Technology kukhitchini
Ndi nkhani yomwe ili pansipa, muphunzira pang'onopang'ono momwe teknoloji yasinthira kukhitchini, zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri komanso momwe zikuwonekera lero.
2,5 miliyoni BC Mpeni umatengedwa ngati chida chakale kwambiri cha anthu. Choyamba zida zamwala zomwe zimawoneka ngati mipeni (1) opezeka pamasamba a chikhalidwe cha Oldowan ku Africa, chikhalidwe chakale kwambiri cha Paleolithic. Ndiye mipeni inapangidwa, mwa zina, ndi kutenga nawo mbali galasi lamoto i malawi ndi m'mphepete osemedwa ndi zosakwana 5 zikwi zapitazo, zitsulo anaonekera mu mbiri ya chitukuko. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mawonekedwe ndi khalidwe la tsambalo zakhala zikuyenda bwino. Mpeni wapatebulo sunapangidwe mpaka theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX. Masiku ano nthawi zambiri timakumana ndi mipeni zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
1. Mipeni yoyamba yamwala
13 zikwi chitsa Pali ziwiya zooneka ngati mphika zopangidwa ndi dongo kenako n’kuziwotcha (miphika yakale inali zinthu zopangidwa ndi miyala, zipolopolo za kamba, ngakhalenso mitengo yokonzedwa mwapadera). Patapita nthawi, munthuyo anayamba kukula njira zopangira zitsulo nayambanso kupanga miphika ndi miphika. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, mapani achitsulo, teapots ndi cauldrons anapangidwa, zomwe zinkawoneka ngati zipangizo zapakhomo za khitchini yamakono.
3 zikwi chitsa Zitsanzo zomwe zatsala za mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a supuni omwe Aigupto akale ankagwiritsa ntchito panthawiyi ndi awa: mankhwala a minyanga ya njovu, miyala ya miyala, slate i nkhuni. Masipuni oyambirira amkuwa omwe amapezeka ku China anali ndi nsonga yakuthwa komanso amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kudula. Makapu achi Greek ndi Aroma anali opangidwa ndi bronze ndi siliva.ndipo chipikacho nthawi zambiri chinkakhala ngati thunthu losongoka. Mawu achigiriki ndi Chilatini otanthauza spoon, nkhono, amatanthauza chigoba cha nkhono chozungulira chomwe chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati spoon. Kuchokera ku mawu awa kumachokera ku Polish "ladle". Mawu achingerezi (spoon) amachokera ku Anglo-Saxon, kutanthauza shard, slate kuchokera kumtengo kapena khungwa.
Aroma kuzungulira zaka za m'ma 2 AD adapanga zitsanzo ziwiri za spoons. Yoyamba, ya ligula (XNUMX), inali ndi chogwirira chooneka ngati ndodo komanso kansalu kakang’ono kosongoka, kosongoka pang’ono. Chachiwiri, chotchedwa nkhono, ladleyo inapangidwa ngati mbale yaing'ono. Pambuyo pake Ligula adasandulika kukhala supuni ndikukhala chitsanzo cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma ladle ndi ma scoops. Mtundu womwe tikudziwa lero (chogwirira chachitali chokhala ndi chopumira) chidapezedwa pakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX.
2400-1900 tenge Chida chofanana ndi fupa cha mphanda chapezeka pa malo ofukula mabwinja a chikhalidwe cha Qijia ku China kuyambira mu Bronze Age (Shan Dynasty). Kenako, chojambula chamwala chochokera kumanda akummawa kwa Han (ku Da-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) chikuwonetsa. mafoloko atapachikidwa m'chipinda chodyera. Zodula izi zidabwera ku Europe mzaka za 3rd kuchokera Kummawa. Malinga ndi nthano, iwo anabweretsedwa ku Italy ndi mfumukazi Byzantine amene anakwatiwa ndi galu Venetian. Komabe, iwo sanavomerezedwe, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunawonedwa ngati chiwonetsero champatuko komanso chonyansa. Pomaliza adakhazikika pamatebulo ku Western Europe koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. (XNUMX).
3. Mafoloko akale
2-1 mitundu. zoyipa Zikuwoneka ku China Zakudya timitengozomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano m'mabala a sushi. Pang'onopang'ono, adakhala chida chodyera chodziwika kwambiri ku Asia. Zimagwira ntchito ngati mbano ndipo zimapangidwa ndi matabwa, zitsulo, minyanga ya njovu ngakhalenso pulasitiki.
