Zojambula zaukadaulo ndi uinjiniya ndikuwona projekiti - mbiri

Kodi zojambula zaukadaulo ndi uinjiniya zakula bwanji m'mbiri yonse? Gawo lodutsa kuyambira 2100 BC mpaka lero.

pa 2100rp - Chifaniziro choyamba chosungidwa cha chinthucho pamawonekedwe amakona anayi, poganizira sikelo yoyenera. Chojambulacho chikuwonetsedwa pa fano la Gudea (1mverani)) injiniya ndi wolamulira

Mzinda wa Sumerian wa Lagash, womwe uli m'dera la Iraq yamakono.

Zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio amaonedwa kuti ndi tate wa zojambula zojambula, i.e. Vitruvius, womanga wa ku Roma, womanga

magalimoto ankhondo mu ulamuliro wa Julius Caesar ndi Octavian Augustus. Analenga wotchedwa Vitruvian Man - fano la munthu wamaliseche lolembedwa mu bwalo ndi lalikulu (2), kusonyeza kusuntha (pambuyo pake Leonardo da Vinci anagawa chithunzi chake chajambulachi). Adadziwika ngati wolemba buku la On the Architecture of Ten Books, lomwe linalembedwa pakati pa 20 ndi 10 BC ndipo sanapezeke mpaka 1415 mu laibulale ya nyumba ya amonke ya St. Gallen ku Switzerland. Vitruvius akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane machitidwe akale achi Greek komanso kusiyanasiyana kwawo kwachiroma. Mafotokozedwewo adawonjezeredwa ndi mafanizo oyenera - zojambula zoyambirira, komabe, sizinasungidwe. M'nthawi yamakono, olemba ambiri otchuka adapanga mafanizo a ntchitoyi, akuyesera kubwezeretsanso zojambula zomwe zinatayika.

3. Chimodzi mwa zojambula za Guido da Vigevano

Zaka zapakatikati - Popanga nyumba ndi minda, mfundo za geometric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - ad quadratum ndi ad triangulum, i.e. kujambula mawu a lalikulu kapena makona atatu. Omanga tchalitchichi akugwira ntchito amapanga zojambula ndi zojambula, koma popanda malamulo okhwima ndi okhazikika. Bukhu la zojambula za injini zozungulira ndi dokotala wa opaleshoni wa khoti ndi woyambitsa Guido da Vigevano, 13353) akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zojambula zoyambirirazi ngati zida zokopa othandizira ndi makasitomala omwe akufuna kulipirira ndalama zomanga.

1230-1235 - Adapanga chimbale cha Villard de Honnecourt (4). Ichi ndi cholembedwa pamanja chomwe chili ndi zikopa 33 zolumikizidwa pamodzi, 15-16 cm m'lifupi ndi 23-24 cm kutalika. Zojambula za nyumba, zomangamanga, ziboliboli, anthu, zinyama ndi zipangizo zimatsagana ndi kufotokozera.

1335 - Guido da Vigevano akugwira ntchito pa Texaurus Regis Francie, chidutswa choteteza nkhondoyi yomwe inalengezedwa ndi Philip VI. Ntchitoyi ili ndi zithunzi zambiri za makina ankhondo ndi magalimoto, kuphatikizapo magaleta okhala ndi zida, ngolo zamphepo, ndi zida zina zanzeru zozinga misasa. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya Philip sinayambe yachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi England, album ya asilikali ya da Vigevano ikuwonetseratu nyumba zambiri zankhondo za Leonardo da Vinci ndi ena oyambitsa zaka za m'ma XNUMX.

4. Tsamba kuchokera ku chimbale cha Villard de Honnecourt.

1400-1600 - Zojambula zoyamba zamakono zili pafupi kwambiri ndi malingaliro amakono, Renaissance inabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu ndi kusintha osati muzomangamanga zokha, komanso pakupanga ndi kuwonetsera mapulojekiti.

