Zaukadaulo mu ndege ndi kupitilira apo

Ndege ikukula m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ndege zimachulukitsa maulendo awo, zimakhala zotsika mtengo, zimathamanga kwambiri komanso zimathamanga bwino. Pali kukonza kwa kanyumba, malo okwera anthu komanso ma eyapoti enieni.

Ndegeyo inatenga maola khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri popanda kusokoneza. Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner Ndege yaku Australia ya Qantas, yomwe inali ndi anthu opitilira mazana awiri komanso ogwira ntchito khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi omwe adakwera, idanyamuka kuchokera ku Perth, Australia kupita ku eyapoti ya Heathrow ku London. Galimotoyo inadutsa 14 498 km. Inali ulendo wachiwiri wautali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuseri kwa Qatar Airways kuchokera ku Doha kupita ku Auckland, New Zealand. Njira yomaliza iyi ikuganiziridwa 14 529 km, womwe ndi wautali makilomita 31.

Pakadali pano, Singapore Airlines ikudikirira kale kubweretsa yatsopano. Airbus A350-900ULR (kutalika kwambiri) kuti muyambe ntchito yolunjika kuchokera ku New York kupita ku Singapore. Kutalika konse kwa njirayo kudzakhala kuposa 15 Km. Mtundu wa A350-900ULR ndiwodziwikiratu - ulibe gulu lazachuma. Ndegeyo idapangidwa ndi mipando 67 mu gawo la bizinesi ndi 94 mu gawo lazachuma cha premium. Ndizomveka. Kupatula apo, ndani angakhale pafupifupi tsiku lonse m'malo opapatiza a chipinda chotsika mtengo kwambiri? Zina mwazokha Poganizira za maulendo ataliatali apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo apaulendo, pali zinthu zambiri zatsopano zomwe zikupangidwa m'nyumba zonyamula anthu.

Passive phiko

Pamene mapangidwe a ndege amapangidwa, kayendetsedwe kake ka kayendedwe kake kamasintha, ngakhale kuti sikunali kopambana, kusintha. Sakani kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta Kusintha kwa mapangidwe tsopano kutha kufulumizitsidwa, kuphatikiza mapiko ocheperako, osinthasintha omwe amalola kuti mpweya wa laminar wachilengedwe upite komanso kuwongolera mwachangu kwa mpweyawo.

NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center ku California ikugwira ntchito pazomwe imatcha mapiko a aeroelastic opanda pake (STALEMATATE). Larry Hudson, yemwe ndi injiniya wamkulu woyeserera ku Armstrong Center's Air Load Laboratory, adauza atolankhani kuti gululi ndi lopepuka komanso losinthika kwambiri kuposa mapiko achikhalidwe. Ndege zamtsogolo zamalonda zitha kuzigwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa luso la kapangidwe kake, kuchepetsa kulemera komanso kusunga mafuta. Pakuyesa, akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito (FOSS), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wowoneka bwino wophatikizika ndi pamwamba pa phiko, zomwe zimatha kupereka miyeso masauzande a zovuta ndi kupsinjika pansi pazonyamula.

Ma cockpits a ndege - polojekiti

Mapiko owonda, osinthasintha amachepetsa kukoka ndi kulemera, koma amafuna njira zatsopano zopangira ndi zogwirira ntchito. kuchotsa kugwedezeka. Njira zomwe zikupangidwira zimagwirizanitsidwa, makamaka, ndi kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono, kwa aeroelastic kwa kapangidwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito ma composites omwe ali ndi mbiri kapena kupanga zowonjezera zachitsulo, komanso kuwongolera koyenda kwa mapiko kuti achepetse kuyendetsa ndi kuphulika. ndi kuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa mapiko. Mwachitsanzo, University of Nottingham, UK, ikupanga njira zowongolera zowongolera ndege zomwe zitha kusintha kayendedwe kake ka ndege. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zichepetse kukana kwa mpweya pafupifupi 25%. Zotsatira zake, ndegeyo idzauluka bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono komanso mpweya wochepa.₂.

