedwa ngati chotsalira cha Big Bang.

Chaka chatha, mawu a akatswiri awiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku Egypt ndi Canada adadziwika, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe atsopano, adapanga chiphunzitso china, chosangalatsa kwambiri. Malinga ndi iwo Chilengedwe chakhalapo kuyambira kalekale - Panalibe Big Bang. Kutengera fiziki ya quantum, chiphunzitsochi chikuwoneka chokongola kwambiri chifukwa chimathetsa vuto la zinthu zakuda ndi mphamvu zakuda nthawi imodzi.

2. Kuwoneka kwa quantum fluid

Ahmed Farag Ali wochokera ku Zewail City of Science and Technology ndi Saurya Das wochokera ku yunivesite ya Lethbridge adayesa. kuphatikiza quantum mechanics ndi relativity wamba. Adagwiritsa ntchito equation yopangidwa ndi Prof. Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri wa University of Calcutta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuneneratu za kukula kwa zinthu zosagwirizana. Komabe, pambuyo pa kuwongolera kangapo, adawona kuti kwenikweni akufotokozera "zamadzimadzi", zomwe zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambirimbiri, zomwe, titero, zimadzaza danga lonselo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyesa kuthetsa vuto la mphamvu yokoka kumatitsogolera kumalingaliro ongoyerekeza ma gravitons ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa kugwirizana uku. Malinga ndi Das ndi Ali, ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe titha kupanga "madzi" amtundu uwu (2). Mothandizidwa ndi equation yawo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adatsata njira ya "madzi" m'mbuyomu ndipo zidapezeka kuti panalibe mgwirizano womwe unali wovuta kwa sayansi zaka 13,8 miliyoni zapitazo, koma Zikuoneka kuti chilengedwe chilipo mpaka kalekale. M'mbuyomu, inali yaing'ono, koma sinapanikizidwepo kuti ifike pamalo ocheperako omwe adanenedwa kale..

Chitsanzo chatsopanochi chikhoza kufotokozeranso za kukhalapo kwa mphamvu zamdima, zomwe zikuyembekezeka kulimbikitsa kukula kwa chilengedwe popanga kupanikizika koipa mkati mwake. Apa, "madzi" okhawo amapanga mphamvu yaying'ono yomwe imakulitsa danga, lolunjika kunja, ku Chilengedwe. Ndipo ichi si mapeto, chifukwa kutsimikiza kwa misa ya graviton mu chitsanzo ichi kunatilola kufotokoza chinsinsi china - chinthu chakuda - chomwe chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokoka pa Chilengedwe chonse, pokhala osawoneka. Mwachidule, "quantum liquid" palokha ndi chinthu chakuda.

3. Chithunzi cha ma radiation a cosmic background kuchokera ku WMAP

Tili ndi zitsanzo zambiri

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka khumi zapitazi, wafilosofi Michal Tempczyk ananena monyansidwa kuti. "Zomwe zili m'malingaliro amalingaliro a zakuthambo ndizochepa, zimaneneratu zowona zochepa ndipo zimachokera kuzinthu zochepa zowunikira.". Mtundu uliwonse wa cosmological ndi wofanana, ndiko kuti, kutengera zomwezo. Mulingo uyenera kukhala wongoyerekeza. Tsopano tili ndi zambiri zowunikira kuposa momwe tinaliri kale, koma chidziwitso chazachilengedwe sichinachuluke kwambiri - apa titha kutchula zambiri za satana ya WMAP (3) ndi satelayiti ya Planck (4).

Howard Robertson ndi Geoffrey Walker adadzipanga okha metric ya chilengedwe chotukuka. Mayankho a Friedmann equation, pamodzi ndi ma metric a Robertson-Walker, amapanga zomwe zimatchedwa FLRW Model (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric). Kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi ndikuwonjezeredwa, ili ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa cosmology. Chitsanzochi chinachita bwino kwambiri ndi deta yotsatila.

Inde, zitsanzo zina zambiri zapangidwa. Adapangidwa m'ma 30s Chitsanzo cha cosmological cha Arthur Milne, yozikidwa pa chiphunzitso chake cha kinematic cha relativity. Ankayenera kupikisana ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha relativity ndi relativistic cosmology, koma maulosi a Milne adachepetsedwa kukhala imodzi mwamayankho a Einstein's field equations (EFE).