Zaka za XV - Kupezanso kwa malingaliro a wojambula Paolo Uccello adagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula luso la Renaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito liniya kawonedwe mu zojambula zake, amene kwa nthawi yoyamba anamupatsa iye ndi otsatira ake mwayi kuimira zenizeni nyumba zomangamanga ndi zipangizo makina. Kuphatikiza apo, zojambula kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX zolembedwa ndi Mariano di Jacopo, dzina lake Taccola, zikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro kufotokoza zopanga ndi makina molondola. Taccola adagwiritsa ntchito momveka bwino malamulo ojambulira osati ngati njira yolembera zomwe zidalipo kale, koma ngati njira yopangira pogwiritsa ntchito zowonera pamapepala. Njira zake zinali zosiyana ndi zitsanzo zakale za zojambula zamakono za Villard de Honnecourt, Abbé von Landsberg ndi Guido da Vigevano pakugwiritsa ntchito kawonedwe, voliyumu ndi shading. Njira zoyambitsidwa ndi Taccola zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupangidwa ndi olemba pambuyo pake.

Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - Zithunzi zoyamba za zojambula zamakono zamakono, monga mawonedwe a mapulani, zojambula pamisonkhano ndi zojambula zatsatanetsatane, zimachokera m'mabuku a zojambulajambula a Leonardo da Vinci omwe adapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Leonardo adalimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito za olemba akale, makamaka Francesco di Giorgio Martini, katswiri wa zomangamanga komanso wopanga makina. Mitundu ya zinthu zomwe zikuwonetsedweratu ziliponso muzolemba za mbuye waku Germany wakujambula kuyambira nthawi ya Leonhard Albrecht Dürer. Njira zambiri zomwe da Vinci ankagwiritsa ntchito zinali zatsopano ponena za mfundo zamakono zamakono komanso zojambula zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, iye anali mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira kupereka lingaliro la kupanga zitsanzo zamatabwa za zinthu monga mbali ya kamangidwe kake.

1543 - Chiyambi cha maphunziro ovomerezeka a luso lojambula. Venetian Academy of Arts del Disegno idakhazikitsidwa. ojambula, osema ndi okonza mapulani anaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino za kamangidwe ndi kutulutsanso mapatani mu fano. Sukuluyi inalinso yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi machitidwe otsekedwa a maphunziro a ntchito zaluso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zodziwika bwino pojambula zojambula.

XVII m'ma - Zojambula zamakono za Renaissance zidakhudzidwa makamaka ndi mfundo zaluso ndi misonkhano, osati luso. Mkhalidwe umenewu unayamba kusintha m’zaka mazana otsatira. Gerard Desargues adatengera ntchito ya wofufuza wakale Samuel Maralois kuti apange njira ya geometry yowoneka bwino yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira masamu mumiyeso itatu. Mmodzi mwa ziphunzitso zoyamba za geometry projective, Desargues' theorem, amatchulidwa pambuyo pake. Pankhani ya geometry ya Euclidean, adanena kuti ngati makona atatu agona pa ndege m'njira yoti mizere itatu yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndi mizere yofananira ya ma vertices igwirizane, ndiye kuti mfundo zitatu zodutsa mbali ziwirizo (kapena zowonjezera). ) kukhala colinear.