Zabwino. 1 mtundu. zoyipa Panthawiyo (kapena mwina kale) inali itagwiritsidwa ntchito kale matope - m'madera omwe pambuyo pake adakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Roma, komanso m'mayiko okhala Aaziteki, omwe adatcha chida ichi molcahete (4). Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, miphika yopangidwa ndi miyala, matabwa, chitsulo, kapena ceramic yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zothetsera. Zinalinso chimodzimodzi ndi Bludger. Mabaibulo oyambirira a zida izi apezeka ku India ndi South Asia, pakati pa ena. Ku Ulaya, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi azachipatala (ndi asing'anga a mikwingwirima yonse) kupanga mankhwala ndi zosakaniza za zitsamba.
4. Mtundu wa miyala yamatope
200 pen China ikhoza kumanga chotsekera moto. Ku Ulaya, lingaliro la nyumba zomangidwamo silinafalikire mpaka ku Middle Ages. Kuyesera koyamba paziwopsezo zotsekedwa sikunapambane - utsiwo unapweteka maso ndi kukanda pakhosi, panalinso ngozi yaikulu yamoto, ndipo momwe moto umalowera m'mwamba kunayambitsa kutentha kwa kutentha, zomwe sizinali zabwino. Zinatenga zaka mazana angapo kupanga bokosi lamoto logwira ntchito, lotetezeka, lotsekedwa kwathunthu.
300-400 a iwo Iwo amafalikira screw press, idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la XNUMX-XNUMX. Ikhoza kutchedwa kusinthika, chifukwa chopangidwacho chinasintha kwambiri njira yonse yopangira (zimadziwika kuti makina osindikizira amphamvu amafunikira kuti apange vinyo wa mphesa, cider kuchokera ku maapulo, ndi mafuta a azitona) ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Lero opangira madzi - ngakhale amatenga mphamvu kuchokera kumalo osungira, osati ntchito ya munthu kapena nyama, amagwiritsabe ntchito ndondomeko yakale komanso yotsimikiziridwa ya makina osindikizira.
XVI p. Iwo amawuka choyamba gratersmwina ku France. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, adakhazikika kukhitchini, akutenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku zosavuta ndi khoma limodzi, kupyolera mu mabwalo, kupita ku zosankha zamakono zomwe timadziwa.
Zaka za zana la XNUMX Yoyamba idamangidwa ku France. pressure cooker. Mlengi wake anali physicist, dokotala ndi masamu munthu mmodzi - Denis Papin (5). Zophika zokakamiza zidayamba kupangidwa pamafakitale pokhapokha kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Panthawiyo, adakhala chida chodziwika bwino pakati pa mabanja achichepere. Masiku ano aiwalika ndikusinthidwa, mwachitsanzo, sitima zapamadzi.
5. Fanizo la cooker pressure yakale, i.e. Boiler 1
1710 Zikuwoneka kulowetsedwa chakumwa kukonzekera njira. M'mayesero oyambirira ku France, izi zikutanthawuza kumiza khofi ya pansi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasindikizidwa mu thumba lansalu, m'madzi otentha mpaka kulowetsedwa komwe kumafunidwa kunapezedwa.
1799 Njira yokonzekera (yomwe mu French imatanthauza "mu vacuum") imapezeka ku USA ndi France - chakudya amasindikizidwa mu thumba pulasitiki vacuumKenako amaikidwa m'madzi osambira kapena nthunzi pamalo otenthetsera bwino, otsika kuposa mmene amaphikira anthu ndiponso kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa mmene amachitira kale.
1826-1834 James Sharp (6), wogwira ntchito ku Northampton gasworks, amapanga woyamba chitofu cha gasiyomwe pambuyo pake idagulitsidwa kumsika, idayikhazikitsa koyamba kunyumba mu 1826. Makope oyamba adagulitsidwa kukhitchini za hotelo mu 1834, koma ngakhale adachita bwino, mlengi wawo adawopa kuyambitsa kupanga kwathunthu. Kungocheza kuchokera kwa Ambuye kupita ku nyumba ya Sharpe Frederick Spenceramene ankafuna chakudya chophikidwa ndi gasi anakhutiritsa woyambitsayo kuti akwaniritse zofuna zomwe zilipo. Mu 1836 anayambitsa fakitale yokhala ndi antchito 35. Mavuvuni ake anali oimirira okhala ndi zokowera pamwamba pake pamene ankapachikapo nyama kuti awotchedwe, ndi mphete yowotchera pansi.