Geometry yosinthika

NASA yagwiritsa ntchito bwino luso latsopano lomwe limalola ndege kuwuluka mapiko opinda mosiyanasiyana. Maulendo omaliza a ndege omwe adachitika ku Armstrong Flight Research Center anali gawo la ntchitoyi Kutalika kwa mapiko osinthika - PAV. Cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zopindulitsa zambiri za aerodynamic pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopepuka yokumbukira mawonekedwe opepuka yomwe imalola mapiko akunja ndi malo awo owongolera kuti azipinda pamakona abwino kwambiri pakuwuluka. Machitidwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopanowu amatha kulemera mpaka 80% poyerekeza ndi machitidwe azikhalidwe. Ntchitoyi ndi gawo la polojekiti ya NASA ya Convergent Aircraft Solutions mkati mwa Aeronautical Research Mission Directorate.

Mapangidwe a makabati opangira ndege

Kupinda mapiko pakuwuluka ndi zatsopano zomwe, komabe, zidayesedwa kale mu 60s pogwiritsa ntchito, mwa zina, ndege ya XB-70 Valkyrie. Vuto linali lakuti izi nthawi zonse zinali chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa injini zolemetsa komanso zazikulu zowonongeka ndi machitidwe a hydraulic, omwe sanali osayanjanitsika ndi bata ndi chuma cha ndege.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kungapangitse kuti pakhale ndege zosawononga mafuta ambiri kuposa kale, komanso kungathandize kuti ndege zoyenda ulendo wautali zifike m’mabwalo a ndege mosavuta. Kuonjezera apo, oyendetsa ndege adzalandira chipangizo china chothandizira kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndege, monga mphepo yamkuntho. Ubwino wina wofunikira kwambiri pakupinda kwa mapiko ndikuwuluka kwapamwamba kwambiri.

, ndipo akugwiranso ntchito pa zomwe zimatchedwa. thupi ndi phiko lofiyira - Mapiko osakanikirana. Ndilo ndondomeko yophatikizika popanda kulekanitsa bwino pakati pa mapiko ndi fuselage ya ndege. Kuphatikiza uku kuli ndi mwayi kuposa mapangidwe a ndege wamba chifukwa mawonekedwe a fuselage pawokha amathandizira kukweza. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imachepetsa kukana kwa mpweya ndi kulemera kwake, kutanthauza kuti mapangidwe atsopano amadya mafuta ochepa ndipo amachepetsa mpweya wa CO.₂.

Kuwona mawonekedwe a X-48B osakanikirana mapiko

Bundary Layer Etching

Iwonso akuyesedwa njira ina yopangira injini - pamwamba pa mapiko ndi kumchira, kotero kuti ma motors akuluakulu angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mapangidwe okhala ndi injini za turbofan kapena ma motors amagetsi opangidwa mumchira, otchedwa "kumeza", amachoka ku mayankho okhazikika. mpweya malire wosanjikizazomwe zimachepetsa kukokera. Asayansi a NASA ayang'ana kwambiri gawo la kukoka ndipo akugwira ntchito pa lingaliro lotchedwa (BLI). Akufuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti nthawi imodzi achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya.

 atero a Jim Heidmann, manejala wa Glenn Research Center's Advanced Air Transport Technologies Project, popereka nkhani.

Ndege ikawuluka, gawo la malire limapanga kuzungulira fuselage ndi mapiko - mpweya woyenda pang'onopang'ono, womwe umapangitsa kukoka kowonjezera kwa aerodynamic. Palibe kutsogolo kwa ndege yosuntha - imapangidwa pamene sitimayo imayenda mumlengalenga, ndipo kumbuyo kwa galimotoyo imatha kufika masentimita makumi angapo. Mwachizoloŵezi chokhazikika, malirewo amangoyenda motsatira fuselage ndikusakanikirana ndi mpweya kumbuyo kwa ndege. Komabe, zinthu zimasintha ngati tiyika injini panjira ya mzere wa malire, mwachitsanzo kumapeto kwa ndege, pamwamba kapena kumbuyo kwa fuselage. Mpweya wocheperako wa malirewo umalowa m'mainjini, momwe umafulumizitsa ndikuthamangitsidwa mwachangu. Izi sizikhudza mphamvu ya injini. Ubwino wake ndikuti pofulumizitsa mpweya, timachepetsa kukoka komwe kumaperekedwa ndi malire.