1799 - Buku la "Descriptive Geometry" lolemba masamu waku France wazaka za XVIII Gaspard Monge (5), yokonzedwa pamaziko a nkhani zake zakale. Potengera kufotokozera koyamba kwa geometry yofotokozera komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa zowonetsera muzojambula zaukadaulo, bukuli lidayamba kale kubadwa kwa zojambula zamakono. Monge adapanga njira ya geometric kuti adziwe mawonekedwe enieni a ndege zodutsana ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa. Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi imapanga zithunzi zongofanana ndi maganizo amene Vitruvius wakhala akulimbikitsa kuyambira kalekale, luso lakelo limathandiza anthu okonza mapulani kuti azitha kuona zinthu molingana ndi mbali iliyonse kapena mbali iliyonse, potengera maganizo ake. Koma Monge sanali katswiri wa masamu chabe. Anatenga nawo mbali pakupanga dongosolo lonse la maphunziro aukadaulo ndi mapangidwe, omwe makamaka adatengera mfundo zake. Kukula kwa ntchito yojambula panthawiyo sikunathandizidwe kokha ndi ntchito ya Monge, komanso ndi kusintha kwa mafakitale ambiri, kufunikira kwa kupanga zida zopangira zida ndi kuyambitsa njira zopangira kupanga. Chuma chinalinso chofunikira - zojambula zojambula nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosafunikira kupanga mapangidwe a chinthu chogwira ntchito.

1822 Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zowonetsera luso, chojambula cha axonometric, chinakhazikitsidwa ndi M'busa William Farish wa ku Cambridge kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1822 mu ntchito yake pa sayansi yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Iye anafotokoza za njira yosonyezera zinthu mu danga la mbali zitatu, mtundu wa mawonekedwe ofanana omwe amajambula malo pa ndege pogwiritsa ntchito makina ogwirizanitsa makokonati. Chinthu chomwe chimasiyanitsa axonometry ndi mitundu ina yofananira ndi chikhumbo chofuna kusunga miyeso yeniyeni ya zinthu zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa mu njira imodzi yosankhidwa. Mitundu ina ya axonometry imakulolani kuti musunge miyeso ya ngodya yofanana ndi ndege yosankhidwa. Farish nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo kuti afotokoze mfundo zina m'nkhani zake. Kuti afotokoze kusonkhana kwa zitsanzo, adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuwonetsera kwa isometric - kupanga mapu a malo atatu-dimensional pa ndege, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yofananira. Ngakhale kuti lingaliro la isometrics linalipo kale, anali Farish yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi munthu woyamba kukhazikitsa malamulo a zojambula za isometric. Mu 120, m'nkhani yakuti "On Isometric Perspective," analemba za "kufunika kwa zojambula zolondola zaluso, zopanda kupotoza kwa kuwala." Izi zidamupangitsa kupanga mfundo za isometry. Isometric amatanthauza "miyeso yofanana" chifukwa mulingo womwewo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutalika, m'lifupi ndi kuya. Chofunikira cha projekiti ya isometric ndikufanizira ma angles (XNUMX °) pakati pa nkhwangwa iliyonse, kotero kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa ma axis aliwonse kumakhala kofanana. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, isometry yakhala chida chodziwika bwino kwa mainjiniya (6), ndipo posakhalitsa pambuyo pake axonometry ndi isometry zidaphatikizidwa m'mapulogalamu ofufuza a zomangamanga ku Europe ndi United States.

6. Zojambula zamakono mu mawonekedwe a isometric

80's - Zatsopano zatsopano zomwe zidabweretsa zojambula zaukadaulo m'mawonekedwe awo ndi kupangidwa kozikopera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakujambula mpaka kujambula. Njira yoyamba yoberekera yotchuka, yomwe idayambitsidwa m'ma 80s, inali cyanotype (7). Izi zinalola kugawidwa kwa zojambula zamakono mpaka pamlingo wa malo ogwira ntchito. Ogwira ntchitowo adaphunzitsidwa kuwerenga mapulaniwo ndipo adayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa miyeso ndi kulolerana. Izi, zinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha kupanga misala, chifukwa chinachepetsa zofunikira pamlingo waukadaulo ndi chidziwitso cha wopanga mankhwala.

7. Kope la zojambula zamakono

1914 - Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1914, mitundu idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzojambula zamakono. Komabe, pofika m’chaka cha 100, mchitidwe umenewu unali utasiyidwa ndi pafupifupi XNUMX% m’maiko otukuka. Mitundu muzojambula zamakono inali ndi ntchito zosiyana-zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuimira zipangizo zomangira, zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuyenda ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndikungokongoletsa zithunzi za zipangizo nawo.