7. Napier Vacuum Machine
1840 Amadzuka molawirira woyambitsa makina a khofi, ndiko kuti, makina otsekera (7). Makina a vacuum, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, anali ofunika kwambiri popanga kulowetsedwa bwino ndipo anali otchuka mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 30, pambuyo pake zida zopangira khofi zidasintha. M'zaka za m'ma 1972, makina a espresso okhala ndi magetsi otenthetsera adawonekera. Wopanga khofi woyamba kugulitsa khofi mu XNUMX.
1850 American Joel Houghton anapanga makina amatabwa okhala ndi gudumu lotembenuzidwa ndi dzanja lomwe limapopera madzi pa mbale. Zinali chotsukira chotsuka choyamba chokhala ndi patent. Ndiye mu gululi munali zipangizo zabwino komanso zothandiza.
1858 Ezra Warner imapanga chotsegulira choyamba padziko lapansi. Mu 1925 William Lyman izo zinatsirizidwa pafupi. gudumu lozungulira. Chitsanzochi chinasinthidwa kukhala mtundu umodzi wokha wa chikhoza, koma kuperewera kumeneku kunakonzedwa posakhalitsa ndi kulengedwa kwa chilengedwe chonse.
1876 Bavarian injiniya ndi physics Karl von Linde anamanga kachipangizo komwe chakudya ankazizira pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ammonia (8). Madzi oundana opangidwa ndi makinawa adapangidwa kukhala midadada ndikugawidwa m'nyumba. Ma Vikings adawonanso kuti nyama yosungidwa kuzizira imakhala nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndichifukwa chake maenje apadera adakumbidwa m'malo amdima kwambiri, odzaza ndi matalala ndi ayezi, ndiyeno, ataika chakudya pamenepo, adakuta zonsezo ndi denga lamatabwa ndi dothi losanjikiza, lomwe limateteza kutentha. . . Inde lingaliro la sitolo yozizira linapangidwa, zinthu ziwiri zofunika zomwe - malo akutali ndi ozizira - sizinasinthe mpaka lero. Adadziwika koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. madengu ayezikumene machitidwe apadera odzipatula anagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zaka zingapo Linde atapangidwa, woyamba firiji yamagetsi. Mtundu woponderezedwa womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano unapangidwa mu 1925.
8. Chithunzi chojambula cha firiji Carl von Linde
1885 Rufus M. Eastman anapatsidwa chilolezo choyamba cha US cha chipangizo chomwe chingathe kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo. chosakaniza magetsi.
1882-1893 Pa World Dog Show ku Chicago Friedrich Schindler chifukwa mendulo yagolide ya chitofu chamagetsi. Wopangayo ndiye adalowa m'malo mwa mafakitale opanga nsalu otukuka, koma anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe zidatulukira mwaukadaulo. Pokhala wochita bizinesi wolemera, adayendera ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, komwe zidachitika zatsopano zaukadaulo. Mu 1881, pa chionetsero choterocho ku Paris, iye anagula Thomas Edison Electric Generator ndipo adayambitsa babu yoyamba yamagetsi ndi jenereta yamagetsi ku Austria. Ndikudabwa chomwe Schindler adalemba ganyu kuti athandizire pazopanga zake Gabriela Narutowicz, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala pulezidenti woyamba wa Poland wodziimira yekha ... Ngakhale Schindler analandira mphoto chifukwa cha kupanga kwake, woyesera wa ku Canada anali woyamba kulumikiza chitofu ndi mains. Thomas Ahern. Chipangizo chake chidagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsanso chakudya ku Windsor Hotel ku Ottawa. Ahern adalandiranso chilolezo cha chitofu chamagetsi ku North America. Patapita zaka zinayi William Hadaway ochokera ku United States adalandira chilolezo cha "chitofu chamagetsi choyendetsedwa zokha".
1893 Alfred Louis Bernardin patent woyamba chotsegulira botolo. Anamangirizidwa mpaka kalekale pathabulo. Patatha chaka chimodzi, adapanga patent yofanana kwambiri. William Painter - woyambitsa zotsekera za corona, i.e. zipewa. Akugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano m’njira zosiyanasiyana.