Asayansi akonza mapulani opitilira ndege khumi ndi awiri omwe angagwiritse ntchito njira imeneyi. Bungweli likuyembekeza kuti imodzi mwa izo idzagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege yoyesera X, yomwe NASA ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi kuyesa matekinoloje apamwamba a ndege.

Masomphenya a mipando yatsopano mu ndege

Twin brother adzanena zoona

Mapasa a digito ndi njira yamakono kwambiri yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wochepetsera kwambiri ndalama zokonzera zida. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, mapasa a digito amapanga kopi yazinthu zenizeni pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa pamalo enaake pamakina kapena zida - ndizithunzi za digito zomwe zikugwira ntchito kale kapena zomwe zidapangidwa. GE Aviation posachedwa yathandiza kupanga mapasa oyamba a digito padziko lapansi. Chassis system. Pamalo omwe kulephera kumachitika, masensa amayikidwa omwe amapereka zenizeni zenizeni, kuphatikiza kuthamanga kwa hydraulic ndi kutentha kwa brake. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunikira moyo wotsalira wa chassis ndikuzindikira zolephera koyambirira.

Kupyolera mu kuwunika kwa digito, titha kupitiliza kuyang'anira momwe chuma chilili ndi kulandira machenjezo oyambilira, zolosera komanso mapulani ochitapo kanthu, kutengera zomwe zingachitike - zonse kuti tiwonjezere kupezeka kwazinthu. zida pakapita nthawi. Malinga ndi International Data Corporation, makampani omwe amagulitsa mapasa a digito awona kuchepetsedwa kwa 30 peresenti ya nthawi yozungulira pazinthu zazikulu, kuphatikiza kukonza.  

Chowonadi chowonjezereka kwa woyendetsa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa chinali chitukuko mawonekedwe ndi masensa oyendetsa ndege. NASA ndi asayansi aku Europe akuyesa izi poyesa kuthandiza oyendetsa ndege kuzindikira ndikupewa zovuta ndi ziwopsezo. Chiwonetserocho chinali chitayikidwa kale mu chisoti cha woyendetsa ndege F-35 Lockheed Martinndi Thales ndi Elbit Systems akupanga zitsanzo za oyendetsa ndege zamalonda, makamaka ndege zazing'ono. Dongosolo la kampani yomaliza la SkyLens lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwa mu ndege za ATR.

SkyLens kuchokera ku Elbit Systems

Zopangidwa ndi zoyeretsedwa kale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu jeti zazikulu zamabizinesi. machitidwe masomphenya luso (SVS/EVS), yomwe imalola oyendetsa ndege kutera m'malo osawoneka bwino. Iwo akuchulukirachulukira kuphatikiza mu kuphatikiza luso masomphenya machitidwe (CVS), cholinga chake ndikuwongolera kuzindikira kwa oyendetsa ndege komanso kudalirika kwamadongosolo aulendo. Dongosolo la EVS limagwiritsa ntchito sensa ya infrared (IR) kuti iwoneke bwino ndipo imapezeka kudzera pa chiwonetsero cha HUD (). Dongosolo la Elbit Systems, nalonso, lili ndi masensa asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikiza kuwala kowoneka bwino komanso kowoneka bwino. Ikukulitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti izindikire zoopsa zosiyanasiyana monga phulusa lachiphalaphala mumlengalenga.

Zojambula zogwiraakhazikitsidwa kale m'malo opangira ndege zamalonda, akusamukira kundege yokhala ndi zowonetsera za Rockwell Collins za Boeing 777-X yatsopano. Opanga ma Avionics akuyang'ananso akatswiri ozindikira kulankhula ngati sitepe ina kuchepetsa katundu pa kanyumba. Honeywell akuyesa kuwunika ntchito zaubongo Kuti mudziwe ngati woyendetsa ndegeyo ali ndi ntchito yambiri yoti achite kapena chidwi chake chikungoyendayenda kwinakwake “m’mitambo” - n’kuthekanso kuti ali ndi luso lotha kulamulira kayendetsedwe ka ndege.