4 Planck Space Telescope

Komanso panthawiyi, Richard Tolman, yemwe anayambitsa relativistic thermodynamics, anapereka chitsanzo chake cha chilengedwe chonse - kenaka njira yake inali yodziwika bwino komanso yodziwika bwino. Chithunzi cha LTB (Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi). Zinali chitsanzo chosawerengeka chokhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu chaufulu kotero kuti chiwerengero chochepa cha symmetry.

Mpikisano wamphamvu wa mtundu wa FLRW, ndipo tsopano pakukulitsa kwake, Chithunzi cha ZHKM, yomwe imaphatikizaponso lambda, chomwe chimatchedwa cosmological constant chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chofulumira komanso chakuda chozizira. Ndi mtundu wa cosmology yomwe si ya Newtonian yomwe idayimitsidwa chifukwa cholephera kupirira kutulukira kwa ma radiation a cosmic background (CBR) ndi ma quasars. Kuwonekera kwa zinthu kuchokera ku kanthu, koperekedwa ndi chitsanzo ichi, kunatsutsidwanso, ngakhale kuti panali kulungamitsidwa kwa masamu.

Mwina chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri cha quantum cosmology ndi Hawking ndi Hartle's Infinite Universe Model. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuchitira chilengedwe chonse monga chinthu chomwe chingafotokozedwe ndi ntchito ya mafunde. Ndi kukula chiphunzitso cha superstring anayesera kupanga chitsanzo cha cosmological pa maziko ake. Zitsanzo zodziwika kwambiri zinali zochokera ku lingaliro lachidziwitso cha chingwe, chotchedwa Malingaliro anga. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kusintha chitsanzo Randall-Sandrum.

5. Masomphenya osiyanasiyana

zosiyanasiyana

Chitsanzo china mu mndandanda wautali wa malingaliro a malire ndi lingaliro la Multiverse (5), kutengera kugunda kwa bran-universes. Akuti kugunda kumeneku kumabweretsa kuphulika ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kuphulika kukhala cheza chotentha. Kuphatikizika kwa mphamvu yamdima mu chitsanzo ichi, chomwe chinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa nthawi ndithu mu chiphunzitso cha inflation, chinapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kupanga chitsanzo cha cyclic (6), malingaliro omwe, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a chilengedwe chogwedeza, mobwerezabwereza anakanidwa kale.

6. Kuwoneka kwa chilengedwe chozungulira chozungulira

Olemba chiphunzitsochi, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti cosmic fire model kapena expirotic model (kuchokera ku Greek ekpyrosis - "world fire"), kapena Great Crash Theory, ndi asayansi ochokera ku mayunivesite a Cambridge ndi Princeton - Paul Steinhardt ndi Neil Turok. . Malinga ndi iwo, pachiyambi danga linali lopanda kanthu ndi lozizira. Panalibe nthawi, mphamvu, ziribe kanthu. Kugundana kwa madera awiri athyathyathya omwe ali pafupi ndi mzake kunayambitsa "moto waukulu". Mphamvu zomwe zidatuluka zidayambitsa Big Bang. Olemba chiphunzitsochi akufotokozanso za kufutukuka kwa chilengedwe. Nthanthi ya Chiwonongeko Chachikulu imasonyeza kuti chilengedwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake amakono chifukwa cha kugunda kwa chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa chomwe chilipo, ndi china, ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kugundana kukhala chinthu. Zinali chifukwa cha kugundana kwa awiri oyandikana nawo ndi athu kuti nkhani yodziwika kwa ife inapangidwa ndipo Chilengedwe chathu chinayamba kukula.. Mwina kugunda kotereku sikutha.

Chiphunzitso cha Great Crash chavomerezedwa ndi gulu la akatswiri odziwika bwino a zakuthambo, kuphatikiza Stephen Hawking ndi Jim Peebles, m'modzi mwa omwe adatulukira CMB. Zotsatira za ntchito ya Planck zimagwirizana ndi zolosera zina za mtundu wa cyclic.