1909 Choyamba bwino toaster eni luso Frank Shaylor kuchokera ku General Electric. Chipangizo chake chinalibe chosungira chakunja, zowunikira kutentha ndi zowongolera, komanso, zinali ndi gawo limodzi lokha lotenthetsera, kotero mbali iliyonse ya chidutswa cha mkate iyenera yokazinga padera, ngati poto. toasterzomwe tonse tikudziwa lero, mwachitsanzo, kutsimikizira kuti toast ndi yokonzeka kudya ndikuyiponya mmwamba, idapangidwa mu 20s ndi Charles Streit.
1922 Chipolishi pobadwa Stefan Poplavsky, amamanga makina opangira mkaka. Chinali ndi chidebe chachitali, chomwe pansi pake panali mipeni yochiyendetsa. Za mtundu wotere chosakanizira amasangalala kutchuka kwambiri mpaka lero.
1922 Arthur Leslie Big amanga Ketulo yamagetsi. Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, nkhawa ya General Electric imabweretsa kampaniyo kumsika ketulo yamagetsi yokhala ndi zozimitsa zokha.
1938 Amatengedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa Teflon. Roy Plunkettomwe amagwira ntchito mu labotale ya DuPont. Pofufuza za mpweya wozizira, zidapezeka kuti imodzi mwa zitsanzozo idakutidwa ndi ufa woyera womwe sudziwika kale - Teflon. Asanalowetse kwambiri pakupanga ziwiya zakukhitchini, adawonekera, mwachitsanzo, mu Manhattan Project, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga. Bomba la atomiki.
1945 Pogwira ntchito pazida za radar, zimachitika mwangozi Mayikirowevu. Wopanga wake anali injiniya waku America komanso woyambitsa Percy Spencer. Anawona kuti chifukwa cha zoyesererazo, chokoleti chinasungunuka m'thumba mwake. Popcorn chinali chakudya choyamba chomwe wasayansi adatenthetsa dala mu microwave. Mu 1947, Raytheon adakhazikitsa uvuni woyamba wa Radarange microwave pamsika. Inali mamita 1,5 m’litali, yolemera makilogalamu 300 ndipo inagula madola 5. madola.
9. Imodzi mwa uvuni woyamba wa microwave
1952 George Stephen, Weber Brother Metal Works wowotcherera, anatulukira grill chitsanzotikugwiritsa ntchito pano. Anapanga chitsanzo chonyamulika chokhala ndi zokutira zogwira ntchito zomwe zimateteza chakudya ku mvula yomwe ingatheke, komanso magalasi ku utsi.
1976 Zoyambira zomveka combi steamer - Kukula kwa lingaliro la uvuni wa convection, womwe ntchito yowotcha chipinda idawonjezedwa. Mafani amakakamiza mpweya wotentha kudutsa mchipindacho, ndikupangitsa kuti usunthike mopingasa. Mpweyawo umadutsa muzosefera zomwe zimachotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamafuta ndikutumizidwanso kwa mafani. Kuzungulira kwa mpweya wopingasa ndi kutsika kumatsimikizira kuti fungo losasunthika (zonyamulira zazikulu zomwe ndi mafuta) ndi kutentha kwa yunifolomu m'chipindamo. Mpweya umawonjezeredwa ku chipinda choyendetsa mpweya, chomwe chimafulumizitsa chithandizo cha kutentha ndikulepheretsa chakudya kutaya chinyezi.
Zamakono zamakono kukhitchini
Intaneti zinthu
Makampani ambiri amapereka masensa omwe amakulitsa luntha la zida zomwe tili nazo kale popanda kuzisintha. Chikhale chitsanzo Malingaliro a kampani SmartThingQ Kampani yaku Korea LG. Chida chozungulira ichi chitha kulumikizidwa ku zida zofananira monga makina ochapira, mafiriji, uvuni wa microwave kapena ma air conditioner. Imalembetsa zolimbikitsa zina, monga kutentha kapena kugwedezeka, ndikuzipereka kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kudzera pa pulogalamu yapa foni yam'manja kapena piritsi (ngati zikuyenda pa Android). Wopanga amatsimikizira kuti SmartThingQ drive yolumikizidwa ndi makina ochapira idzafotokoza, mwachitsanzo, kutha kwa kusamba, ndipo sensa yochokera mufiriji ipanga chidziwitso cha tsiku lotha kudya. Ikhozanso kusonyeza, mwachitsanzo, kutsegula kwa firiji pamene sitilipo.