Komabe, kukonza luso la malo oyendetsa ndege sikuthandiza kwenikweni ngati oyendetsa ndege atopa. Mike Sinnett, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa Boeing wa chitukuko cha mankhwala, posachedwapa anauza Reuters kuti akukonzekera "ntchito 41 zidzafunika pazaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi." ndege zamalonda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu opitilira 600 adzafunika. oyendetsa ndege atsopano. Kodi ndingazipeze kuti? Dongosolo lothana ndi vutoli, makamaka ku Boeing, kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga. Kampaniyo yawulula kale mapulani ake opangira cockpit popanda oyendetsa ndege. Komabe, Sinnett akukhulupirira kuti mwina sizichitika mpaka 2040.

Palibe mazenera?

Zipinda zapaulendo ndi gawo lazatsopano komwe zambiri zikuchitika. Oscars amaperekedwanso m'derali - Crystal Cabin Awards,ndi. amapereka mphoto kwa oyambitsa ndi opanga omwe amapanga machitidwe omwe cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa mkati mwa ndege kwa okwera ndi ogwira ntchito. Chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta, kumawonjezera chitonthozo ndikusunga ndalama kumalipidwa pano - kuchokera kuchimbudzi chapabwalo kupita ku zotsekera katundu wamanja.

Pakadali pano, a Timothy Clark, Purezidenti wa Emirates Airlines, alengeza kuti: ndege zopanda mawindozomwe zingakhale ngakhale theka la kulemera kwa nyumba zomwe zilipo, zomwe zikutanthawuza mofulumira, zotsika mtengo komanso zowononga zachilengedwe pomanga ndi ntchito. M'kalasi yoyamba ya Boeing 777-300ER yatsopano, mazenera asinthidwa kale ndi zowonetsera kuti, chifukwa cha makamera ndi kugwirizana kwa fiber optic, akhoza kusonyeza maonekedwe akunja popanda kusiyana kowonekera ndi maso. Zikuoneka kuti chuma sichidzalola kumanga ndege za "galasi" zomwe ambiri amalota. M'malo mwake, timakhala ndi zowonera pamakoma, padenga, kapena mipando yakutsogolo kwathu.

Lingaliro la kanyumba ndi denga lomwe limayang'ana kumwamba

Chaka chatha, Boeing anayamba kuyesa pulogalamu yam'manja ya vCabin, yomwe imalola okwera ndege kusintha mlingo wa kuunikira m'dera lawo lapafupi, kuyitana oyendetsa ndege, kuitanitsa chakudya komanso kuyang'ana ngati chimbudzi chiri chaulere. Pakadali pano, mafoni asinthidwa kuti aphatikizire zopangira zamkati monga mpando wabizinesi wa Recaro CL6710, wopangidwa kuti alole mapulogalamu am'manja kuwongolera mpando kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.

Kuyambira 2013, olamulira a US akhala akuyesera kuchotsa chiletso choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja pa ndege, ponena kuti chiwopsezo cha iwo kusokoneza njira yolumikizirana pa bolodi tsopano ndi yotsika. Kupambana m'derali kudzalola kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja panthawi ya ndege.

Tikuwonanso kukhazikika kwa makina ogwiritsira ntchito pansi. Delta Airlines ku US ikuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito biometrics yolembetsa anthu. Ma eyapoti ena padziko lonse lapansi akuyesa kale ukadaulo wozindikiritsa nkhope kuti ufanane ndi zithunzi za pasipoti ndi makasitomala awo kudzera mu zitsimikizo, zomwe akuti zimalola kuwirikiza kawiri apaulendo kuti awonedwe pa ola limodzi. Mu June 2017, JetBlue adagwirizana ndi US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) ndi kampani yapadziko lonse ya IT SITA kuyesa pulogalamu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa biometric ndi kuzindikira nkhope kuti iwonetse makasitomala omwe akukwera.

Okutobala watha, International Air Transport Association idaneneratu kuti kuchuluka kwa apaulendo kupitilira 2035 biliyoni pofika 7,2. Chifukwa chake pali chifukwa ndi omwe angagwire ntchito pazatsopano ndi zosintha.

Ndege zam'tsogolo:

Makanema a machitidwe a BLI: 

Makanema a Boundary Layer Entry | NASA Glenn Research Center