Ngakhale kuti mfundo zoterezi zinalipo kale, mawu akuti "Multiverse" omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano anapangidwa mu December 1960 ndi Andy Nimmo, yemwe anali Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Scottish Chapter of the British Interplanetary Society. Mawuwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito molondola komanso molakwika kwa zaka zingapo. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60, wolemba zopeka za sayansi Michael Moorcock adatcha gulu la mayiko onse. Atawerenga limodzi la mabuku ake, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi David Deutsch anagwiritsa ntchito m'lingaliro limeneli m'ntchito yake ya sayansi (kuphatikizapo chitukuko cha quantum theory of many worlds ndi Hugh Everett) yokhudzana ndi kukwanira kwa chilengedwe chonse chotheka - mosiyana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la Andy Nimmo. Ntchitoyi itasindikizidwa, mawuwo anafalikira pakati pa asayansi ena. Chotero tsopano “chilengedwe” chimatanthauza dziko limodzi lolamulidwa ndi malamulo enaake, ndipo “zosiyanasiyana” ndi gulu longopeka la zolengedwa zonse.

7. Chiwerengero chongoyerekeza cha chilengedwe chomwe chili mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

M'chilengedwe cha "quantum multiverse" iyi, malamulo osiyanasiyana afizikiki amatha kugwira ntchito. Akatswiri a zakuthambo a sayansi ya zakuthambo ku yunivesite ya Stanford ku California awerengera kuti pangakhale 1010 zakuthambo zoterezi, ndi mphamvu ya 10 ikukwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 10, yomwe imakwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 7 (7). Ndipo nambala imeneyi siingalembedwe m’njira ya decimal chifukwa cha nambala ya ziro yoposa chiwerengero cha maatomu m’chilengedwe chonse chooneka, chomwe chikuyembekezeka kufika pa 1080.

Vacuum yovunda

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, otchedwa inflationary cosmology Alan Guth, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku America, katswiri pa gawo la pulayimale particles. Kuti afotokoze zovuta zina zachiwonetsero mu chitsanzo cha FLRW, adayambitsa nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera mofulumira mu chitsanzo chokhazikika pambuyo podutsa Planck (10-33 masekondi pambuyo pa Big Bang). Guth mu 1979, akugwira ntchito pa ma equations omwe amafotokoza za kukhalapo koyambirira kwa chilengedwe, adawona chinthu chachilendo - vacuum yabodza. Zinali zosiyana ndi chidziwitso chathu cha vacuum chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, chinali chopanda kanthu. M’malo mwake, inali chinthu chakuthupi, mphamvu yamphamvu yokhoza kuyatsa chilengedwe chonse.

Tangoganizani chidutswa chozungulira cha tchizi. Zikhale zathu vacuum zabodza kusanachitike kuphulika kwakukulu. Ili ndi katundu wodabwitsa wa zomwe timatcha "mphamvu yokoka yonyansa." Ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri kwakuti chopanda kanthu chingafutukuke kuchoka pa kukula kwa atomu kufika kukula kwa mlalang’amba m’kachigawo kakang’ono ka sekondi imodzi. Kumbali ina, imatha kuwola ngati zinthu zotulutsa ma radio. Mbali ina ya vacuum ikasweka, imapanga kuwira kokulirakulira, ngati mabowo a tchizi cha Swiss. M'bowo loterolo, vacuum yabodza imapangidwa - tinthu tating'ono totentha kwambiri komanso todzaza. Kenako zimaphulika, zomwe ndi Big Bang yomwe imapanga chilengedwe chathu.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi wobadwa ku Russia dzina lake Alexander Vilenkin anazindikira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 chinali chakuti panalibe kanthu kalikonse kamene kamavunda. Vilenkin anati: “Mathovu amenewa akufutukuka mofulumira kwambiri, koma malo amene ali pakati pawo akufutukuka mofulumira kwambiri, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti pakhale thovu latsopano.” Izo zikutanthauza kuti Kutsika kwa zinthu zakuthambo kukayamba, sikuyima, ndipo kuwira kulikonse kotsatira kumakhala ndi zopangira za Big Bang yotsatira. Motero, thambo lathu lingakhale limodzi chabe mwa thambo lopanda malire limene likutuluka mosalekeza m’malo opanda pake amene amakula mosalekeza.. M’mawu ena, zikhoza kukhala zenizeni chivomezi cha chilengedwe chonse.