Zida zanzeru zakukhitchini
Ngati tili ndi vuto kuyeza ndi kuyeza zosakaniza, Smart Fall Scale pogwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono, izi zitithandiza kukwaniritsa magawo abwino. Poto yomwe ili ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la Pantelligent ili ndi masensa, chifukwa chake tidzadziwa nthawi zonse ngati kutentha kwachangu kuli kolondola. Ngakhale bolodi lodulira "lopusa" silikhalanso lopusa ngati limatchedwa GKilo ndipo limatha kulemera zidutswa zodulidwa mpaka gramu.
Choyimitsira piritsi
Ma Countertops ndi matebulo akukhitchini si malo abwino kwambiri a piritsi - kupatulapo, manja a ogwira ntchito kukhitchini sakhala oyera nthawi zonse. Ndipo komabe ndi chida chofunika kwambiri pamene tiyenera Sakatulani maphikidwe kapena kuonera TV pamene kuphika… Mwamwayi, pali kale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapiritsi akuyimira osiyana opanga. Muyenera kusankha yabwino kwambiri.
Makina a khofi olamulidwa ndi mawu
Kwa techno-natives, sizikunena kuti zida ziyenera kutsegulidwa ndi kuwongolera mawu. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, makina a khofi a Hamilton Beach Voice Activated 12 Cup Coffeemaker atha kukhazikitsidwa kuti akonzekere mtundu wina wa khofi panthawi inayake, muzambiri zina, inde.
Mapulogalamu a M'manja Ophikira
China chodziwikiratu kwa omwe azolowereka. Pali osawerengeka a iwo. Amakulolani kuti muzitha kuyang'anira zida zakukhitchini, kuyang'anira njira yophikira molumikizana ndi njira yolumikizirana, ndipo, pomaliza, zomwe ndizachilengedwe kwa ophika achichepere, kugawana zotsatira za zoyesayesa zanu zophikira pamasamba ochezera.
Khitchini m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.
CookPlat ndi chophikira chagalasi-ceramic chophikira chomwe chimatha kunyamulidwa nanu, chonyamulidwa ndi katundu ndikuphika paliponse. Pokhapokha, ndithudi, zimachitika kumeneko magetsi. Chofunika kwambiri, chipangizocho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika, kotero ngati kuli kofunikira, mukhoza kusintha zinthu za mbale, zofunika pazochitika zina. Ubwino wina ndi kusamva madzi, chifukwa chake CookPlat mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kutsukidwa bwino mu chotsuka mbale pamodzi ndi mbale zina. Mapulagi amagetsi ndi zitsulo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ophwanyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kulongedza mosavuta.
Firiji yokhala ndi intaneti
lero firiji khalani ndi zowonetsera zowonekera pakhomo. Mwachitsanzo, LG InstaView kapena Samsung Family Hub yamafuriji anzeru amakulolani kuyitanitsa zogula pakhomo pano, kuyatsa nyimbo, kapena kusiya ndikutumiza mauthenga kwa achibale chifukwa cha makina apakompyuta. Makamera omwe ali mkati mwa chipangizocho amatilola kuona chapatali ngati chinachake chikusowa, chomwe chimakhala chothandiza tikamagula zinthu. Zida za LG ziliponso ndipo chipangizo cha Samsung chimapereka maphikidwe kutengera zomwe zilipo.
Zokazinga za ku France mumlengalenga
Timakonda zokazinga za ku France, koma kwa banja lathu komanso thanzi lathu, iyi si mbale yabwino kwambiri. Ndiye Phillips adapanga french frying makina - Airfryer, momwe timagwiritsa ntchito supuni yaing'ono ya mafuta kuti tiphike mbatata zowotcha, ndipo zipangizo zimapereka mpweya wotentha kwambiri. Mafuta ndi zopatsa mphamvu pazakudya zoterezi ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Aliyense aziweruza yekha kukoma kwake.
3D printer
BlinBot tidzasindikiza pancake iliyonse yomwe tikufuna. Mapangidwe athu kapena mapangidwe a zikondamoyo zomwe tapeza pamsika zitha kutsitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito memori khadi yochotsa. makamaka maswiti. ChefJet, yopangidwa ndi 3D Systems, imasindikizidwa kuchokera ku shuga kapena icing ndipo ndi "cholembera" chamagetsi cholembera ndi kujambula ndi chokoleti.