1963 - Ivan Sutherland, mu thesis yake ya Ph.D. ku MIT, akupanga Sketchpad yopanga (8). Inali pulogalamu yoyamba ya CAD (Compute Aided Design) yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonetsera - ngati mungatchule zimenezo, chifukwa zonse zomwe zinachita ndikupanga zithunzi za xy. Zatsopano zamabungwe zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Sketchpad zidawonetsa chiyambi cha kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu okhazikika m'machitidwe amakono a CAD ndi CAE (Computer Aided Engineering).

8. Ivan Sutherland akuyambitsa Sketchpad

Zaka za m'ma 60. - Akatswiri opanga makampani akuluakulu monga Boeing, Ford, Citroën ndi GM akupanga mapulogalamu atsopano a CAD. Njira zopangira makina opangidwa ndi makompyuta ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe akukhala njira yochepetsera ntchito zamagalimoto ndi ndege, ndipo kutukuka kwachangu kwaukadaulo watsopano wopangira, makamaka zida zamakina zowongolera manambala, sizofunikira. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta poyerekeza ndi makina amakono, mapangidwe oyambirira a CAD ankafuna mphamvu zambiri zachuma ndi zomangamanga.

9. Porter Pierre Bezier ndi masamu ake

1968 - Kupangidwa kwa njira za XNUMXD CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) kumadziwika ndi injiniya waku France Pierre Bézier.9). Kuti atsogolere mapangidwe a zida ndi zida zamakampani opanga magalimoto, adapanga dongosolo la UNISURF, lomwe pambuyo pake linakhala maziko ogwirira ntchito kwa mibadwo yotsatira ya mapulogalamu a CAD.

1971 - ADAM, Automated Drafting and Machining (ADAM) ikuwonekera. Chinali chida cha CAD chopangidwa ndi Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty, yemwe kampani yake ya Manufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS) imapereka mapulogalamu ku makampani akuluakulu monga McDonnell Douglas ndi Computervision.

Zaka za m'ma 80. - Kupita patsogolo pakupanga zida zamakompyuta kuti zikhale zolimba. Mu 1982, John Walker anayambitsa Autodesk, chinthu chachikulu chomwe ndi pulogalamu yotchuka komanso yotchuka ya 2D AutoCAD.

1987 - Pro / ENGINEER imatulutsidwa, kulengeza kuchulukirachulukira kwa njira zowonetsera magwiridwe antchito ndi kumangiriza ntchito. Wopanga chochitika chotsatirachi pamapangidwe anali kampani yaku America PTC (Parametric Technology Corporation). Pro/ENGINEER inapangidwira mapurosesa a Windows/Windows x64/Unix/Linux/Solaris ndi Intel/AMD/MIPS/UltraSPARC, koma pakapita nthawi wopangayo wachepetsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwa nsanja zothandizidwa. Kuyambira 2011, nsanja zokhazo zothandizira ndi machitidwe ochokera kubanja la MS Windows.

10. Kupanga ma robot mu pulogalamu yamakono ya CAD

1994 - Autodesk AutoCAD R13 ikuwonekera pamsika, i.е. mtundu woyamba wa pulogalamu ya kampani yodziwika bwino yomwe ikugwira ntchito pamitundu itatu (10). Sinali pulogalamu yoyamba yopangidwira 3D modeling. Ntchito zamtunduwu zinapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, ndipo mu 1969 MAGI inatulutsa SynthaVision, pulogalamu yoyamba yogulitsa malonda. Mu 1989, NURBS, chiwonetsero cha masamu cha zitsanzo za 3D, chinawonekera koyamba pa Silicon Graphics workstations. Mu 1993, CAS Berlin idapanga pulogalamu yoyeserera ya NURBS ya PC yotchedwa NöRBS.

2012 - Autodesk 360, pulogalamu yopangidwa ndi mtambo ndi pulogalamu yachitsanzo, imalowa pamsika.