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, Planck Space Telescope ya ESA inaona “m’mphepete mwa thambo” madontho owala modabwitsa amene asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti akhoza kukhalapo. zizindikiro za mgwirizano wathu ndi chilengedwe china. Mwachitsanzo, akutero Ranga-Ram Chari, m'modzi mwa ofufuza omwe akusanthula zomwe zimachokera kumalo owonera ku California Center. Adawona mawanga owoneka bwino pakuwala kwapansi panthaka (CMB) yojambulidwa ndi telesikopu ya Planck. Chiphunzitso chake ndi chakuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe "mavuvu" a chilengedwe akukula mofulumira, amalimbikitsidwa ndi kukwera kwa mitengo. Ngati mbewu thovu moyandikana, ndiye pa chiyambi cha kukula kwawo, mogwirizana n'zotheka, zongopeka "kugundana", zotsatira zake tiyenera kuona mu kuda cosmic mayikirowevu maziko cheza oyambirira Chilengedwe.

Chari akuganiza kuti anapeza mapazi oterowo. Kupyolera mu kusanthula kosamalitsa komanso kwanthawi yayitali, adapeza zigawo mu CMB zomwe zimawala nthawi 4500 kuposa momwe chiphunzitso cha radiation yakumbuyo chikusonyezera. Kufotokozera kumodzi kokwanira kwa ma protoni ndi ma elekitironi ndikulumikizana ndi chilengedwe china. Inde, lingaliro ili silinatsimikizidwebe. Asayansi amasamala.

Pali ngodya zokha

Chinthu china pa pulogalamu yathu yoyendera mtundu wa zoo ya mlengalenga, yodzaza ndi malingaliro ndi kulingalira za chilengedwe cha chilengedwe, idzakhala lingaliro la katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Britain, masamu ndi filosofi Roger Penrose. Kunena zowona, iyi si chiphunzitso cha quantum, koma ili ndi zina mwazinthu zake. Dzina lenileni la chiphunzitsocho conformal cyclic cosmology () - ili ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za quantum. Izi zikuphatikiza geometry yovomerezeka, yomwe imagwira ntchito molingana ndi lingaliro la ngodya, kukana funso la mtunda. Makona atatu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono samadziwika bwino mu dongosolo lino ngati ali ndi ngodya zofanana pakati pa mbali. Mizere yowongoka ndi yosazindikirika ndi mabwalo.

Mu nthawi ya mlengalenga ya Einstein, kuwonjezera pa miyeso itatu, palinso nthawi. Conformal geometry ngakhale popanda izo. Ndipo izi zimagwirizana bwino ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum kuti nthawi ndi malo zitha kukhala chinyengo cha mphamvu zathu. Kotero ife timangokhala ndi ngodya, kapena m'malo ma cones opepuka, i.e. pamwamba pomwe ma radiation amafalikira. Kuthamanga kwa kuwala kumatsimikiziridwanso ndendende, chifukwa tikukamba za photon. Mwa masamu, geometry yochepa iyi ndi yokwanira kufotokoza physics, pokhapokha ikugwirizana ndi zinthu zazikulu. Ndipo Chilengedwe Pambuyo pa Big Bang chinali ndi tinthu tambiri tambiri tomwe timakhala ndi cheza. Pafupifupi 100% ya misa yawo idasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu molingana ndi Einstein's Basic formula E = mc².

Chifukwa chake, kunyalanyaza misa, mothandizidwa ndi geometry yofananira, titha kuwonetsa momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira komanso nthawi ina chisanachitike. Mukungoyenera kuganizira mphamvu yokoka yomwe imapezeka pamtunda wa entropy, i.e. kumlingo wapamwamba wadongosolo. Kenako mawonekedwe a Big Bang amazimiririka, ndipo chiyambi cha Chilengedwe chimangowoneka ngati malire anthawi zonse.

8. Masomphenya a dzenje loyera loyerekeza

Kuchokera ku dzenje kupita ku dzenje, kapena Cosmic metabolism

Malingaliro achilendo amaneneratu kukhalapo kwa zinthu zachilendo, i.e. mabowo oyera (8) ndi zongopeka zotsutsana ndi mabowo akuda. Vuto loyamba linatchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa bukhu la Fred Hoyle. Chiphunzitso chake ndi chakuti dzenje loyera liyenera kukhala dera lomwe mphamvu ndi zinthu zimachokera kumodzi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo sanatsimikizire kukhalapo kwa mabowo oyera, ngakhale ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti chitsanzo cha kutuluka kwa chilengedwe, ndiko kuti, Big Bang, chikhoza kukhala chitsanzo cha zochitika zoterezi.

Mwa kutanthauzira, dzenje loyera limataya zomwe dzenje lakuda limatenga. Chinthu chokhacho chingakhale kubweretsa mabowo akuda ndi oyera pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake ndikupanga ngalande pakati pawo. Kukhalapo kwa ngalandeyi kunkaganiziridwa kale mu 1921. Unatchedwa mlatho, ndiye unatchedwa Mlatho wa Einstein-Rosen, otchedwa dzina la asayansi amene anachita masamu ofotokoza chilengedwe chongoyerekezerachi. M'zaka zamtsogolo adatchedwa mphutsi, lodziwika mu Chingerezi ndi dzina lachilendo kwambiri "wormhole".

Pambuyo pa kupezedwa kwa quasars, adanenedwa kuti kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi zinthu izi kungakhale chifukwa cha dzenje loyera. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri anali ndi malingaliro ongopeka, akatswiri a zakuthambo ambiri sanaiganizire mozama chiphunzitsochi. Choyipa chachikulu chamitundu yonse yoyera yamabowo opangidwa mpaka pano ndikuti payenera kukhala mtundu wina wa mapangidwe ozungulira iwo. mphamvu yokoka kwambiri. Kuwerengera kumasonyeza kuti chinthu chikagwera mu dzenje loyera, chiyenera kulandira mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu.

Komabe, mawerengedwe anzeru a asayansi amanena kuti ngakhale zibowo zoyera, chifukwa chake mawormholes, zikanakhalapo, zikanakhala zosakhazikika kwambiri. Kunena zowona, chinthu sichingadutse mu "wormhole" iyi, chifukwa imatha kusweka mwachangu. Ndipo ngakhale thupi likadaloŵa m’chilengedwe china, chofananacho, likhoza kulowamo mumpangidwe wa tinthu ting’onoting’ono, tomwe, mwinamwake, tingakhale zinthu za dziko latsopano, losiyana. Asayansi ena amatsutsa ngakhale kuti Kuphulika Kwakukulu, kumene kunayenera kubereka Chilengedwe chathu, kunali zotsatira za kutulukira kwa dzenje loyera.

quantum holograms

Zimapereka zambiri zachilendo m'malingaliro ndi malingaliro. quantum physics. Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, yapereka matanthauzidwe angapo kusukulu yotchedwa Copenhagen School. Malingaliro okhudza mafunde oyendetsa ndege kapena vacuum ngati chidziwitso champhamvu champhamvu, chomwe chidayikidwa pambali zaka zambiri zapitazo, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira sayansi, ndipo nthawi zina kupitirira pang'ono. Komabe, posachedwapa apeza mphamvu zambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, mumapanga zochitika zina za chitukuko cha Chilengedwe, kutengera liwiro losinthasintha la kuwala, mtengo wa Planck mosasinthasintha, kapena kupanga zosiyana pamutu wa mphamvu yokoka. Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse likusinthidwa, mwachitsanzo, pokayikira kuti ma equation a Newton sagwira ntchito pamtunda waukulu, ndipo chiwerengero cha miyeso chiyenera kudalira kukula kwa chilengedwe (ndi kuwonjezereka ndi kukula kwake). Nthawi imatsutsidwa ndi zenizeni mu malingaliro ena, ndi malo ochuluka mwa ena.

Njira zodziwika bwino za quantum ndi Malingaliro a David Bohm (zisanu). Chiphunzitso chake chimaganiza kuti chikhalidwe cha thupi chimadalira ntchito yoweyula yomwe imaperekedwa mu danga la kasinthidwe ka dongosolo, ndipo dongosolo lokha pa nthawi iliyonse liri mu imodzi mwa machitidwe omwe angatheke (omwe ali malo a particles onse mu dongosolo kapena zigawo za magawo onse akuthupi). Lingaliro lomaliza silinapezeke pakutanthauzira kokhazikika kwa makina a quantum, omwe amaganiza kuti mpaka nthawi yoyezera, mawonekedwe a dongosolo amangoperekedwa ndi ntchito yoweyula, yomwe imatsogolera ku chododometsa (chotchedwa chodabwitsa cha mphaka wa Schrödinger). . Kusintha kwa kasinthidwe kachitidwe kachitidwe kumadalira momwe mafunde amagwirira ntchito kudzera muzomwe zimatchedwa pilot wave equation. Lingaliroli linapangidwa ndi Louis de Broglie ndipo kenako adapezanso ndikuwongolera ndi Bohm. Nthanthi ya de Broglie-Bohm sinali ya m'deralo chifukwa momwe mafunde oyendetsa ndege amayendera akuwonetsa kuti liwiro la tinthu tating'onoting'ono timadalirabe malo omwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chilengedwe chonse. Popeza kuti malamulo ena odziwika a fizikisi ndi amderalo, ndipo kusagwirizana komwe sikuchitika komweko kuphatikiza ndi kulumikizana kumabweretsa zosokoneza, akatswiri ambiri asayansi amawona izi kukhala zosavomerezeka.

10. Hologram ya mlengalenga

Mu 1970, Bohm adayambitsa ntchito zakutali masomphenya a chilengedwe-hologram (10), molingana ndi hologram, gawo lililonse lili ndi chidziwitso chonse. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, vacuum si nkhokwe ya mphamvu zokha, komanso dongosolo lachidziwitso lovuta kwambiri lomwe lili ndi mbiri ya holographic ya dziko lapansi.

Mu 1998, Harold Puthoff, pamodzi ndi Bernard Heisch ndi Alphonse Rueda, adayambitsa mpikisano wa quantum electrodynamics - stochastic electrodynamics (SED). Vacuum mu lingaliro ili ndi nkhokwe ya chipwirikiti yamphamvu yomwe imapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawonekera ndikuzimiririka. Amamenyana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kubwezera mphamvu zawo, zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kosalekeza kwa malo awo ndi mphamvu zawo, zomwe zimawoneka ngati kusatsimikizika kwa quantum.

Kutanthauzira kwa mafunde kunapangidwa mmbuyo mu 1957 ndi Everett yemwe watchulidwa kale. M'kutanthauzira uku, ndizomveka kunena vekitala ya boma ya chilengedwe chonse. Vector iyi sichitha konse, chifukwa chake chowonadi chimakhalabe chotsimikizika. Komabe, ichi sichowona chomwe timachiganizira nthawi zambiri, koma chopangidwa ndi maiko ambiri. Ma vector aboma agawika m'magulu omwe akuyimira maiko osawoneka bwino, dziko lililonse limakhala ndi gawo linalake komanso malamulo owerengera.

Malingaliro akuluakulu poyambira kumasuliraku ndi awa:

• kufotokoza za masamu a dziko lapansi - dziko lenileni kapena gawo lina lililonse lakutali likhoza kuimiridwa ndi zinthu za masamu;
• kufotokozera za kuwonongeka kwa dziko - dziko likhoza kuonedwa ngati dongosolo kuphatikiza zida.

Ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti mawu akuti "quantum" adawonekera kwa nthawi ndithu m'mabuku a New Age ndi zachinsinsi zamakono.. Mwachitsanzo, dokotala wotchuka dzina lake Deepak Chopra (11) analimbikitsa mfundo imene amaitcha kuti machiritso a quantum, kutanthauza kuti ndi mphamvu zokwanira zamaganizo, tikhoza kuchiza matenda onse.

Malingana ndi Chopra, mfundo yaikuluyi imachokera ku fizikiki ya quantum, yomwe akuti yasonyeza kuti dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo matupi athu, ndizochita za wowonera. Timalenga matupi athu mofanana ndi momwe timapangira zochitika za dziko lathu. Chopra akunenanso kuti "zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi malingaliro zimayambitsa kusintha kwa mankhwala ochirikiza moyo mu selo lililonse" ndikuti "dziko lomwe tikukhalamo, kuphatikizapo zochitika za matupi athu, zimatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu ndi momwe timaphunzirira kuzindikira." Choncho matenda ndi ukalamba ndi nkhambakamwa chabe. Kupyolera mu mphamvu yachidziwitso, tikhoza kukwaniritsa zomwe Chopra amachitcha "thupi lachinyamata kosatha, malingaliro achichepere osatha."

Komabe, palibe mtsutso wotsimikizirika kapena umboni wakuti quantum mechanics imatenga gawo lalikulu mu chidziwitso chaumunthu kapena kuti imapereka kulumikizana kwachindunji, kokwanira m'chilengedwe chonse. Fiziki yamakono, kuphatikiza quantum mechanics, imakhalabe yokonda chuma komanso yochepetsera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imagwirizana ndi zomwe asayansi awona.